scholarly journals Micromorphological features of soils of semidesertic solonetzic complexes under different herbaceous communities with the participation of fodder plant Kochia prostrata (Caspian lowland)

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-116
Author(s):  
Oxana Plotnikova ◽  
Marina Lebedeva ◽  
E. B. Varlamov ◽  
Yu. D. Nukhimovskaya ◽  
E. V. Shuyskaya
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
The North ◽  
Herbaceous Communities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Caspian Lowland ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Humus Accumulation ◽  
Maximum Penetration ◽  
Pedogenic Processes

The aim of the study was to research the relationship of chemical and micromorphological properties of soils with the growth of Kochia prostrata. The objects of study were the soils on natural pastures of the North-Western part of the Caspian lowland. It was laid 4 soil pits (soils – light solonetz, solonetzic chestnut) with the maximum penetration depth of the main mass of roots of the studied plants. K. prostratais a very plastic forage species that can grow on soils with a wide range of morphological properties, different salt content and their chemical composition. It is revealed that on the background of almost the same content of humus and high content of exchangeable magnesium micromorphological features represent the different degree of manifestation of primary pedogenic processes – humus accumulation, leaching of soluble salts, gypsum accumulation, carbonate enrichment, solonetzization. Despite the different content of exchangeable sodium, in all soils there are fresh clay or humus-clay illuvial coatings, indicating the manifestation of the modern eluvial-illuvial redistribution of fine matter (lessivage or illimerization).

scholarly journals Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: a case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) fishery

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom L. Catchpole ◽  
Andrew S. Revill ◽  
James Innes ◽  
Sean Pascoe
Keyword(s):  
Brown Shrimp ◽  
Crangon Crangon ◽  
Shrimp Fishery ◽  
The North ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technical Measures

Abstract Catchpole, T. L., Revill, A. S., Innes, J., and Pascoe, S. 2008. Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: a case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 267–275. Bycatch reduction devices are being introduced into a wide range of fisheries, with shrimp and prawn fisheries particularly targeted owing to the heavy discarding common in these fisheries. Although studies are often undertaken to estimate the impact of a technical measure on the fishery before implementation, rarely have the impacts been assessed ex post. Here, the efficacy of the UK legislation pertaining to the use of sievenets in the North Sea Crangon crangon fishery is assessed. Three impacts were evaluated: on fisher behaviour (social), on the level of bycatch (biological), and on vessel profitability (economic). An apparent high level of compliance by skippers was identified despite a low level of enforcement. The estimated reduction in fleet productivity following the introduction of the legislation was 14%, equalling the mean loss of Crangon landings when using sievenets calculated from catch comparison trawls. Sievenets did reduce the unnecessary capture of unwanted marine organisms, but were least effective at reducing 0-group plaice, which make up the largest component of the bycatch. Clearly the legislation has had an effect in the desired direction, but it does not address sufficiently the bycatch issue in the Crangon fishery.

Solonetzic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 889-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
J. A. Brierley
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Septic Systems ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Anisotropic Flow ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
Total Salt Content ◽  
Pedogenic Processes ◽  
Capillary Movement ◽  
Zonal Soils

Miller, J. J. and Brierley, J. A. 2011. Solonetzic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 889–902. Soils of the Solonetzic order are defined as having a Solonetzic B horizon designated as a Bn or Bnt horizon. The Solonetzic Order includes four great groups: Solonetz, Solodized Solonetz, Solod, and Vertic Solonetz. Solonetzic soils are thought to develop via the stepwise pedogenic processes of salinization, solonization (desalinzation and alkalization), and solodization. Soluble salts are brought into the soil pedon of Solonetzic soils by capillary movement and evaporation from spring to fall, and upward water flow from the water table to the freezing zone in the winter deposits salts upon freezing. Solonization proceeds when desalinization lowers the total salt content and alkalization is initiated by high exchangeable Na. Solodization occurs when anisotropic flow conditions or a change in vertical hydraulic gradients prevent capillary rise and replenishment of soluble Na in the Bn horizon. Two common Solonetzic catenas are found in the prairies. In the first sequence, Gleyed Solonetz or Solonetz occur in the depressional areas of the landscape, and soils then grade through Solodized Solonetz, Solods, and in some cases, Chernozems or normal zonal soils at higher elevations. In the second sequence, Solods are found in the lowest topographic position, while Solodized Solonetz, Solonetz and Chernozems are found at progressively higher slope positions. Solonetzic soils have unique properties that adversely affect their use for agriculture and other land uses (e.g., construction, septic systems). Further interdisciplinary research is required to better understand the genesis of these soils at the “meter scale” or local landscape level because of the extreme spatial variability of these soils.

