Effectiveness of light-emitting diode exposure on photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis: in vitro study

Background: A successful root canal treatment eliminates pathogenic bacteria from infected root canals. The most common bacteria in root canal infections is Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), due to its resistance to medicament and root canal irrigation. A photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method of root canal disinfection that uses a combination of photosensitisers and light activation to eliminate bacteria in the root canal. The duration of the PDT irradiation results in the production of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate the E. faecalis bacteria. Purpose: To analyse the differences in the duration exposure of photodynamic therapy against the E. faecalis bacteria. Methods: The E. faecalis bacteria culture was divided into seven eppendorf tubes. Group I was a control group, and group II, III, IV, V, VI and VII were treated using PDT consisting of Toluidine Blue O (TBO) photosensitiser and light source irradiation for ten, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 seconds, respectively. After incubation, the number of bacteria was calculated by the Quebec Colony Counter and analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney test (p <0.05). Results: There was a significant difference between the number of E. faecalis bacteria colonies in each treatment group (p <0.05). Group VI and VII, which had a longer exposure to PDT, showed a smaller amount of E. faecalis bacteria. Conclusion: The longer exposure of PDT results in a smaller amount of E. faecalis bacteria. The light irradiation of 50 seconds is the most effective to eliminate E. faecalis bacteria.

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Evaluation of the apical microleakage of MTA Fillapex, AH26, and Endofill sealers

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2020.v23i3.1895 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Saeedeh Galledar ◽

Robab Farhang ◽

Malek Abazari ◽

Parisa Negahdar

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Test Group ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Negative Control ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Dye Penetration ◽

Gutta Percha ◽

Significant Difference

Objective: Proper apical seal plays an important role in the success of root canal treatment. The most common cause of failure of root canal therapy is known as the lack of adequate apical seal. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the apical microleakage of MTA Fillapex, , and Endofill sealers using dye penetration method. Material and Methods: In this in vitro study, 72 single-rooted extracted human teeth were selected. The teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups of 20 and two positive and negative control groups of 6. The canals were prepared by step-back technique and then filled with gutta-percha and one of the sealers mentioned. In the positive control group, the canals were filled with gutta-percha without sealer, and in the negative control group, the canals were prepared but not filled. The teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for 72 hours. The teeth were then cut longitudinally and the level of dye penetration was measured under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 19 software, ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Results: The mean level of dye penetration in the Endofill test group was significantly higher than that in the and MTA Fillapex test groups. While, the observed difference between and MTA Fillapex groups was not statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that and MTA Fillapex sealers did not show any significant difference in apical seal properties. However, their sealing strength was significantly greater than Endofill sealer.KeywordsAH26 sealer; Endofill; MTA Fillapex; Microleakag

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Pulp tissue dissolution capacity of QMix 2in1 irrigation solution

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/1305-7456.163229 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 09 (03) ◽

pp. 423-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dilara Arslan ◽

Mehmet Burak Guneser ◽

Alper Kustarci ◽

Kursat Er ◽

Seyda Herguner Siso

Keyword(s):

Saline Solution ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Canal Irrigation ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the tissue dissolution efficacy of four root canal irrigation solutions (sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl], chlorhexidine gluconate [CHX], Octenidine [OCT], and QMix 2in1) on bovine pulp tissue. Materials and Methods: Fifty bovine pulp tissue samples, each weighing 6.55 mg, were prepared and randomly divided into four experimental groups and one control group (n = 10) according to the dissolution irrigants used: (1) 5.25% NaOCl group; (2) 2% CHX group; (3) OCT group; (4) QMix 2in1 group; and (5) control group (saline solution). These samples were then placed into special bovine dentin reservoir models and immersed for 1 h with each test solution (0.1 mL of each) at room temperature. The pulp samples were then blotted dry and weighed again. The percentage of weight loss was calculated. Statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey tests (P = 0.05). Results: Saline solution did not dissolve the bovine pulp tissue. All groups, except OCT, dissolved pulp samples more effectively than the control group (P < 0.05). The highest tissue dissolution was observed in 5.25% NaOCl group (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the tissue-dissolving effect between QMix 2in1 and those of 2% CHX. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, NaOCl exhibited the best tissue-dissolving effect out of all solutions tested. CHX and QMix 2in1 were able to dissolve pulp tissue but less than NaOCl. OCT and saline solutions could not exhibit significantly tissue-dissolving effectiveness. This study shown that QMix 2in1 has little capacity to dissolve pulp tissue therefore used alone is not sufficient for this purpose.

