scholarly journals Study of Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Does It Affect Coral Reefs?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Eghbert Elvan Ampou ◽  
Masita Dwi Mandini Manessa ◽  
Faisal Hamzah ◽  
Nuryani Widagti
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Coral Bleaching ◽  
National Park ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Data Field ◽  
Field Data Collection ◽  
Sst Anomaly ◽  
Available Phosphate

HighlightEffect of sea surface temperature on coral reefsCorrelation with NOAA and AQUA MODIS satellite imagery dataSea water quality analysisThe adaptability of coral reefsAbstractThis research aims to identify the influence of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) to coral disease and bleaching using MODIS-Aqua data from 2003-2009 and NOAA Coral Reef Watch data. Field-data collection on coral disease and bleaching was carried out in Bunaken National Park, Wakatobi National Park, and Raja Ampat, in August, October, and November 2009, respectively. The presence of coral disease and bleaching was observed by using time-swim method. A prevalence formula was used to calculate the percentage of coral disease and bleaching colonies. The range of mean SST value from each location: Bunaken from 26.84-31.45oC, Wakatobi from 26.09-31.95oC and Raja Ampat from 27.72-31.36oC. There is an influence of SST anomaly on the presence of dis- ease and coral bleaching. During 2003-2019, the highest SST anomaly that could increase the risk of the coral bleaching phenomenon was found in 2010. Coral disease and bleaching were found at locations with high SST anomaly, low nitrate and available phosphate. However, high SST anomalies were not a main cause of coral disease and bleaching. In many locations in Indonesia, mass-bleaching has occurred and the ability of coral adaptation is the main key in dealing with this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Seasonality of Decadal Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Northwestern Pacific

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2953-2968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Mochizuki ◽  
Hideji Kida
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Surface Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Sst Anomaly

Abstract The seasonality of the decadal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the related physical processes in the northwestern Pacific were investigated using a three-dimensional bulk mixed layer model. In the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) region, the strongest decadal SST anomaly was observed during December–February, while that of the central North Pacific occurred during February–April. From an examination of the seasonal heat budget of the ocean mixed layer, it was revealed that the seasonal-scale enhancement of the decadal SST anomaly in the KOE region was controlled by horizontal Ekman temperature transport in early winter and by vertical entrainment in autumn. The temperature transport by the geostrophic current made only a slight contribution to the seasonal variation of the decadal SST anomaly, despite controlling the upper-ocean thermal conditions on decadal time scales through the slow Rossby wave adjustment to the wind stress curl. When averaging over the entire KOE region, the contribution from the net sea surface heat flux was also no longer significantly detected. By examining the horizontal distributions of the local thermal damping rate, however, it was concluded that the wintertime decadal SST anomaly in the eastern KOE region was rather damped by the net sea surface heat flux. It was due to the fact that the anomalous local thermal damping of the SST anomaly resulting from the vertical entrainment in autumn was considerably strong enough to suppress the anomalous local atmospheric thermal forcing that acted to enhance the decadal SST anomaly.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Sea Surface Temperature Response to Tropical Cyclones*

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3745-3765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Mei ◽  
Claudia Pasquero
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Translation Speed ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Sst Anomaly

Abstract The spatial structure and temporal evolution of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly (SSTA) associated with the passage of tropical cyclones (TCs), as well as their sensitivity to TC characteristics (including TC intensity and translation speed) and oceanic climatological conditions (represented here by latitude), are thoroughly examined by means of composite analysis using satellite-derived SST data. The magnitude of the TC-generated SSTA is larger for more intense, slower-moving, and higher-latitude TCs, and it occurs earlier in time for faster-moving and higher-latitude storms. The location of maximum SSTA is farther off the TC track for faster-moving storms, and it moves toward the track with time after the TC passage. The spatial extension of the cold wake is greater for more intense and for slower-moving storms, but its shape is quite independent of TC characteristics. Consistent with previous studies, the calculations show that the mean SSTA over a TC-centered box nearly linearly correlates with the wind speed for TCs below category 3 intensity while for stronger TCs the SSTA levels off, both for tropical and subtropical regions. While the linear behavior is expected on the basis of the more vigorous mixing induced by stronger winds and is derived from a simple mixed-layer model, the level-off for intense TCs is discussed in terms of the dependence of the maximum amplitude of the area-mean SSTA on TC translation speed and depth of the prestorm mixed layer. Finally, the decay time scale of the TC-induced SSTA is shown to be dominated by environmental conditions and has no clear dependence on its initial magnitude and on TC characteristics.

