Correlation Between Iodine Status and Dysfunctional Parameters of the Thyroid Gland of Djidja Schoolchildren

Iodine is reported to be one of the main trace mineral constituting thyroid hormones. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between urinary iodine concentration status and dysfunctional parameters of the thyroid gland of schoolchildren in central Benin. In our study we selected 108 schoolchildren to whom we performed T3, T4, TSH, iodine and thyroid volume tests. The determination of the morning urinary iodine (iodine) in Djidja schoolchildren gave satisfactory results to 72% thus declaring our study area as a zone of non-iodine dietary deficiency. The hormone assay results are favorable at a rate of 92% and corresponds to hypothyroidism. In fact, TSH are high in 85% of the study population, T3 are in their case low in 93% of our study population and finally T4 are lower in the 100% of individuals in the study population. But these results are not in agreement with the iodine obtained. Indeed, in the study environment, the population is forced to drink some water rich in fluoride. Fluorine is an iodine antagonist that it can easily substitute, disrupting the production of T3, T4 and TSH hormones. To end, the calculated thyroid echography volumes are for the most part normal volumes with a rate of 45.37 for boys and 35.19 for girls.

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Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Cohort of Adult Outpatients with Thyroid Diseases in Liguria 14 Years after the Law on Salt Iodization

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Conte ◽

Comina ◽

Monti ◽

Sidoti ◽

Vannozzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Records ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Thyroid Diseases ◽

Outpatient Clinics ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Salt Iodization ◽

Clinical Records ◽

Iodine Sufficiency

Italy is considered a mildly iodine-deficient country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iodine status of a cohort of adults living in Liguria after the 2005 salt iodization program. We searched all medical records of patients examined in two endocrine outpatient clinics in Genoa and Savona for data on urinary iodine. Subjects were under evaluation for thyroid diseases. Information on the type of salt used was found in few clinical records. Iodized salt use was reported in 29%, 20%, and 13% of records of people living in Genoa districts, the Savona district and nearby districts, respectively. The average urinary iodine concentration was 112.9 ± 62.3 µg/L (n = 415, median 101.0 µg/L). Non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between subjects with (median 103.5 µg/L) and without (median 97.5 µg/L) a thyroid gland, between the periods 2009–2013 (median 105.0 µg/L) and 2014–2018 (median 97.5 µg/L), and between Genoa (median 94.0 µg/L), Savona (median 105.0 µg/L) and the other districts (median 114.5 µg/L). No correlation with age, body mass index, creatinine, free thyroxine, thyroglobulin, levo-thyroxine dosage, or thyroid volume was observed. These data suggest a borderline status of iodine sufficiency in this cohort.

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Thyroid ultrasound compared with World Health Organization 1960 and 1994 palpation criteria for determination of goiter prevalence in regions of mild and severe iodine deficiency

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.1430727 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 727-731 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

M Zimmermann ◽

A Saad ◽

S Hess ◽

T Torresani ◽

N Chaouki

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Classification Systems ◽

World Health ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Thyroid Ultrasound ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Goiter Prevalence

OBJECTIVES: In 1994, WHO/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders recommended replacing the WHO 1960 four-grade goiter classification with a simplified two-grade system. The effect of this change in criteria on the estimation of goiter prevalence in field studies is unclear. In areas of mild iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) where goiters are small, ultrasound is preferable to palpation to estimate goiter prevalence. However, in areas of moderate to severe IDD, goiter screening by palpation may be an acceptable alternative to thyroid ultrasound. To address these two issues, we compared WHO 1960 and 1994 criteria with thyroid ultrasound for determination of goiter prevalence in areas of mild and severe IDD in Morocco. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 400 six- to 13-year-old children from two mountain villages (Ait M'hamed and Brikcha) in rural Morocco was carried out. METHODS: Urinary iodine concentration (UI), whole blood TSH and serum thyroxine were measured. Thyroid size was graded by inspection and palpation by two examiners using both WHO 1960 and 1994 criteria. Thyroid volume was determined by ultrasound. Variation between examiners and examination methods was assessed. Sensitivity and specificity of the two classification systems compared with ultrasound were calculated. RESULTS: Median UIs in Ait M'hamed and Brikcha were 183 and 24 microg/l respectively. In Ait M'hamed, using 1960 and 1994 criteria, goiter prevalence was 21 and 26% respectively, compared with 13% by ultrasound. In Brikcha, with 1960 and 1994 criteria, goiter prevalence was 64 and 67% respectively, compared with 64% by ultrasound. Agreement between observers was better with the 1994 criteria than with the 1960 criteria in Ait M'hamed (kappa=0.53 and 0.47 respectively), while in Brikcha observer agreement was similar with the two systems (kappa=0.67). Using either the 1994 or 1960 criteria, agreement with ultrasound was only moderate in Ait M'hamed (kappa=0.41-0.44), but good in Brikcha (kappa=0.55-0.64). Overall, compared with ultrasound, sensitivity increased 3-4% using 1994 criteria, while specificity decreased 4-5%. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO 1994 criteria are simpler to use than the 1960 criteria and provide increased sensitivity with only a small reduction in specificity. Agreement between observers is better with the 1994 criteria than with the 1960 criteria, particularly in areas of mild IDD. Like the 1960 criteria, the 1994 criteria overestimate goiter prevalence in areas of mild IDD, compared with ultrasound. However, the 1994 palpation criteria provide an accurate estimate of goiter prevalence in areas of severe IDD, and may be an acceptable and affordable alternative to thyroid ultrasound in these areas.