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Evaluation of dentinal defects during root canal preparation using thermomechanically processed nickel-titanium files

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/ejd.ejd_254_16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (02) ◽

pp. 157-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bertan Kesim ◽

Burak Sagsen ◽

Tugrul Aslan

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Nickel Titanium ◽

Rotary Motion ◽

Control Group ◽

Continuous Rotation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 5 ◽

Group 2

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of root cracks after root canal instrumentation with thermomechanically processed nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) files with different instrumentation kinematics. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 extracted mandibular premolars with mature apices and straight root canals were divided into five groups and used in this study. In Group 1, 30 teeth were prepared using hand K-files and assigned to control group, Group 2 was instrumented using K3XF Rotary files (SybronEndo, Glendora, CA, USA) with continuous rotary motion. The teeth in Group 3 were instrumented by ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) rotary files which make asymmetric rotary motion, In Group 4, teeth were instrumented by RECIPROC (VDW, Munich, Germany) with reciprocation motion and in Group 5, teeth were instrumented by Twisted File (TF) Adaptive (SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) files that use combination of continuous rotation and reciprocation motion (n = 30/per group). All the roots were horizontally sectioned 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex with a low speed saw under water cooling. Then, the slices were examined through a stereomicroscope to determine the presence of dentinal microcracks.Results: For the apical (3-mm) and coronal (9-mm) sections, the ProTaper Next and TF Adaptive produced significantly more cracks than the hand files, RECIPROC, and K3XF (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the experimental groups and control group at the 6-mm level (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, all thermal-treated Ni-Ti instruments and hand files caused microcracks in root canal dentin.

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Evaluation of 4% Sodium Hypochlorite in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis from the Root Canal when Used with Three Irrigation Methods: An in vitro Study

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2019 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 214-217

Author(s):

Vinisha Pandey ◽

Harsh Priyank ◽

Abhishek Bagul ◽

Kishore Kumar Majety ◽

Parul Verma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Root Canal ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Root Canals ◽

Irrigation Methods ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Introduction Endodontic treatment removes all pathogens, such as Enterococcus faecalis from pulp and root canals. The aim of this study is to assess the usefulness of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in removing E. faecalis from the root canal used with three different irrigation methods. Materials and methods This study was conducted on freshly extracted maxillary incisors. After biomechanical preparation, root canals were injected with E. faecalis. Three groups were made which contained 30 teeth in each group; 2 mL of NaOCl solution was used for irrigation followed by agitation with K-files in group I; 2 mL of NaOCl solution was used for irrigation and ultrasonic agitation was done in group II. In group III, an alternate irrigation with NaOCl and 3% hydrogen peroxide was done. The fourth group (control) was irrigated with sterile saline solution. E. faecalis bacteria were sampled to the root canals with paper points and were transferred to tubes that contained 5 mL of brain heart infusion broth. Tubes were incubated and the presence of broth turbidity was suggestive of bacteria remaining in the root canal. Results All three groups showed no statistically significant difference. However, difference existed between experimental groups and control groups. Conclusion The author concluded that all three methods of application of NaOCl were effective in disinfecting the root canal than the saline solution. Clinical significance No single irrigant has 100% efficiency. Thus by this study, a best irrigating solution with maximum properties can be established. How to cite this article Priyank H, Pandey V, Bagul A, Majety KK, Verma P, Choudhury BK. Evaluation of 4% Sodium Hypochlorite in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis from the Root Canal when Used with Three Irrigation Methods: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(3):214-217.

