scholarly journals Rumah Bulat Sebagai Markas Perjuangan Pemuda Bakumpai Marabahan Borneo Bagian Selatan (1929-1946)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Zaenal Arifin Anis ◽  
Mansyur Mansyur ◽  
Hairiyadi Hairiyadi ◽  
Rusdi Effendi ◽  
Wisnu Subroto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Youth Organizations ◽  
Learning Resource ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Movement Organizations

The stage of Indonesian history, especially southern Borneo (Kalimantan), in the first decade of the 20th century was marked by the growth and development of nationalism. The main actors are the youngsters. From 1929-1942, there were many movement organizations with various characteristics. The organization is generally based in one headquarters. Among them are Bakumpai’s youth organizations such as the Marabahan Youth Association (PPM), the Marabahan Branch of Sarekat Islam up to the Taman Siswa School which is headquartered in Round House, Marabahan. Historical studies of the existence of round houses are still not enough. Spatial aspects (place of events) still get a small portion in local historiography. This study aims to describe the existence of Round House as the headquarters for the Marabahan Youngsters (Bakumpai) in Marabahan, Southern Borneo, in 1929 -1946. This research used a historical method with heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography stages. The results of the research showed that Round House is a symbolic name for the determination of the Bakumpai youngsters to fight through the organization. Originally named the Joglo Cap Crown House, as a symbol of the glory of the Bakumpai Merchant. The Cap Crown house later changed its name to Round House after becoming the headquarters of the Marabahan Youth Association and the Marabahan Branch of Islamic Sarekat in 1929. This house was also the location of the Sarekat Borneo (Kalimantan) Congress in 1930. Round House also became the school area for PHIS-Taman Siswa Branch in 1931. Due to its important position, Round House became the Headquarters of Indonesian People's Rebellion Front (BPRI) before the return of NICA to southern Borneo in 1945. This building has the status of a cultural heritage building in 2011. However, unfortunately, it is still minimally functioning as a learning resource, place or learning facility for students.

scholarly journals Architecture typology of a British-era colonial schools at the World Heritage Sites of Georgetown and Melaka: Impact on heritage building conservation sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adam Che Yusof ◽  
A Ghafar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Building Conservation

Colonial schools are among the most valuable and precious treasures from the British administration era. The architectural characteristics of the schools contain a wealth of meaning and philosophy in each of the building details that is not found in modern schools nowadays. However, in this era of rapid development, the status of colonial schools is unclear in terms of their heritage status and significance towards society or even the authorities. Moreover, some colonial schools that are now overshadowed by new buildings that were built inside of the school compound and its surrounding. Besides, the local authorities themselves are lacking on the documentation of colonial schools in terms of their value, and the principles behind the architectural style of the colonial schools that could prove beneficial to many parties later as a reference. This article will outline the method to handle this issue besides suggesting a relationship between the value of the colonial architecture and its history at both heritage sites of Georgetown and Melaka. Besides that, we will also classify different colonial schools according to their architectural style. To ensure the objectives are achieved, qualitative methods will be applied including several approaches such as descriptive method, historical method and content analysis method. Hence, this research can serve as a reference point and documentation, especially for conservation purposes of colonial schools. In addition, the local authorities can also improve their Conservation Management Plan (CMP) by adding a colonial schools sector for conservation work and later guidelines. This research will hopefully also encourage the younger generation on the importance of skills and knowledge in the heritage building conservation sector.

PRAVNI OKVIRI EKONOMSKOG KORIŠĆENjA KASPIJSKOG MORA

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Milan Palević ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
The Status

The main goal of this research is to present the legal framework that determines the manner and scope of exploitation of natural resources in the Caspian region. This goal was achieved by analyzing the relevant international agreements applied in this geographical area, using the historical method. Then, the relevant international agreements and customs that are applied to the status issues of the sea and lakes, which are important for defining the legal regime of reference for regulating the use of these waters and their resources, are analyzed. In this part of the analysis, a comparative method was mostly used, which compared the provisions contained in universal international treaties with the provisions contained in regional international treaties. The main results of the research, in the part related to the status determination of the Caspian water basin, is that none of the known concepts for determining the status can be fully applied to it, that it contains elements of the closed sea, and elements of the border lake and elements condominium, and that all this together potentially represents elements of a new unique concept. In the part of the paper that refers to the legal framework of exploitation of the observed area, the main conclusion is that the most reference norms for its determination are contained in regional instruments that regulate the issue of environmental protection because they direct the manner and scope of economic exploitation. The limitations of this research are first of all that of several aspects of the status determination of the observed area, it is limited only to the legal aspect, and that it is limited to the analysis of the impact of environmental norms on the subject of research.

