scholarly journals Frustration elevates arousal in individuals high on the psychopathy scale: The role of approach, not avoidance motivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-596
Author(s):  
Dino Krupić
Keyword(s):  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Psychopathic Tendencies

Psychopaths tend to react with aggression when mistreated. The literature offers two contradicting explanations of this subject. The aim of this study is to determine whether approach or (the lack of) avoidance motivation underlie emotional reactions of individuals with elevated psychopathic tendencies in frustrative situations. The sample of sixty participants (43.3% male) participated in the experiment in which the Ultimatum Game was used to induce the feeling of injustice. The participants received four fair offers in the first phase of the game and six unfair offers in the second phase of the experiment. Their electrodermal activity (EDA) was recorded during both parts of the experiment. Along with the EDA recording, the participants fulfilled Short Dark Triad (SD3) questionnaire and Questionnaire of Approach and Avoidance Motivation (QAAM). Generally, the unfair offers significantly elevated EDA in comparison to the levels of EDA during the fair part of the experiment. The mediational analysis conducted by hierarchical regression analysis revealed that psychopathy is associated with a higher EDA in frustrative conditions, which is entirely explained by QAAM wanting, i.e. approach-related scale. Neither of avoidance-related scales predicted the EDA. This result indicates that individuals with elevated psychopathic tendencies experience stronger emotional reactions when facing the potential loss of rewards, which is driven by their stronger approach motivation, and not by the lack of avoidance motivation. Hence, the study contributes to the understanding of the underlying reason for emotional reactions of individuals with elevated psychopathic tendencies in unfair conditions within the approach-avoidance framework. Implications for the methodological setting of future studies on this subject are discussed.

scholarly journals Big Five traits, approach-avoidance motivation, concerns and adherence with COVID-19 prevention guidelines during peak of pandemics in Croatia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Zuro ◽  
Dino Krupic
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Approach And Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Prevention Guidelines

Without the vaccine, only way to prevent the spread of coronavirus is following COVID-19 preventive guidelines such as keeping social distance, wearing masks and gloves, reducing mobility, etc. Success depends on how many individuals strictly follow the suggestions from epidemiologists. In this study we examine who and why is adhering with the guidelines. A community sample of 500 participants fulfilled short Big Five Inventory, Questionnaire of Approach and Avoidance Motivation (QAAM) and two scales constructed according to the COVID-19 epidemiological guidelines in Croatia. The results of hierarchical regression analysis indicate that agreeable and conscientious individuals are complying more with preventive measures. In addition, approach, not avoidance, motivation appears to be more important in following the guidelines. Results are discussed in terms of framing messages to explain goals that might be reached by compliant behaviour rather than emphasizing negative consequences of pandemic as such messages seem to produce negative emotional states with no beneficial changes on the behavioural level.

Language Use and Stereotyping: the Role of Approach and Avoidance Motivation Goals

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1210-1221
Author(s):  
Lorena Gil de Montes ◽  
Garbiñe Ortiz ◽  
José F. Valencia ◽  
Maider Larrañaga ◽  
Arrate Agirrezabal
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Orientation ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Expectancy Bias ◽  
Communication Goals ◽  
Linguistic Abstraction ◽  
Approach And Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Answer Format

The use of more abstract language to describe expected behaviors as opposed to unexpected behaviors has traditionally been considered a way of stereotype maintenance. This tendency is known as linguistic expectancy bias. Two experiments examined the influence of approach and avoidance motivational orientations on the production of this linguistic expectancy bias. It was predicted that approach strategic orientation is likely to describe expectancy consistent behaviors at a higher level of linguistic abstraction than expectancy inconsistent behaviors. In contrast, avoidance strategic orientation is likely to describe both expectancy consistent behaviors and expectancy inconsistent behaviors at a lower level of linguistic abstraction, thus facilitating the disappearance of linguistic expectancy bias. Two experiments confirmed these expectations, using strategic orientation manipulations based either on communication goals or on motor action, and measuring linguistic abstraction either on forced-choice answer format or on free descriptions. Implications for the generalisation of linguistic expectancy bias are discussed.

scholarly journals The Dark Triad of personality and attitudes toward cognitive enhancement

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Mayor ◽  
Maxime Daehne ◽  
Renzo Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
The Public ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Trait Competitiveness