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Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy, Modified Triple Antibiotic Paste and Calcium Hydroxide on Root Canals Infected With Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study

Journal of lasers in medical sciences ◽

10.15171/jlms.2019.s5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. S23-S29 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohammad Asnaashari ◽

Mohammad Jafar Eghbal ◽

Amirali Sahba Yaghmayi ◽

Mehdi Shokri ◽

Saranaz Azari-Marhabi

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

Control Group ◽

Root Canals ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Triple Antibiotic Paste ◽

Working Length

Introduction: A pivotal issue to achieve success in the treatment of the root canal is root canal disinfection. One of the most important bacteria that infect the root canal is Enterococcus faecalis. This study seeks to examine the effectiveness of 3 methods for disinfecting the root canal: photodynamic therapy, modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP), and calcium hydroxide. Methods: Sixty-two single-rooted extracted anterior teeth were collected. After cleaning and disinfecting the teeth, their crowns were cut at the CEJ point. The root canals were shaped to the working length up to file F3 ProTaper (F1, F2, F3). EDTA 17% and sodium hypochlorite 2.5% were used for 5 minutes to wash and remove the smear layer, and then the apical foramen was sealed using composite. After that, the teeth were sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. Then 10 samples were taken randomly as the negative control. The remaining samples were immersed and cultivated in a suspension containing E. faecalis for 21 days. Then the samples were divided into 5 groups: 2 positive control groups, 1 group treated with the antibiotic paste with the concentration of 1 mg/mL, 1 group treated with calcium hydroxide, and 1 group treated with photodynamic therapy. Then, to collect the biofilm, the ProTaper file F4 was used. After that, the microbial suspension was provided and counting the colonies was carried out to compare the groups. Results: The findings indicated that the amount of CFU/mg of MTAP samples, including clindamycin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin in the concentration of 1 mg/mL and photodynamic therapy and calcium hydroxide was lower than that in the control group. Antibiotic paste cleansed the root canal up to 99.9%. Photodynamic therapy reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 98.8%, and calcium hydroxide reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 94.13%. Conclusion: Using photodynamic therapy causes a reduction in the biofilm and inhibits the growth of the E. faecalis bacterium. In addition, in this study, MTAP with a concentration of 1 mg/mL was used, which expunged the bacteria completely. Meanwhile, calcium hydroxide had the weakest effect of all on the E. faecalis bacterium.

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Diffusion of calcium hydroxide through dentinal tubules of retreated root canals: An in vitro study

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/ejd.ejd_77_18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (03) ◽

pp. 386-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohammed Mustafa ◽

Wafa Hassan Alaajam ◽

Ahmed Abdul Azeim ◽

Najla Aedh Alfayi ◽

Rahaif Misfer Alqobty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Normal Saline ◽

Root Canal ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

ABSTRACTObjective: Studies about the dispersion of hydroxyl ions through dentin of endodontically retreated teeth are scarce. The present study aims at examining the diffusion of calcium hydroxide in vitro by recording the pH changes of retreated root canal using two types of calcium hydroxide preparations. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 recently extracted single-rooted mandibular first premolars were collected and cleaned from calculus and remains of periodontal tissue. The teeth so collected were stored in thymol 10% solution till use. During collection, teeth with cracks, open apices, and restorations were excluded. Root canal preparations were performed using Protaper rotary system files, till #F3 file. All canals were obturated using cold lateral condensation and zinc oxide-based sealer. After 7 days, all gutta-percha were removed and the canals were irrigated with normal saline. The teeth were then randomly distributed into three groups. Canals in Group I were kept empty without any dressing to serve as a negative control group, Canals in Group II were filled with a freshly prepared mixture of calcium hydroxide powder with normal saline solution, and Group III was filled with Metapex. Periodically, the calcium hydroxide material was removed and the pH was measured using pH meter at 7, 10, 14, and 30 days. Results: The pH values of Group II and III ranged between 9.2 and 11.2. This was found to be highly significant against the negative control group. After 7 and 10 days, freshly mixed Ca(OH)2 showed the higher pH than the creamy Metapex, and statistically the difference was highly significant after 10 days (P<0.001). After 14 days, Metapex group pH was higher than freshly mixed Ca(OH)2, but it was not statistically significant as they reached nearly the same pH after 30 days (P>0.05). Conclusion: All Ca(OH)2 preparations had high pH around the roots after 7 and 10 days. Metapex continued to have higher pH after 14 days.

