scholarly journals Nature conservation, indigenous rights, and settler colonialism: the politics of payments for ecosystem services in Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil)

Author(s):  
Thomas R. Eimer ◽  
Maliene Kip

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are strongly criticized by political ecology scholars. Predominantly, their critique is rooted in notions of distributive justice, as they focus on the negative impact (e.g. land rights distribution) of PES for indigenous and other local communities. Many liberal supporters of PES do not deny that these problems are real. However, they put more emphasis on procedural justice and claim that PES may trigger an institutionalization of more inclusive dialogic procedures. As of yet, both strands of literature underestimate the impact of the postcolonial conditions in which many Pes projects are situated. This is where our article steps in. We investigate initial PES politics in Mato Grosso do Sul, a Brazilian province dominated by ongoing settler colonialism. Our research results indicate that the implementation of inclusive procedures in PES projects may partially mitigate the consequences of ongoing settler colonialism but that this more frequently fails because of its being embedded into the structures of a colonially shaped political economy. Although PES occasionally empower indigenous actors to confront local elites more effectively and strengthen the rights of indigenous women, the resulting transformations within the communities themselves are likely to weaken their political self-organization.

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 552-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dunlap ◽  
Sian Sullivan

This article identifies an emerging faultline in critical geography and political ecology scholarship by reviewing recent debates on three neoliberal environmental governance initiatives: Payments for Ecosystem Services, the United Nations programme for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and carbon-biodiversity offsetting. These three approaches, we argue, are characterized by varying degrees of contextual and procedural – or superficial – difference, meanwhile exhibiting significant structural similarities that invite critique, perhaps even rejection. Specifically, we identify three largely neglected ‘social engineering’ outcomes as more foundational to Payments for Ecosystem Services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and carbon-biodiversity offsetting than often acknowledged, suggesting that neoliberal environmental governance approaches warrant greater critical attention for their contributions to advancing processes of colonization, state territorialization and security policy. Examining the structural accumulation strategies accompanying neoliberal environmental governance approaches, we offer the term ‘accumulation-by-alienation’ to highlight both the objective appropriations accompanying Payments for Ecosystem Services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and offsetting and the relational deficiencies accompanying the various commodifying instrumentalizations at the heart of these initiatives. We concur with David Harvey’s recent work proposing that understanding the iterative and consequential connections between objective/material and subjective/psychological dimensions of alienation offers ‘one vital key to unlock the door of a progressive politics for the future’. We conclude (with others) by urging critical geography and political ecology scholars to cultivate research directions that affirm more radical alternatives, rather than reinforcing a narrowing focus on how to improve Payments for Ecosystem Services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and offsetting in practice.


Author(s):  
Lucas Eduardo de Oliveira Aparecido ◽  
Guilherme Botega Torsoni ◽  
José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de Moraes ◽  
Kamila Cunha de Meneses ◽  
João Antonio Lorençone ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 48-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kaczan ◽  
Alexander Pfaff ◽  
Luz Rodriguez ◽  
Elizabeth Shapiro-Garza

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Jannes Stolte ◽  
Gudrun Schwilch

As soil formation is an extremely slow process, soil can be considered a non-renewable resource. Soils should thus be adequately protected and conserved to ensure that soil functions are not lost or diminished. Soil functions are, however, threatened by a wide range of processes. Europe’s soil resources may continue to degrade due to changes in climate, land use and other human activities. The challenge is to prevent degradation and its adverse effects on soil functions and ecosystem services, and even improve the ability of soil to perform its functions. The soil degradation processes are complex and all parts of Europe are affected by one or more soil threats to some degree. There is a lack of knowledge on, a large uncertainty in, and lack of quantitative information on understanding the interrelationships between soil threats, soil threat and soil functions, and soil and ecosystem services. A major challenge in clarifying these relationships is how to integrate information and to analyse the key interactions. To bridge this gap, we have made an approach based on a review and expert knowledge to understand and describe those interrelations. This has been described in qualitative terms, and showed that the soil functions ‘biomass production’ is affected by almost all threats, whereas the threat ‘biodiversity decline’ has a major negative impact on all functions. It also showed that both soil biodiversity and soil erosion are more or less affected by almost all other soil threats. In the RECARE project, various prevention and remediation measures were trialed. Changes in manageable soil and other natural capital properties were measured and quantified, and a methodology to assess changes in ecosystem services was developed. Overall, the results showed positive on the impacts of the measures on ecosystem services. Although methodological challenges remain, the assessment served as an input to a stakeholder valuation of ecosystem services at local and sub-national levels. Although these activities are steps towards a soil remediation strategy, there is a need for further research on the mentioned issues in order to achieve an improved overview of existing information on soil degradation at the European scale, their interactions, and effects on ecosystem services. In addition, the lack of legally binding targets limits the impact that existing policies have on reducing soil threats and protecting soil function, although various EU policy instruments have shown positive impacts even in absence of binding targets for Member States.