scholarly journals Dispersive evaluation and surface chemistry of advanced, multifunctional silica/lignin hybrid biomaterials

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1860-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Nowacka ◽  
Łukasz Klapiszewski ◽  
Małgorzata Norman ◽  
Teofil Jesionowski
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hybrid Biomaterials

AbstractAdvanced silica/lignin hybrid biomaterials were obtained using hydrated or fumed silicas (Aerosil®200) and Kraft lignin as precursors, which is a cheap and biodegradable natural polymer. To extend the possible range of applications, the silicas were first modified with N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxsysilane, and then with Kraft lignin, which had been oxidized with sodium periodate. The SiO2/lignin hybrids and precursors were characterised by means of determination of their physicochemical and dispersive-morphological properties. The effectiveness of silica binding to lignin was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy. The zeta potential value provides relevant information regarding interactions between colloid particles. Measurement of the zeta potential values enabled an indirect assessment of stability for the studied hybrid systems. Determination of zeta potential and density of surface charge also permitted the quantitative analysis of changes in surface charge, and indirectly confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method for synthesis of SiO2/lignin hybrid materials. A particularly attractive feature for practical use is their stability, especially electrokinetic stability. It is expected that silica/lignin hybrids will find a wide range of applications (polymer fillers, biosorbents, electrochemical sensors), as they combine the unique properties of silica with the specific structural features of lignin. This makes these hybrids biomaterials advanced and multifunctional.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE SALT STATUS OF SOILS IN ARTESIAN SPRINGS IMPACT ZONE OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CASPIAN REGION

1970 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
А. B. Biarslanov ◽  
Z. G. Zalibekov ◽  
Z. U. Gasanova ◽  
P. А. Abdurashidova ◽  
V. А. Zhelnovakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Irreversible Processes ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
The North ◽  
Continental Part ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Experimental Plots

The paper is devoted to soil cover degradation in the northen part of the Republic of Dagestan. Soil degradation is affected by irrational using free flowing underground water of artesians. Intensive extraction of underground water for domestic drinking water supply and pastures watering leads to irreversible processes in the soil cover. The study of salt spreading processes in soils caused by technogenic pressure is mainly considered for humid zone, in arid zone such work was not carried out. In this regard, the aim of the study is to clarify the state of the salt balance of soils for possible technogenic halogenesis under the conditions of a long half-century, continuous impact of artesian sources. The analysis of the territorial spreading of salts is considered on the example of soils of the marine coast and the central part of the Terek-Kuma lowland, represented by varieties of meadow saline and light chestnut soils. Taking into account the conditions of mutual location, experimental plots were selected with reference to artesian sources in the marine coast and in the continental part. Experimental and control sections were laid at experimental plots. Soil samples and artesian water samples were tested for the content of light soluble salts using conventional methods. It was established that under conditions of self-flowing artesian sources the soil of the continental part is characterized by an increased salt content and is 0.26-0.48% according to the profile against the background of the salt content in the samples of control plots – 0.11-0.17%. Coastal soils are characterized by a higher degree of salinization, the influence of mineralized water sources has a desalinization impact. On the test plot the salt content is 0.31–0.51%, in the control plot – 1.22–4.29%.

