scholarly journals Resistance To Liberalization: The Effects Of Individual Decision Making On Opposition To Multilateral Liberalization Through The WTO

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda D. Vargha
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
Majority Voting ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Trade Adjustment Assistance ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Trade Adjustment ◽  
Public Opposition

<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This paper examines the sources of the resistance to liberalization in the United States and its effects on the political climate in which the WTO member nations continue to pursue liberalization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This analysis utilizes the findings of mainstream economic theory to argue that opposition to the WTO is rooted in rational economic decision-making. A majority-voting model is used to more formally illustrate that this rational decision making affects the composition of public opposition and results in a resistance to liberalization by a majority of the populace, even if a majority will benefit from the movement toward free trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the theoretical analysis focusing on the importance of Trade Adjustment Assistance and continued multilateral liberalization through the WTO.</span></span></p>

Reforms of Korea's Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Its Bilateral Free Trade Agreements with the European Union and the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inkyo Cheong ◽  
Jungran Cho
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Adjustment Assistance ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Trade Adjustment

The Korean government introduced the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) program to facilitate structural adjustment under the implementation of its free trade agreements (FTAs). One big problem with the TAA program is that its criterion for eligibility for TAA support requires a 25 percent decrease in sales volume, and this does not reflect firms' business realities. The TAA program should be reformed to reflect that the TAA is a quid pro quo for the implementation of FTAs with large economies such as the United States and the EU.

Decentralisation in Planning and Economic Decision-Making in Ghana

1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Leslie E. Grayson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
General Guide

‘The general guide should be to transfer power to the smallest unit consistent with the scale of the problem.’ This quotation is based on the experience of the United States, but should be even more applicable to less-developed countries, because of their poor system of communications. In this article I shall examine the attempts to decentralise planning and economic decision-making in Ghana, analyse the rationale for such moves away from centralisation, and evaluate the Ghanaian experience against the existing body of knowledge on this subject and the special local conditions that are relevant.

Emotions and Economics

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Pixley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Regenerative Process ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Animal Spirits ◽  
Economic View ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Future ◽  
Alternative Understanding

This chapter examines approaches to emotions in orthodox and various Keynesian-influenced economics, with regard to ‘interest’ and expectations, and compares it to sociological emotions research. First it shows how economics ignores ‘passions’ like greed or avarice by transmuting them to the allegedly more predictable, less emotional and completely ‘rational’ motives of interests. Interest, in contemporary orthodox accounts, is said basically to account for expectations but the accounts are derived from the Renaissance view that ‘interest will not lie’. In contrast, the less orthodox economic view argues that expectations are merely imagination and hope, however much data, expertise and information are used, and are thus far from predictable. The chapter then compares Keynesian concepts of emotions such as ‘animal spirits’ with sociological understandings of them. The contribution that emotions research can make to emotions in economic decision-making is then considered. Financial organizations, in particular, are obsessed with the future, hence the future-oriented emotions of confidence, optimism, pessimism, fear and trust are unavoidable, but this is an endlessly unlearned and regenerative process. Finally, the chapter touches on the policy implications of an alternative understanding of the typical emotions deployed in decision-making by financial organizations.

scholarly journals Do Financial Literacy and Financial Education Influence Smoking Behavior in the United States?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2579
Author(s):  
Mostafa Saidur Rahim Khan ◽  
Pongpat Putthinun ◽  
Somtip Watanapongvanich ◽  
Pattaphol Yuktadatta ◽  
Md. Azad Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Rational Decision Making

Smoking is still a serious economic, health, and social problem despite various efforts to curb its prevalence. We examined the influence of financial literacy and financial education on the smoking behavior in the United States in terms of the use of rational decision-making abilities to reduce irrational behavior. We hypothesized that financial literacy and financial education, as proxies for rational decision making, would reduce the likelihood of smoking. We used data from the Preference Parameters Study (PPS) of Osaka University conducted in the United States in 2010 and applied probit regression models to test our hypothesis on a sample of 3831 individuals. We found that financially literate people are less likely to be smokers, though we found no clear role of financial education in reducing the likelihood of smoking. Further, respondents’ gender, age, unemployment status, and risky health behaviors such as drinking and gambling, have a significantly positive association with smoking, while marital status, university degree, family size, household income, household assets, physical exercise, and level of happiness have a significantly negative association. Our findings suggest that financial literacy, as an instrument encouraging rational decision making, could be a tool to help reduce smoking in the United States.

scholarly journals Tracking State-Level Health Impact Assessment Legislation from 2012-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Joshua Waimberg ◽  
Lindsay K. Cloud ◽  
Andrew T. Campbell ◽  
Ruth Lindberg ◽  
Keshia M. Pollack
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Health Impact Assessment ◽  
State Level ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Legislative Activity