scholarly journals Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly in the Bay of Bengal in 2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Shamsad ◽  
MA Farukh ◽  
MJR Chowdhury ◽  
SC Basak
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Ocean Atmosphere Interaction ◽  
Atmosphere Interaction ◽  
Sst Anomaly ◽  
Gis Software

Bangladesh is one of the most disaster prone countries in the world and is a victim of frequent natural calamities like tropical cyclones, tornadoes, floods, storm surges and droughts. Sea surface temperature (SST) plays a vital role in determining ocean-atmosphere interaction. In this study we focused on understanding the behavior of SST anomaly prevailed in the region of Bay of Bengal mainly to assume the surface temperature signature for cyclone occurrence. For this study, the observed SST anomaly data were derived from NOAA Coast-watch using a combination of global and regional algorithms. The SST anomaly maps were produced using SAGA-GIS software where the SST lines were fixed at the mean of 30 years data. The AVHRR SST was compared with the climatological SST for the region of Bay of Bengal in 2010. The monthly SST anomaly for 2010 showed average departure of 0.7°C for all the months except June and October. It was found that the anomaly increases about 2°C at the end of September, and in October the basin bears no significant anomaly.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14797 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 77-80 2012

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature Pattern in the Eastern and Western Gulfs of Arabian Sea and the Red Sea in Recent Past Using Satellite Data

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Nandkeolyar ◽  
Mini Raman ◽  
G. Sandhya Kiran ◽  
Ajai
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Sst Anomaly ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Very High

With unprecedented rate of development in the countries surrounding the gulfs of the Arabian Sea, there has been a rapid warming of these gulfs. In this regard, using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from 1985 to 2009, a climatological study of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and its inter annual variability in the Persian Gulf (PG), Gulf of Oman (GO), Gulf of Aden (GA), Gulf of Kutch (KTCH), Gulf of Khambhat (KMBT), and Red Sea (RS) was carried out using the normalized SST anomaly index. KTCH, KMBT, and GA pursued the typical Arabian Sea basin bimodal SST pattern, whereas PG, GO, and RS followed unimodal SST curve. In the western gulfs and RS, from 1985 to 1991-1992, cooling was observed followed by rapid warming phase from 1993 onwards, whereas in the eastern gulfs, the phase of sharp rise of SST was observed from 1995 onwards. Strong influence of the El Niño and La Niña and the Indian Ocean Dipole on interannual variability of SST of gulfs was observed. Annual and seasonal increase of SST was lower in the eastern gulfs than the western gulfs. RS showed the highest annual increase of normalized SST anomaly (+0.64/decade) followed by PG (+0.4/decade).

scholarly journals CoralTemp and the Coral Reef Watch Coral Bleaching Heat Stress Product Suite Version 3.1

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3856
Author(s):  
William Skirving ◽  
Benjamin Marsh ◽  
Jacqueline De La Cour ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Andy Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Coral Bleaching ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystem ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Sst Anomaly ◽  
Reef Ecosystem

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Watch (CRW) program has been providing resource managers, scientific researchers, and other coral reef ecosystem stakeholders with coral bleaching heat stress products for more than 20 years. The development of the CoralTemp sea surface temperature (SST) dataset has allowed CRW to produce the Coral Bleaching Heat Stress product suite with climatologies and daily SST measurements from within the same SST dataset, significantly improving data quality. Previously, the Monthly Mean (MM) SST and Maximum Monthly Mean (MMM) SST climatologies were derived using a different dataset from the near real-time SST. Here we provide an up-to-date description of how each product within the Coral Reef Watch Coral Bleaching Heat Stress product suite version 3.1 is derived, including descriptions of the MM, MMM, SST Anomaly, Coral Bleaching HotSpot and Degree Heating Week (DHW) products.