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Comparative Analysis of Protaper and Waveone Systems to Reduce Enterococcus Faecalis from Root Canal System in Primary Molars – An in Vitro Study

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/1053-4628-40.2.124 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 124-128

Author(s):

Sérgio Luiz Pinheiro ◽

Carolina Pessoa ◽

Josianne Neres da Silva ◽

Rafael Orro Gonçalves ◽

Danilo Antonio Duarte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Primary Molars ◽

Control Group ◽

Canal System ◽

Root Canal System ◽

Group B

Objective: To assess, in vitro, the ability of the ProTaper™ and WaveOne™ systems to reduce Enterococcus faecalis contamination in primary molars. Study design: Sixty roots of primary molars were contaminated with E. faecalis. Roots were randomly allocated to one of four groups (n=20): ProTaper™, WaveOne™, control A, or control B. The files used were S1 and S2/F1 and F2 (ProTaper™ system) and 25.08 (WaveOne™ system). In control group A, the root canal was left uninstrumented, whereas in control group B, the root canal was irrigated with NaCl 0.9%. E. faecalis was sampled from the root canal system before and after instrumentation and the Wilcoxon test and Mann–Whitney U were used. Results: There were no differences in E. faecalis counts between pre-instrumentation counts in the ProTaper™ and WaveOne™ (p>0.05). The ProTaper™ system led to an 89.36% reduction in E. faecalis burden, versus 78.10% with the WaveOne™ system (p>0.05). Instrumentation time was shorter with WaveOne™ (p<0.0001). Conclusions: The ProTaper™ and WaveOne™ systems were equally effective in reducing Enterococcus faecalis in primary molars. The WaveOne™ system was associated with shorter instrumentation time.

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Influence of ultrasonic activation on photodynamic therapy over root canal system infected with Enterococcus faecalis – an in vitro study

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy ◽

10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.07.004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 472-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Guilherme Cavagnoli Ghinzelli ◽

Matheus Albino Souza ◽

Doglas Cecchin ◽

Ana Paula Farina ◽

José Antônio Poli de Figueiredo

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Canal System ◽

Ultrasonic Activation ◽

Root Canal System

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EFFECT OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT SOLUTION ON THE MICROHARDNESS OF THE ROOT CANAL DENTIN: AN IN VITRO STUDY

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s2.pp-16 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 62-65

Author(s):

SYLVA ALINDA ◽

ANGGRAINI MARGONO ◽

DINI ASRIANTI

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Grape Seed Extract ◽

Grape Seed ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Root Canal Dentin

Objective: Grape seed extract (GSE) containing proanthocyanidin as a root canal irrigation solution has its antibacterial effects and ability to eliminatethe smear layer. In addition, proanthocyanidin acts as a cross-linking agent of collagen, which adds to dentin’s mechanical properties. This studyanalyzed the effect of GSE containing 2.9% proanthocyanidin on the microhardness of the dentin in the root canal.Methods: Fifty teeth were divided into three groups and immersed in GSE solution, 3% NaOCl solution, or distilled water (controls) for 30 min for 3consecutive days. The microhardness was measured using the Vickers method. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test.Results: The GSE group presented the highest microhardness values, whereas the lowest values in the NaOCl group. No significant difference inmicrohardness observed between the GSE and distilled water groups.Conclusion: The GSE solution maintains the microhardness of the root canal dentin.

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