The speech valve can be safe and effective for tracheostomized, conscious patients with tolerance to deflated cuff. It can be coupled between 48 and 72 hours after tracheostomy, depending on the airway permeability. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the impact of the use of the speech valve on adult patients hospitalized in the city of Campo Grande, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, aiming at swallowing, reintroduction of diet orally in a safe way and decannulation. Method: The longitudinal method with indirect and direct evaluation with PAP, PITA, PARD, BLUE DAY TEST, DECANULATION PROTOCOL AND SCALE was used in adult and hospitalized patients. Results: Regarding the criterion of time for decannulation, after the beginning of the training with the speech valve, we consider the following findings. All patients decannulated within a maximum of 15 days after the use of the speech valve. All started oral feeding in a maximum of 7 days after using the speech valve. And SNE was removed in all patients within 15 days after using the speech valve. There is evidence that the use of the speech valve has positive impacts on the swallowing process, reintroduction of the diet orally in a safe way and on the decannulation process. Conclusion: It was concluded that the use of the speech valve brought benefits to patients, in addition to facilitating the phonation process and the adjustment of the respiratory pattern closer to the physiological one before decannulation has an importance in swallowing and a decrease in the time of swallowing. Decannulation.


Author(s):  
Simone Mamede ◽  
Maristela Benites ◽  
José Sabino ◽  
Cleber José Rodrigues Alho

O turismo de contato com a natureza, quando adequadamente planejado e delineado com princípios de sustentabilidade, pode gerar benefícios socioeconômicos e ambientais que resultam na conservação da sociobiodiversidade. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a percepção dos visitantes da rota turística Caminho dos Ipês, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil e sua motivação para a prática do ecoturismo nessa região. A investigação foi desenvolvida no período de maio de 2016 a abril de 2017. Para a coleta de dados foi aplicado um formulário semiestruturado que buscou identificar o perfil dos visitantes, os municípios mais visitados, a motivação para a visitação, as práticas consideradas ecoturísticas, os atrativos mais valorizados, os elementos da biodiversidade com os quais tiveram maior afinidade e o comprometimento com a conservação dos locais visitados. Os 118 turistas/excursionistas (60,3% mulheres e 39,7% homens) foram originários de 22 cidades brasileiras e de outros dois países (Argentina e Bélgica). Constatou-se que a capital Campo Grande é uma cidade-chave para roteiros integrados de ecoturismo na região devido à localização geográfica, capacidade logística e riqueza em atrativos naturais. Foi registrado que 95% dos visitantes dessa região turística se consideram comprometidos com a conservação e proteção das áreas visitadas. Entre as motivações para a prática do ecoturismo em áreas naturais constata-se uma convergência entre biofilia e valorização dos serviços ecossistêmicos oferecidos pela natureza. O bem-estar provocado por vivenciar os ambientes naturais foi o motivo mais abordado pelos visitantes para a prática do ecoturismo (53,4%), seguido da percepção de sentir-se parte integrante da natureza (50,8%). Os participantes afirmaram que suas preferências ao visitarem áreas naturais em geral são: paisagem (59,3%), água: corredeiras e cachoeiras (48,3%), aves (39,8%), mamíferos (27,1%) e répteis (16,9%). No entanto, o que mais os atraíram para a região turística Caminho dos Ipês foram: riqueza de animais silvestres (44,9%), abundância de água (37,2%), as características do bioma Cerrado (36,4%) e o relevo (30,5%). As práticas mais exercidas nos ambientes naturais visitados foram: contemplação (47,4%), fotografia (39%), observação da vida silvestre (33%), caminhada (33%) e birdwatching (18,6%). Conclui-se que o ecoturismo pode ser uma estratégia positiva para gerar e aprimorar vínculos afetivos com a natureza, bem como para reconhecer e valorizar os serviços ecossistêmicos. Ecotourism in the tourist region Caminho dos Ipês: connections between biophilic identity and use of ecosystem services ABSTRACT The tourism of contact with nature, when properly planned and outlined with principles of sustainability, can generate socio-economic and environmental benefits that result in conservation of sociobiodiversity. The objective of this work was to analyze the perception of the visitors of the Caminho dos Ipês tourist route, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and their motivation to practice ecotourism in this region. The research was carried out from May 2016 to April 2017. A semistructured questionnaire survey was applied to collect data, which sought to identify the profile of visitors, the most visited municipality, the motivation for visitation and practices considered ecotourism, the attractions more valued, the elements of biodiversity with which they had greater affinity and the compromise with the conservation of the visited places. The 118 tourists/excursionists (60.3% women and 39.7% men) originated in 22 Brazilian cities and two other countries (Argentina and Belgium). It was found that the capital Campo Grande is a key city for integrated ecotourism itineraries in the region due to its geographic location, logistic capacity and richness in natural attractions. We recorded that 95% of the visitors of this tourist region consider themselves committed to the conservation and protection of the areas visited. Among the motivations for the practice of ecotourism in natural areas is a convergence between biophilia and appreciation of ecosystem services offered by nature. The well-being generated by experiencing natural environments was the reason most approached by visitors for the practice of ecotourism (53.4%), followed by the perception of pertencing of nature (50.8%). The participants stated that their preferences when visiting natural areas in general are: landscape (59.3%), water: rapids waters and waterfalls (48.3%), birds (39.8%), mammals (27.1%) and reptiles (16.9%). However, what attracted them to the Caminho dos Ipês region were: wild animal wealth (44.9%), abundance of water (37.2%), characteristics of the Cerrado biome (36.4%) and relief (30.5%). The most practiced practices in the natural environments visited were: contemplation (47.4%), photography (39%), wildlife observation (33%), trekking (33%) and birdwatching (18.6%). It is concluded that ecotourism can be a positive strategy to generate and improve affective bonds with nature, as well as to recognize and value ecosystem services. KEYWORDS: Biophilia; Visitor Perceptions; Contemplative Tourism; Natural Environments; Mato Grosso do Sul.