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Larger Thyroid Volume and Adequate Iodine Nutrition in Chinese Schoolchildren: Local Normative Reference Values Compared with WHO/IGN

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2016/8079704 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zhe Mo ◽

Xiaoming Lou ◽

Guangming Mao ◽

Zhifang Wang ◽

Wenming Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Reference Interval ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Zhejiang Province ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Local Reference ◽

Urine Iodine

Objective. Thyroid volume measured by ultrasound to define goiter needs reliable local thyroid volume reference from iodine-sufficient populations. The aim of this study is to explore the reference interval for normal thyroid volume in schoolchildren aged 8–10 years from Zhejiang Province, China.Methods. A probability-proportionate-to-size sampling method was applied to select a representative sample of 1213 children aged 8–10 years in Zhejiang Province to detect the thyroid volume, salt iodine, and urine iodine.Results. Median urinary iodine concentration in involved schoolchildren was 178.30 (125.00) μg l−1, with the percentage of samples less than 100 μg l−1as 12.69% and more than 300 μg l−1as 15.25%. Thyroid volume was significantly correlated with age and anthropometric measurements independently of each other. The 97th percentile of thyroid volume in our study was larger generally than the new international reference.Conclusions. The iodine nutritional status in Zhejiang Province was at an adequate level. Despite some limitations in this study, we initially established the reference values for thyroid volume in 8–10-year-old schoolchildren in Zhejiang Province, China, as a local reference to be used for monitoring iodine deficiency disorders.

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The assessment of iodine status – populations, individuals and limitations

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/0004563218774816 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Patrick Wainwright ◽

Paul Cook

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Population Level ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Health Concern ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Status ◽

The Uk

Iodine deficiency is a significant global health concern, and the single greatest cause of preventable cognitive impairment. It is also a growing public health concern in the UK particularly among pregnant women. Biomarkers such as urinary iodine concentration have clear utility in epidemiological studies to investigate population-level iodine status, but determination of iodine status in individuals is much more problematic with current assays. This article reviews the available biomarkers of iodine status and their relative utility at the level of both populations and individuals for the investigation of iodine deficiency and iodine excess.

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Endemic goitre and excessive iodine in urine and drinking water among Saharawi refugee children

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980010000650 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1472-1477 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Sigrun Henjum ◽

Ingrid Barikmo ◽

Anne Karine Gjerlaug ◽

Abderraháman Mohamed-Lehabib ◽

Arne Oshaug ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Refugee Children ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Endemic Goitre ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Excessive Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of enlarged thyroid volume (Tvol) in Saharawi refugee children, and their urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to identify possible sources of excess iodine intake.DesignA cross-sectional survey was performed during January–February 2007. Tvol was measured by ultrasound and iodine concentration was analysed in casual urine samples, in household drinking water and in milk samples from household livestock.SettingThe study was undertaken in four refugee camps in the Algerian desert.SubjectsThe subjects were 421 Saharawi children, 6–14 years old.ResultsEnlarged Tvol was found in 56 % (Tvol-for-age) and 86 % (Tvol-for-body-surface-area) of the children. The median (25th percentile–75th percentile, P25–P75) UIC was 565 (357–887) μg/l. The median (P25–P75) iodine concentration in household drinking water was 108 (77–297) μg/l. None of the children had UIC below 100 μg/l, 16 % had UIC between 100 and 299 μg/l, and 84 % had UIC above 300 μg/l. There was a positive association between Tvol and whether the household possessed livestock.ConclusionsThe children are suffering from endemic goitre and high UIC caused probably by an excessive intake of iodine. The excessive iodine intakes probably originate from drinking water and milk.