Editorial

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Eva Cendon ◽  
John Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Further Education ◽  
University Education ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Widening Participation ◽  
The North ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
International Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
International Sector ◽  
The Uk

This general edition of the journal provides insights and results of research employing a wide range of approaches and perspectives on widening participation and lifelong learning. Studies from across the UK and international sector utilise different methodological approaches, and as such are particularly interesting, with diverse methods and ways of analysis, including phenomenographic, narrative, and thematic analysis. Overall, the articles range from exploratory case studies and small-scale research to wider range and broad scale studies, highlighting different facets and perspectives. Furthermore, the articles in this volume cover a broad spectrum of institutions and places involved in widening participation, with an emphasis on the (higher) education sector in the UK balanced by international perspectives. The first seven empirical articles are based on research activities in a secondary school, a youth centre, in further education colleges (usually focusing on post-compulsory secondary or pre-university education), in so-called post-92 universities (new(er) universities, formerly Polytechnics and teacher training colleges), and last but not least in a research intensive Russell Group university. They reported challenges from the specific local contexts of different regions in England, from the South (Chichester) to London to the North (Carlisle), and can usefully be framed in the context of international discussions appearing later in the journal.

scholarly journals An Experimental Demonstration of a Multi-element Flame Photometer: Determination of Salt Concentration in Soy Sauce

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiu Tung Chu ◽  
Spencer E. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Flame Photometry ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Uk

<p>The routine determination of some group 1 and group 2 metals is important because of their biological, physiological and industrial relevance. Flame atomic emission spectrometry, or flame photometry (FP), is well-suited to the determination of several alkali and alkaline earth metals which are easily ionized in a gas flame. Here, we consider the application of flame photometry as a simple but sensitive analytical method which is normally restricted to the determination of one element at a time. We have demonstrated the use of a new multi-element instrument for the simultaneous determination of four cations, namely Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> in six different brands of soy sauce currently available in the UK. The Na<sup>+</sup> concentrations are compared with quoted nutrition values given on the product labels, and found to be in very good agreement for “low-salt” soy sauce, but some departures were noted in the higher salt products, the present results indicating higher salt content than the supplied data. Li<sup>+</sup> concentrations were below the detection limit (i.e., &lt;1 mg/L under the conditions used in this study). This demonstration study has shown multi-element flame photometry to be a straightforward means of analysing water-based products that could be more widely adopted for many different applications. Typical maximum concentrations for the direct analysis of aqueous solutions were found to be 50 mg/L (Li<sup>+</sup>), 200 mg/L (Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>) and 1000 mg/L (Ca<sup>2+)</sup>. Although not the primary goal of this study, we noted some variance between the present results and values quoted on some of the products. This may relate to the use of indirect methods for estimating salt (sodium) concentrations. The use of flame photometry, however, would provide a rapid measurement of important cations in a wide range of applications.</p>

scholarly journals Characterizing Soil Physical Properties for Soil Moisture Monitoring with the North Carolina Environment and Climate Observing Network

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 933-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weinan Pan ◽  
R. P. Boyles ◽  
J. G. White ◽  
J. L. Heitman
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Moisture Monitoring

Abstract Soil moisture has important implications for meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and agriculture. This has led to growing interest in development of in situ soil moisture monitoring networks. Measurement interpretation is severely limited without soil property data. In North Carolina, soil moisture has been monitored since 1999 as a routine parameter in the statewide Environment and Climate Observing Network (ECONet), but with little soils information available for ECONet sites. The objective of this paper is to provide soils data for ECONet development. The authors studied soil physical properties at 27 ECONet sites and generated a database with 13 soil physical parameters, including sand, silt, and clay contents; bulk density; total porosity; saturated hydraulic conductivity; air-dried water content; and water retention at six pressures. Soil properties were highly variable among individual ECONet sites [coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 12% to 80%]. This wide range of properties suggests very different behavior among sites with respect to soil moisture. A principal component analysis indicated parameter groupings associated primarily with soil texture, bulk density, and air-dried water content accounted for 80% of the total variance in the dataset. These results suggested that a few specific soil properties could be measured to provide an understanding of differences in sites with respect to major soil properties. The authors also illustrate how the measured soil properties have been used to develop new soil moisture products and data screening for the North Carolina ECONet. The methods, analysis, and results presented here have applications to North Carolina and for other regions with heterogeneous soils where soil moisture monitoring is valuable.