Author(s):  
Md. Nazmul Haque ◽  
Irtija Alam ◽  
Atif Aninda Rahman

Ecosystem service and disservice components have a great impact on the environment as well as on urban life. The aim of the  research is to assess the impact of ecosystem services and disservices by tracking the change over a span of 15 years (2005-2020) using satellite image analysis. It was conducted in wards 23 and 29 of Khulna City Corporation (KCC), an area adjacent to the river. The overall work breakdown has been rounded up in a methodological framework which cleaved into two parts focusing on ecosystem services, disservices and multispectral image analysis steps. Multispectral image analysis has been done using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Build-up Index (NDBI). On the other hand, geospatial analysis has been done using Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Service Area Analysis (SAV) and other mapping tool including Geographic Information System (GIS) to show the changed impact of both ecosystem components. The study areas attain provisioning, habitat, cultural and regulatory service components and the disservice elements have been sorted out according to sources. Comparative study showed increase in the buildup area; vegetation coverage because of increasing vegetation, cultivation and gardening practices; good weather and water circulation condition and water body conservation which has significant positive impact on the area. The disservice component like poor drainage condition and solid waste management system and risky infrastructures have negative impact, need to address for the betterment of residence and environment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4525
Author(s):  
Maria Backhouse ◽  
Kristina Lorenzen

National bioeconomy strategies aim for a comprehensive transition from a fossil-based to a biomass-based economy. One common feature of the strategies is the optimistic reliance on technology as main tool in order to overcome the socio-ecological crisis. From the critical perspectives of political ecology and the political economy of research and innovation, technologies and technological innovations are not neutral solutions to the problem; they are generally socially embedded. Against this backdrop, we contextualise the technological innovations that support a more climate-friendly production of ethanol on a sugarcane basis, building on a field research in the more recently developed cultivation areas in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In doing so, we explore the co-production of the green framing of the sector in combination with technologies for a more climate-friendly agriculture and the political economy of land. Our investigation shows that the bioeconomy in the sugar-ethanol sector perpetuates the socio-ecological problems associated with the agricultural sector. These socio-ecological problems range from the increasing concentration of landownership to the negative impact of agrotoxins.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Yin ◽  
Qingxu Huang ◽  
Chunyang He ◽  
Xiaobo Hua ◽  
Chuan Liao ◽  
...  

Abstract ContextUnderstanding the relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in rural areas of rapidly urbanizing watersheds is one of the core research questions of landscape sustainability science. It is important for poverty alleviation and forming related policies. However, there is insufficient investigation on the impact of ecosystem services on poverty alleviation at the household level in such regions. ObjectivesThis paper investigates whether household characteristics play an important role in connecting ecosystem services and poverty alleviation in a rapidly urbanizing landscape from the perspective of landscape sustainability science.MethodsWe use an urbanizing watershed with a large number of poor people, analyzing the impacts of ecosystem services on poverty alleviation among different types of rural households based on surveys, cluster analysis, and multinomial logit models. ResultsThe results suggested that neither provisioning services nor cultural services that are received by the households were significantly associated with poverty alleviation (p>0.1). However, the decline in one regulating service (natural disaster prevention) had a significant, negative impact on poverty alleviation (p<0.1), and the probability for natural disaster-affected farmers to fall into poverty was approximately 32 times higher than that for those who were not. ConclusionsDifferences in household-level endowments largely explained the diverging roles of ecosystem services on poverty alleviation. Therefore, in urbanizing watersheds, pro-poor policies such as providing agricultural insurance and targeted support (e.g., interest-free microcredit) should be adopted to improve the ability of poverty-stricken households to cope with disasters and prevent them from returning to poverty.


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