scholarly journals Directions in vehicle efficiency and emissions

2016 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Timothy Johnson ◽  
Ameya Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
The Us ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Gdi Engines

This paper provides a general review of light-duty (LD) and heavy-duty (HD) regulations, engine technology, and key emission control strategies. The US is placing a stronger emphasis on laboratory emissions, and the LD regulations are about an order of magnitude tighter than Euro 6, but Europe is focusing on real-world reductions. The California HD low-NOx regulation is advancing and may be proposed in 2017/18 for implementation in 2023+. The second phase of US HD greenhouse gas regulations propose another 25-30% tightening beyond Phase 1, beginning in 2021. LD and HD engine technology continues showing marked improvements in engine efficiency. LD gasoline concepts are closing the gap with diesel. HD engines are demonstrating more than 50% BTE using methods that can reasonably be commercialized. LD and HD diesel NOx technology trends are also summarized. NOx storage catalysts and SCR combinations are the lead approach to meeting the LD regulations. Numerous advanced NOx technologies are being evaluated and some promise for meeting the California HD low NOx targets. Oxidation catalysts are improved for both diesel and methane oxidation applications. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are the lead approach to reducing particles from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. They reduce PAH emissions, and catalyzed versions can be designed for low back pressure. Regeneration largely occurs during hot decelerations.

scholarly journals Laboratory and On-Road Evaluation of a GPF-Equipped Gasoline Vehicle

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa ◽  
Tero Lähde ◽  
Jelica Pavlovic ◽  
Victor Valverde ◽  
Michael Clairotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Gdi Engines ◽  
Total Hydrocarbons

The introduction of a solid particle number limit for vehicles with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines resulted in a lot of research and improvements in this field in the last decade. The requirement to also fulfil the limit in the recently introduced real-driving emissions (RDE) regulation led to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in European vehicle models. As the pre-standardisation research was based on engines, retrofitted vehicles and prototype vehicles, there is a need to better characterise the actual emissions of GPF-equipped GDI vehicles. In the present study we investigate one of the first mass production vehicles with GPF available in the European market. Regulated and non-regulated pollutants were measured over different test cycles and ambient temperatures (23 °C and −7 °C) in the laboratory and different on-road routes driven normally or dynamically and up to 1100 m altitude. The results showed that the vehicle respected all applicable limits. However, under certain conditions high emissions of some pollutants were measured (total hydrocarbons emissions at −7 °C, high CO during dynamic RDE tests and high NOx emissions in one dynamic RDE test). The particle number emissions, even including those below 23 nm, were lower than 6 × 1010 particles/km under all laboratory test cycles and on-road routes, which are <10% of the current laboratory limit (6 × 1011 particles/km).

scholarly journals Catalytic Materials for Gasoline Particulate Filters Soot Oxidation

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 890
Author(s):  
Roberto Matarrese
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Soot Oxidation ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Gdi Engine ◽  
Gdi Engines

The energy efficiency of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines is leading to a continuous increase in GDI engine vehicle population. Consequently, their particulate matter (soot) emissions are also becoming a matter of concern. As required for diesel engines, to meet the limits set by regulations, catalyzed particulate filters are considered as an effective solution through which soot could be trapped and burnt out. However, in contrast to diesel application, the regeneration of gasoline particulate filters (GPF) is critical, as it occurs with almost an absence of NOx and under oxygen deficiency. Therefore, in the recent years it was of scientific interest to develop efficient soot oxidation catalysts that fit such particular gasoline operating conditions. Among them ceria- and perovskite-based formulations are emerging as the most promising materials. This overview summarizes the very recent academic contributions focusing on soot oxidation materials for GDI, in order to point out the most promising directions in this research area.

scholarly journals Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filters Reduce Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 3037-3047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Roth ◽  
Jiacheng Yang ◽  
Emmanuel Fofie ◽  
David R. Cocker ◽  
Thomas D. Durbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Filters

Experimental and numerical analyses of the combustion process in a direct injection gasoline engine

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Reissing ◽  
H Peters ◽  
J. M. Kech ◽  
U Spicher
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Investigation ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Direct Injection Gasoline Engine ◽  
Gdi Engines