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Assessment of the iodine nutritional status among Chinese school-aged children

Endocrine Connections ◽

10.1530/ec-19-0568 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 379-386

Author(s):

Ning Yao ◽

Chunbei Zhou ◽

Jun Xie ◽

Xinshu Li ◽

Qianru Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Iodized Salt ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Goiter Prevalence

Objective The remarkable success of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) elimination in China has been achieved through a mandatory universal salt iodization (USI) program. The study aims to estimate the relationship between urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and iodine content in edible salt to assess the current iodine nutritional status of school aged children. Methods A total of 5565 students from 26 of 39 districts/counties in Chongqing participated in the study, UIC and iodine content in table salt were measured. Thyroid volumes of 3311 students were examined by ultrasound and goiter prevalence was calculated. Results The overall median UIC of students was 222 μg/L (IQR: 150-313 μg/L). Median UIC was significantly different among groups with non-iodized salt (iodine content <5 mg/kg), inadequately iodized salt (between 5 and 21 mg/kg), adequately iodized (between 21 and 39 mg/kg) and excessively iodized (>39 mg/kg) salt (P < 0.01). The total goiter rate was 1.9% (60/3111) and 6.0% (186/3111) according to Chinese national and WHO reference values, respectively. Thyroid volume and goiter prevalence were not different within the three iodine nutritional status groups (insufficient, adequate and excessive, P > 0.05). Conclusions The efficient implementation of current USI program is able to reduce the goiter prevalence in Chongqing as a low incidence of goiter in school aged children is observed in this study. The widened UIC range of 100–299 μg/L indicating sufficient iodine intake is considered safe with a slim chance of causing goiter or thyroid dysfunction. Further researches were needed to evaluate the applicability of WHO reference in goiter diagnose in Chongqing or identifying more accurate criteria of normal thyroid volume of local students in the future.

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Minimal impact of excess iodate intake on thyroid hormones and selenium status in older New Zealanders

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-11-0575 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 165 (5) ◽

pp. 745-752 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Christine D Thomson ◽

Jennifer M Campbell ◽

Jody Miller ◽

Sheila A Skeaff

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Selenium Status ◽

Minimal Impact ◽

Plasma Selenium ◽

Excess Iodine

ObjectiveIodine deficiency has re-emerged in New Zealand, while selenium status has improved. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of excess iodine intake as iodate on thyroid and selenium status.MethodsIn a randomized controlled trial on older people (mean±s.d. 73±4.8 years;n=143), two groups received >50 mg iodine as iodate/day for 8 weeks because of supplement formulation error, either with 100 μg selenium (Se+highI) or without selenium (highI). Four other groups received 80 μg iodine as iodate/day with selenium (Se+lowI) or without selenium (lowI), selenium alone (Se+), or placebo. Thyroid hormones, selenium status, and median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) were compared at weeks 0, 8, and 4 weeks post-supplementation.ResultsMUIC increased nine- and six-fold in Se+highI and highI groups, decreasing to baseline by week 12. Plasma selenium increased in selenium-supplemented groups (P<0.001). The level of increase in whole blood glutathione peroxidase (WBGPx) in the Se+highI group was smaller than Se+ (P=0.020) and Se+lowI (P=0.007) groups. The decrease in WBGPX in the highI group was greater than other non-selenium-supplemented groups, but differences were not significant. Ten of 43 participants exposed to excess iodate showed elevated TSH (hypothyroidism) at week 8. In all but two, TSH had returned to normal by week 12. In three participants, TSH decreased to <0.10 mIU/l (hyperthyroidism) at week 8, remaining low at week 12.ConclusionsExcess iodate induced hypothyroidism in some participants and hyperthyroidism in others. Most abnormalities disappeared after 4 weeks. Excess iodate reduced WBGPx activity and resulted in smaller increases in WBGPx after selenium supplementation.