Optimal Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Forcing of North American Drought

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (14) ◽  
pp. 3907-3917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Ik Shin ◽  
Prashant D. Sardeshmukh ◽  
Robert S. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
North American ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Sst Anomaly

Abstract The optimal anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) pattern for forcing North American drought is identified through atmospheric general circulation model integrations in which the response of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) is determined for each of 43 prescribed localized SST anomaly “patches” in a regular array over the tropical oceans. The robustness and relevance of the optimal pattern are established through the consistency of results obtained using two different models, and also by the good correspondence of the projection time series of historical tropical SST anomaly fields on the optimal pattern with the time series of the simulated PDSI in separate model integrations with prescribed time-varying observed global SST fields for 1920–2005. It is noteworthy that this optimal drought forcing pattern differs markedly in the Pacific Ocean from the dominant SST pattern associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and also shows a large sensitivity of North American drought to Indian and Atlantic Ocean SSTs.

scholarly journals A Verified Estimation of the El Niño Index Niño-3.4 since 1877

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 3979-3992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Bunge ◽  
Allan J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Monthly Time Series ◽  
Sst Anomaly

Abstract Decadal and longer time-scale variabilities of the best known El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indexes are poorly correlated before 1950, and so knowledge of interdecadal variability and trend in ENSO indexes is dubious, especially before 1950. To address this problem, the authors constructed and compared physically related monthly ENSO indexes. The base index was El Niño index Niño-3.4, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly averaged over the equatorial box bounded by 5°N, 5°S, 170°W, and 120°W; the authors also constructed indexes based on the nighttime marine air temperature over the Niño-3.4 region (NMAT3.4) and an equatorial Southern Oscillation index (ESOI). The Niño-3.4 index used the “uninterpolated” sea surface temperature data from the Second Hadley Centre Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadSST2), a dataset with smaller uncertainty and better geographical coverage than others. In constructing the index, data at each point for a given month were weighted to take into account the typical considerable spatial variation of the SST anomaly over the Niño-3.4 box as well as the number of observations at that point for that month. Missing monthly data were interpolated and “noise” was reduced by using the result that Niño-3.4 has essentially the same calendar month amplitude structure every year. This 12-point calendar month structure from April to March was obtained by an EOF analysis over the last 58 yr and then was fitted to the entire monthly time series using a least squares approach. Equivalent procedures were followed for NMAT3.4 and ESOI. The new ESOI uses Darwin atmospheric pressure in the west and is based on theory that allows for variations of the atmospheric boundary layer depth across the Pacific. The new Niño-3.4 index was compared with NMAT3.4, the new ESOI, and with a record of δ18O from a coral at Palmyra, an atoll inside the region Niño-3.4 (Cobb et al.). Correlation coefficients between Niño-3.4 and the three monthly indexes mentioned above before 1950 are 0.84, 0.87, 0.73 and 0.93, 0.86, 0.73 for decadal time scales. These relatively high correlation coefficients between physically related but independent monthly time series suggest that this study has improved knowledge of low-frequency variability. All four indexes are consistent with a rise in Niño-3.4 SST and the weakening of the equatorial Pacific winds since about 1970.

scholarly journals ANALYZING THE EFFECT OF INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE PHENOMENON TO THE ANOMALIES DISTRIBUTION OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN WEST SUMATERA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-270
Author(s):  
Nabila Afifah Azuga ◽  
Musrifin Galib ◽  
Elizal
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Indian Ocean Dipole ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Dipole Mode ◽  
The West ◽  
Sst Anomaly ◽  
Data Processing Methods

The waters of West Sumatera that face directly into Indian Ocean is strongly influenced by Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phenomenon which caused an anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) and affect rainfall intensity in the West Sumatera Province. This research was aimed to know the effect of IOD on the distribution and anomaly of SST and rainfall intensity in West Sumatera. Data processing methods in this research is using statistical and descriptive. The data used in this research are NOAA OI-SST, Dipole Mode Index (DMI), and rainfall data from BKMG. The results showed that IOD positive occured in October 2018 and the IOD negative occured in July 2016. During the positive IOD, SST distribution values were 28 ˚C – 28,8 ˚C and SST anomaly values were ​​-1,2 to -0,4, in the negative phase the distribution of SST values were 29,8 ˚C – 30,35 ˚C and the SST anomaly values were 0,15 to 0,7. The rainfall intensity during positive IOD phase is 157 mm/month and during negative IOD phase is 525 mm/month.

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