Abstract Background Cognitive enhancement (CE) refers to the voluntary improvement of human cognitive capabilities. Few studies have examined the general attitude of the public towards CE. Such studies have suggested that the use of CE is considered largely unacceptable by the public. In parallel, past research indicates that individuals scoring high on the Dark Triad of personality (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and competitiveness have atypical views of ethical questions. In this study, we examined (a) whether attitudes towards CE are associated with individual differences in the Dark Triad of personality as well as in trait and contextual competitiveness and (b) whether the Dark Triad moderates the effect of trait and contextual competitiveness on attitudes towards CE. Method US employees (N = 326) were recruited using Mechanical Turk. Participants completed a web survey. Data were analyzed by means of (robust) hierarchical regression and (robust) ANCOVAs. Results The Dark Triad of personality and one of its subscales, Machiavellianism, predicted positive attitudes towards CE. Neither trait competitiveness nor contextual competitiveness were linked to general attitudes towards CE, but the DT was a positive moderator of the association between contextual competitiveness and positive attitudes. Conclusion Our findings extend the incipient knowledge about the factors relating to favourable views of CE by highlighting the role of dark personality traits in shaping such views. Our study further shows contextual factors can play a differentiated role with respect to such attitudes depending upon dark personality traits. Implications for policy-making are discussed.

The role of approach and avoidance motivation in employee voice

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 744-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Employee Voice ◽  
Voice Behavior ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Workplace Ostracism ◽  
Approach And Avoidance Motivation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a model of the processes through which approach and avoidance motivation influence constructive and defensive voice behavior, with the moderating role of workplace ostracism and contingent self-esteem. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is conceptual and quantitative study should be conducted to explore the propositions proposed in this paper. Findings – This paper proposes that approach motivation is positively related to constructive voice while avoidance motivation is positively related to defensive voice. In addition, workplace ostracism and contingent self-esteem/importance of performance to self-esteem (IPSE) are examined as two moderators of the motivation-voice behavior relationship. Practical implications – By understanding employees’ different motives underpinning the voice behavior explained in this paper, it may be easier for management to take measures to facilitate constructive voice and abate defensive voice. Organizations may wish to formulate policies and regulations and to foster a climate to prevent ostracism from happening. Programs designed to develop employees with high IPSE may be implemented. Originality/value – Most of empirical work on voice has focussed on employee voice behaviors with positive attributes. This paper adopts approach and avoidance motivation as two antecedents, and grounded in self-regulation theory, exploring both positive and negative types of voice behavior. This paper also examines how negative interpersonal behavior such as ostracism affects voice behavior, and provide insights on upside of contingent self-esteem.

scholarly journals Examining the role of approach-avoidance and autonomous-controlled motivation in predicting goal progress over time

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn M. Werner ◽  
Marina Milyavskaya ◽  
Richard Koestner
Keyword(s):  
Model Comparison ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Goal Progress ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Controlled Motivation ◽  
Bayesian Model Comparison ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Over Time

In the present research, we examined the role of approach-avoidance and autonomous-controlled motivation in predicting goal progress over time. At the beginning of the semester, participants (n1 = 240; n2 = 159) identified goals that they planned to pursue and reported their motivation. At the end of the semester, they indicated how much progress they made on each goal. Multilevel analyses confirmed our hypothesis that autonomous motivation was the most consistent predictor of goal progress, especially at the within-person level. That is, people made more progress on goals that were pursued for autonomous reasons compared to their other goals, whereas controlled, approach, and avoidance motivation were unrelated to goal progress. Across both studies, interactions between autonomous-controlled and approach-avoidance were inconsistent. Bayesian model comparison further substantiated our finding that autonomous motivation was the best predictor of goal progress.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Dark Triad Personality Traits and Sexting Behaviors among Adolescents and Young Adults across 11 Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2526
Author(s):  
Mara Morelli ◽  
Flavio Urbini ◽  
Dora Bianchi ◽  
Roberto Baiocco ◽  
Elena Cattelino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Sexting is an increasingly common phenomenon among adolescents and young adults. Some studies have investigated the role of personality traits in different sexting behaviors within mainstream personality taxonomies like Big Five and HEXACO. However, very few studies have investigated the role of maladaptive personality factors in sexting. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between Dark Triad Personality Traits and experimental (i.e., sharing own sexts), risky (i.e., sexting under substance use and with strangers), and aggravated sexting (i.e., non-consensual sexting and sexting under pressure) across 11 countries. Methods: An online survey was completed by 6093 participants (Mage = 20.35; SDage = 3.63) from 11 different countries which covered four continents (Europe, Asia, Africa, and America). Participants completed the Sexting Behaviors Questionnaire and the 12-item Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses showed that sharing own sexts was positively predicted by Machiavellianism and Narcissism. Both risky and aggravated sexting were positively predicted by Machiavellianism and Psychopathy. Conclusions: The present study provided empirical evidence that different sexting behaviors were predicted by Dark Triad Personality Traits, showing a relevant role of Machiavellianism in all kinds of investigated sexting behaviors. Research, clinical, and education implications for prevention programs are discussed.