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An epidemiological survey of children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in regions with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province, China

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012000146 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 1168-1173 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Shengmin Lv ◽

Jun Zhao ◽

Dong Xu ◽

Zhengshui Chong ◽

Lihui Jia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Hebei Province ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Salt Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo identify children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Probability proportional to size sampling was employed to randomly select children from thirty townships where the median iodine content in drinking water ranged from 150 to 300 μg/l; their urinary iodine concentrations were determined and their thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound. Drinking water samples and salt samples from the villages where the children lived were collected using a systematic sampling method.SettingHebei Province of China.SubjectsA total of 1259 children aged 8–10 years (621 boys and 638 girls).ResultsChildren's median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 418·8 μg/l, and the iodine concentration was >300 μg/l for 68·3 % (248/363) of the urine samples. Children's median urinary iodine concentration in villages with median salt iodine >10 mg/kg was significantly higher than that in villages with median salt iodine <5 mg/kg (442·9 μg/l v. 305·4 μg/l, P ≈ 0). The goitre rate of 1259 children examined by ultrasound was 10·96 %.ConclusionsThe iodine intake of children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province was found to be excessive. The measured iodine excess in the sampled children is exacerbated by consumption of iodized salt. Goitre was identified in these areas; however, due to the limitation of the current criteria for children's thyroid volume, a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of goitre in these regions could not be made and further study is required.

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Iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation in Iran

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980007360977 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (12A) ◽

pp. 1596-1599 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Fereidoun Azizi

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Iodine Excretion ◽

Pregnancy And Lactation

AbstractObjective: To describe studies evaluating urinary iodine excretion during pregnancy and lactation in women living in cities with adequate or more than adequate iodine intake.Design: Cross-sectional study conducted between 1996 and 1998 in pregnant women and a study of lactating women conducted in 2003.Settings and Subjects: Pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume was measured in 403 women. In a second study, 100 lactating women from Taleghani Hospital in Gorgan, Iran were evaluated for thyroid size, and both urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations were determined.Results: In Rasht city, 84% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration of ≥ 200 μg l-1, while in the other cities this percentage ranged from 45 to 55%. When data were combined for the cities of Ilam, Isfahan and Tehran, where women have an adequate or more than adequate median urinary iodine concentration, 51% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration less than that recommended during pregnancy. In Rasht, where the median urinary iodine concentration indicates an excessive iodine intake, 15.4% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration < 200 μg l-1. The mean urinary iodine concentration in lactating women was 250 μg l-1, and 16% of women had a urinary iodine concentration < 100 μg l-1. Grade 1 goitre was present in 8% of lactating women, and another 8% had grade 2 goitre.Conclusions: Findings of this study call for further attention to iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation. The currently recommended intake of iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant and lactating women, and supplementation during pregnancy and lactation should be further considered in light of the latest recommendations.

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Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2020/3759786 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Gyamfi ◽

Yaw Amo Wiafe ◽

Enoch Ofori Awuah ◽

Evans Asamoah Adu ◽

Emmanuel Kodie Boadi

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Ashanti Region ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Female Children ◽

Goitre Prevalence

Background. Iodine deficiency is a public health problem. The universal salt iodization (USI) program is the main, simple, and cost-effective intervention strategy to control iodine deficiency. The study examined the iodine status in school-aged children in Ashanti region, Ghana, using thyroid volumes along with urinary iodine concentrations, the methods recommended by the WHO/ICCIDD for monitoring the sustained impact of USI programs. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children (6–12 years) from randomly selected schools in the central and northern part of the Ashanti region, Kumasi Metropolis, and Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality, respectively. A total of 852 children were enrolled in the study. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine concentrations of the children were determined using the standardized methods recommended by WHO/ICCIDD. Anthropometric measurements were also evaluated. Results. The mean values of thyroid volume in female and male school-aged children were 3.53 ± 0.09 and 3.32 ± 0.07, respectively. The thyroid size was significantly associated with age (P<0.0001), weight (P<0.0001), height (P<0.0001), BMI (P<0.05), and BSA (P<0.0001) by Pearson’s correlation in both males and females. The P50 (median) thyroid volumes of school children investigated in this study were generally larger compared to the WHO/ICCIDD reference data by age and body surface area. The median value of urinary iodine concentration was 201.85 μg/L, which showed significant sex difference (P value <0.0001). Excessive iodine nutrition (≥300 μg/L) was observed among 34.4% of male children and 27.6% of female children. Also, 12.8% of the male and 19.5% of the female children had UIC below requirement (<100 μg/L). The criteria of thyroid volume per age yielded a goitre prevalence of 2.2%. In contrast, the criteria of thyroid volume by body surface area yielded a goitre prevalence of 0.9%. Conclusion. The study clearly indicated that adequate iodine nutrition exists generally among the school children. However, insufficient and excessive iodine intakes still persist among some of the children. The establishment of local reference values for thyroid volume that might be applicable to precisely define goitre prevalence in the Ghanaian context is highly recommended.

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