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) spark ignition engine technology is advancing at a rapid rate. The development and optimization of GDI engines requires new experimental methods and numerical models to analyse the in-cylinder processes. Therefore the objective of this paper is to present numerical and experimental methods to analyse the combustion process in GDI engines. The numerical investigation of a four-stroke three-valve GDI engine was performed with the code KIVA-3V [1]. For the calculation of the turbulent combustion a model for partially premixed combustion, developed and implemented by Kech [4], was used. The results of the numerical investigation are compared to experimental results, obtained using an optical fibre technique in combination with spectroscopic temperature measurements under different engine conditions. This comparison shows good agreement in temporal progression of pressure. Both the numerical simulation and the experimental investigation predicted comparable combustion phenomena.

scholarly journals Comparisons of Laboratory and On-Road Type-Approval Cycles with Idling Emissions. Implications for Periodical Technical Inspection (PTI) Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel ◽  
Tero Lähde ◽  
Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa ◽  
Victor Valverde ◽  
Michael Clairotte
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Technical Inspection ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Road Type ◽  
Technical Specifications

For the type approval of compression ignition (diesel) and gasoline direct injection vehicles, a particle number (PN) limit of 6 × 1011 p/km is applicable. Diesel vehicles in circulation need to pass a periodical technical inspection (PTI) test, typically every two years, after the first four years of circulation. However, often the applicable smoke tests or on-board diagnostic (OBD) fault checks cannot identify malfunctions of the diesel particulate filters (DPFs). There are also serious concerns that a few high emitters are responsible for the majority of the emissions. For these reasons, a new PTI procedure at idle run with PN systems is under investigation. The correlations between type approval cycles and idle emissions are limited, especially for positive (spark) ignition vehicles. In this study the type approval PN emissions of 32 compression ignition and 56 spark ignition vehicles were compared to their idle PN concentrations from laboratory and on-road tests. The results confirmed that the idle test is applicable for diesel vehicles. The scatter for the spark ignition vehicles was much larger. Nevertheless, the proposed limit for diesel vehicles was also shown to be applicable for these vehicles. The technical specifications of the PTI sensors based on these findings were also discussed.

Idle Speed Control for GDI Engines with Interval Time-Delay

2012 ◽  
Vol 588-589 ◽  
pp. 1598-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Jun Li ◽  
Wei Hong ◽  
Yan Su
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Speed Control ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Idle Speed ◽  
Idle Speed Control ◽  
Interval Delay ◽  
Gdi Engine ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Gdi Engines

The gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine is a highly non-linear and a delayed system. The engine modle with time-delays is derived. The delays consist of an intake to torque production state delay and a network -induced interval delay. Base on the Liapunov-Krasovskii function, the criterion of interval delay control system is proposed, which ensure the idle speed control system is stability as well as robust. The simulation results show that the H∞ control has good robustness,which improves the stability of the idle speed of the GDI engine.

Characterization of temporal variations and feedback timescales of exhaust gas recirculation gas properties using high-speed diode laser absorption spectroscopy for next-cycle control of cyclic variability

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 945-952
Author(s):  
Gurneesh S Jatana ◽  
Brian C Kaul
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Recirculation Flow ◽  
Cyclic Variability ◽  
Laser Absorption ◽  
Gas Recirculation

Dilute combustion offers efficiency gains in boosted gasoline direct injection engines both through knock-limit extension and thermodynamic advantages (i.e. the effect of γ on cycle efficiency), but is limited by cyclic variability at high dilution levels. Past studies have shown that the cycle-to-cycle dynamics are a combination of deterministic and stochastic effects. The deterministic causes of cyclic variations, which arise from feedback due to exhaust gas recirculation, imply the possibility of using active control strategies for dilution limit extension. While internal exhaust gas recirculation will largely provide a next-cycle effect (short-timescale feedback), the feedback of external exhaust gas recirculation will have an effect after a delay of several cycles (long timescale). Therefore, control strategies aiming to improve engine stability at dilution limit may have to account for both short- and long-timescale feedback pathways. This study shows the results of a study examining the extent to which variations in exhaust gas recirculation composition are preserved along the exhaust gas recirculation flow path and thus the relative importance and information content of the long-timescale feedback pathway. To characterize the filtering or retention of cycle-resolved feedback information, high-speed (1–5 kHz) CO2 concentration measurements were performed simultaneously at three different locations along the low-pressure external exhaust gas recirculation loop of a four-cylinder General Motors gasoline direct injection engine using a multiplexed two-color diode laser absorption spectroscopy sensor system during steady-state and transient engine operation at various exhaust gas recirculation levels. It was determined that cycle-resolved feedback propagates through internal residual gases but is filtered out by the low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation flow system and do not reach the intake manifold. Intermediate variations driven by flow rate and compositional changes are also distinguished and identified.

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