Social Motives Predict Loneliness During a Developmental Transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Nikitin ◽  
Alexandra M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Establishing new social relationships is important for mastering developmental transitions in young adulthood. In a 2-year longitudinal study with four measurement occasions (T1: n = 245, T2: n = 96, T3: n = 103, T4: n = 85), we investigated the role of social motives in college students’ mastery of the transition of moving out of the parental home, using loneliness as an indicator of poor adjustment to the transition. Students with strong social approach motivation reported stable and low levels of loneliness. In contrast, students with strong social avoidance motivation reported high levels of loneliness. However, this effect dissipated relatively quickly as most of the young adults adapted to the transition over a period of several weeks. The present study also provides evidence for an interaction between social approach and social avoidance motives: Social approach motives buffered the negative effect on social well-being of social avoidance motives. These results illustrate the importance of social approach and social avoidance motives and their interplay during developmental transitions.

Maternal Perception of Infants’ Expressions of Emotion

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Krippl ◽  
Stephanie Ast-Scheitenberger ◽  
Ina Bovenschen ◽  
Gottfried Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Response Pattern ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Startle Amplitude ◽  
Caregiving System ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Opponent Process ◽  
Opponent Process Theory ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Methodological Considerations

In light of Lang’s differentiation of the aversive and the approach system – and assumptions stemming from attachment theory – this study investigates the role of the approach or caregiving system for processing infant emotional stimuli by comparing IAPS pictures, infant pictures, and videos. IAPS pictures, infant pictures, and infant videos of positive, neutral, or negative content were presented to 69 mothers, accompanied by randomized startle probes. The assessment of emotional responses included subjective ratings of valence and arousal, corrugator activity, the startle amplitude, and electrodermal activity. In line with Lang’s original conception, the typical startle response pattern was found for IAPS pictures, whereas no startle modulation was observed for infant pictures. Moreover, the startle amplitudes during negative video scenes depicting crying infants were reduced. The results are discussed with respect to several theoretical and methodological considerations, including Lang’s theory, emotion regulation, opponent process theory, and the parental caregiving system.

A Test of Three Sadism Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojana M. Dinić ◽  
Tara Bulut Allred ◽  
Boban Petrović ◽  
Anja Wertag
Keyword(s):  
Item Response ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Profile Similarity ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychometric properties of three sadism scales: Short Sadistic Impulse Scale (SSIS), Varieties of Sadistic Tendencies (VAST, which measures direct and vicarious sadism), and Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP). Sample included 443 participants (50.1% men) from the general population. Reliability based on internal consistency of all scales was good, and results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed that all three scales had acceptable fit indices for the proposed structure. Results of Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis showed that all three scales had higher measurement precision (information) in above-average scores. Validity of the scales was supported through moderate to high positive correlations with the Dark Triad traits, especially psychopathy, as well as positive correlations with aggressiveness and negative with Honesty-Humility. Moreover, results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that all three measures of direct, but not vicarious sadism, contributed significantly above and beyond other Dark Triad traits to the prediction of increased positive attitudes toward dangerous social groups. The profile similarity index showed that the SSIS and the ASP were highly overlapping, while vicarious sadism seems distinct from other sadism scales.

In Search of the Prosocial Personality

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Wertag ◽  
Denis Bratko
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Prosocial behavior is intended to benefit others rather than oneself and is positively linked to personality traits such as Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility, and usually negatively to the Dark Triad traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy). However, a significant proportion of the research in this area is conducted solely on self-report measures of prosocial behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prosociality and the basic (i.e., HEXACO) and dark personality traits, comparing their contribution in predicting both self-reported prosociality and prosocial behavior. Results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that the Dark Triad traits explain prosociality and prosocial behavior above and beyond the HEXACO traits, emphasizing the importance of the Dark Triad in the personality space.

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