Background: To collect and analyze state-level Health Impact Assessment (HIA) legislative activity. Methods: Two longitudinal datasets examining state-level HIA legislation across the United States between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016 were developed using the policy surveillance process. One dataset captures the characteristics of all HIA bills that were introduced and failed, or introduced and were still under consideration, during the time period of the study; the second dataset captures the characteristics of all HIA laws that were enacted or amended, including statutes and regulations.  Results: Forty-three HIA bills were introduced that require, encourage, or incentivize the use of an HIA, and three of these bills were enacted or amended into law, between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016. Conclusions: Additional research is necessary to understand the factors that drive success or failure of HIA legislation, and the impacts of such legislation when implemented on decision-making, health determinants and outcomes, and health equity. Policy Implications: Although legislation can encourage further use of HIAs, they need to provide sufficient clarity, guidance, and resources to effectively foster use of HIAs.

scholarly journals Analytical Framework for Homeowner-Focused Computational Cost-Benefit Mitigation Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Orooji ◽  
Carol J. Friedland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hazard Mitigation ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Wind Hazard ◽  
Building Characteristics

As a result of increasing windstorm losses in the United States over the past 50 years, a variety of residential wind hazard mitigation strategies have been recommended. Wind hazard mitigation undoubtedly reduces windstorm losses; however, little customized information is available to support the economic decision-making process for individual stakeholders, especially at the consumer level. Therefore, there is a need for decision support tools to calculate, evaluate, and present the economic benefits of mitigation over variable decision-making time horizons for unique building characteristics in specific geographical locations. This paper presents a cost-benefit computational decision-making recommendation framework that evaluates and presents the cost effectiveness of mitigation, customized based on location, years of interest, and building characteristics. The decision-making framework consists of two cores. The user-independent core and user-dependent core which consists of eight steps, divided into four subprocesses: (1) data acquisition, (2) data evaluation, (3) cost-benefit calculation, and (4) results comparison and decision making. To demonstrate the framework, a wood-framed single-family home in light suburban terrain in Golden Meadow, Louisiana, is used as a case study, considering retrofit mitigation with a $15,000 budget and a decision-making time horizon of 30 years. The case study provides six mitigation options, with cost ranging between approximately $2,000 and $15,000 and net benefit/cost ratios ranging from 2.4 to 13. Once fully implemented in a decision making information tool, the developed mitigation recommendation framework will provide valuable information that can be used by home designers, builders, owners, and other stakeholders to better understand the economic facets of wind hazard mitigation, providing critical information as part of the overall decision-making process.

Abortion and adoption as two poles of reproductive decision-making in the United States during the 1980s

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-296
Author(s):  
Isabel Heinemann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Reproductive Choice ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Reproductive Decision ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Reproductive Decision Making ◽  
Inclusive Concept ◽  
New Perspective

The 1980s were characterized not only by Ronald Reagan’s rhetoric of ‘traditional family values’ but also by a fierce anti-abortion movement that challenged the legalization of abortion. While the women’s movement fought to preserve abortion rights and reproductive choice, an organization that originated with the 1970s women’s rights and self-help movements conceived ‘adoption’ as a moral alternative to abortion. The self-help organization Concerned United Birthparents, founded in 1976 sought the opening of records and moral recognition for ‘birthmothers’ (and later ‘birth-parents’ in general). While their emphasis on adoption as an alternative to abortion seemed to meet with President Reagan’s pro-adoption campaign and the Christian Right’s support for adoption, Concerned United Birthparents nonetheless pursued an agenda of its own, demanding respect and legitimacy for unmarried women’s reproductive decision-making. This article draws primarily on the records of Concerned United Birthparents to develop a new perspective on single women’s changing perception of their reproductive rights and choices in the 1980s. Transforming an originally conservative claim (‘adoption instead of abortion’) into individual ‘adoption rights’ and an inclusive concept of ‘choice’, Concerned United Birthparents drew on the social movements of the period. Moreover, it provided a case for liberal reproductive decision-making within an ultra-conservative political climate that challenges the assumption of an all-encompassing conservative revolution.

scholarly journals Export Promotion and Trade Adjustment Assistance Priorities in the Northeast

1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blandford ◽  
Richard N. Boisvert ◽  
Pedro Alba
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Adjustment Assistance ◽  
The Past ◽  
United States Economy ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Trade Adjustment

During the past decade, the significance of international trade for the United States’ economy has changed dramatically. In 1970, merchandise exports were $43 billion and accounted for five percent of the Gross National Product (GNP); merchandise imports amounted to $40 billion (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis). By 1977, such exports had increased to almost $120 billion and imports to $150 billion, in both cases a rate of increase almost double that for GNP over the same period.

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