Yanik Tepe, Shengavit, and the Khirbet Kerak Ware

1965 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 165-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Amiran
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Single Element ◽  
The North ◽  
Great Affinity ◽  
Wide Range

The problem dealt with in the following note, concisely worded in the title, has been occupying the attention of many scholars for quite some time, but seems now to have anchored at a haven, from which further research is already in progress. It may be considered a generally consented assumption, that the phenomenon of the Kh. Kerak Ware (which comprises all the occurrences of this distinctive ware, from Tabara el Akrad Levels IV–I, Amuq Phase H, Hama Niveau K5 in the north, to all the sites in Palestine, as far south as Jericho Tomb A, Tomb F4, etc.) is part of a much larger phenomenon, which stretches over a much wider area. It is evident that we cannot understand a single element, the Kh. Kerak Ware, unless we see it as belonging to a whole phenomenon. It is the great affinity, indeed almost homogeneity of the pottery, both shapes, surface treatment and decoration, which unifies the whole wide range of separated regions, from Transcaucasia (the Kura-Arax culture of B. Kuftin), Armenia and Azerbaidjan, through Eastern and Central Anatolia, to the whole length of the Levant, into one phenomenon.

Kean Miltos: The Well-Known Iron Oxides of Antiquity

1997 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Photos-Jones ◽  
A. Cottier ◽  
A. J. Hall ◽  
L. G. Mendoni
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The North ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Industrial Mineral

The island of Kea in the North Cyclades was well known in antiquity for its miltos, a naturally occurring red iron oxide valued for its colour and wide range of applications. By combining geological field work, physico-chemical analytical techniques, simulation (heating) experiments as well as simple laboratory tests, this paper describes the study of Kean iron oxides in an attempt to characterize this material which is still largely elusive in the archaeological record. The present work corroborates previous observations about the superior quality of some Kean iron oxides. Furthermore, it puts forward the hypothesis that miltos may have been considered an industrial mineral, and as such may have been used as an umbrella term for a variety of materials including mineralogically distinct purple as well as red iron oxides.

scholarly journals DESIGN OF MAIN BREAKWATER AT SINES HARBOUR

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dorrington Mettam
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Government Agency ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Regular Waves ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Flume Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Engineering Conference

In March 1972 the author's firm in association with two Portuguese firms of consulting engineers, Consulmar and Lusotecna, were appointed by the Portuguese Government agency Gabinete da Area de Sines to prepare designs for the construction of a new harbour at Sines on the west coast of Portugal. The location is shown in Figure 1. The main breakwater, which is the subject of this paper, is probably the largest breakwater yet built, being 2 km long and in depths of water of up to 50 m. It is exposed to the North Atlantic and has been designed for a significant wave height of 11 m. Dolos units invented by Merrifield (ref. 1) form the main armour. The project programme required that studies be first made of a wide range of alternative layouts for the harbour. After the client had decided on the layout to be adopted, documents were to be prepared to enable tenders for construction to be invited in January 1973. This allowed little time for the design to be developed and only one series of flume tests, using regular waves, was completed during this period. Further tests in the regular flume were completed during the tender period and a thorough programme of testing with irregular waves was commenced later in the year, continuing until August 1974 when the root of the breakwater was complete and the construction of the main cross-section was about to start. The model tests, which were carried out at the Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil in Lisbon, were reported by Morals in a paper presented to the 14th International Coastal Engineering Conference in 1974. (ref. 2)

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