scholarly journals Teoria prawa Zygmunta Ziembińskiego

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-249
Author(s):  
Marzena Kordela
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Political Justification ◽  
The Status ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
Law Making

Zygmunt Ziembiński was one of the most prominent theoreticians of law in Poland in the second half of the 20th century. He developed an original theory of law defined as a theory of legal phenomena, which covered both logical-linguistic as well as real aspects of law. The theory served as a base for the development of a unique so-called advanced normative conception of sources of law, one of the greatest achievements of theory of law in Poland. This conception encompasses all the indispensable elements of a coherent system of binding legal norms: 1) indication of a political justification (ideological assumptions) of the entire system of law; 2) pre judgment of law-making competence of government agencies; 3) determination of the status of custom and precedent; 4) compilation of a catalogue of permissible interpretation rules; 5) compilation of a catalogue of permissible inferential rules (permissible rules of legal inferences); 6) compilation of a catalogue of permissible collision rules.

The Validity of Rector�s Circular Letter on the Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fradhana Putra Disantara
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
State Universities ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Circular Letter ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government

This study aims to analyze the relevance of the �health emergency� status to the existing legal theory and condition as well as to identify the validity of the Circular Letter of the Rector of State Universities. To this end, this study applied the statute and conceptual approach. The study was conducted by inventorying primary and secondary legal materials to obtain a proper and critical review of the legal issues under study. The results showed that the determination of the �health emergency� status by the government was inappropriate due to the uncertainty of the regulations issued by the government to determine the current condition. Thus, the status of the COVID-19 pandemic is a �legal emergency� status. Further, the Rector�s policy through the Circular Letter is valid judicially, sociologically, and philosophically. The determination of the �legal emergency� status can be done by issuing a Perppu without a �state of emergency� from the President. Finally, it is suggested to firstly get an approval from the Ministry of Education and Culture regarding the issuance of the Rector�s Circular Letter. Besides, further study is needed as this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic.�Keabsahan Surat Edaran Rektor Perguruan Tinggi dalam Pandemi Covid-19Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa relevansi status �darurat kesehatan� dengan teori hukum dan kondisi yang ada dan keabsahan atas Surat Edaran Rektor Perguruan Tinggi Negeri. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah statute approach dan conseptual approach. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menginventarisasi bahan hukum primer dan sekunder, guna mendapatkan kajian yang seyogianya dan telaah kritis terkait isu hukum. Hasil penelitian menyatakan penetapan status darurat kesehatan oleh pemerintah kurang tepat, dikarenakan tidak menentu-nya peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah untuk menetapkan kondisi saat ini. Sehingga, status pandemi COVID-19 merupakan status darurat hukum. Kebijakan rektor melalui Surat Edaran adalah absah secara aspek yuridis, sosiologis, dan filosofis. Penetapan darurat hukum cukup dilakukan dengan menerbitkan Perppu tanpa pernyataan darurat dari Presiden. Saran peneliti adalah di perlukan persetujuan pada Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan terkait terbitnya Surat Edaran Rektor, dan dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut dikarenakan penelitian ini dilakukan pada masa COVID-19 yang bersifat temporal.�

EAST INDIAN AND OTHER DOCKS IN LONDON: IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE, COLONIAL TRADE AND POSTCOLONIAL MEMORY

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-205
Author(s):  
S. E. Sidorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Architectural Representation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Postcolonial History ◽  
The City

The article concentrates on the colonial and postcolonial history, architecture and topography of the southeastern areas of London, where on both banks of the River Thames in the 18th–20th centuries there were located the docks, which became an architectural and engineering response to the rapidly developing trade of England with territories in the Western and Eastern hemispheres of the world. Constructions for various purposes — pools for loading, unloading and repairing ships, piers, shipyards, office and warehouse premises, sites equipped with forges, carpenter’s workshops, shops, canteens, hotels — have radically changed the bank line of the Thames and appearance of the British capital, which has acquired the status of the center of a huge empire. Docks, which by the beginning of the 20th century, occupied an area of 21 hectares, were the seamy side of an imperial-colonial enterprise, a space of hard and routine work that had a specific architectural representation. It was a necessary part of the city intended for the exchange of goods, where the usual ideas about the beauty gave way to considerations of safety, functionality and economy. Not distinguished by architectural grace, chaotically built up, dirty, smoky and fetid, the area was one of the most significant symbols of England during the industrial revolution and colonial rule. The visual image of this greatness was strikingly different from the architectural samples of previous eras, forcing contemporaries to get used to the new industrial aesthetics. Having disappeared in the second half of the 20th century from the city map, they continue to retain a special place in the mental landscape of the city and the historical memory of the townspeople, which is reflected in the chain of museums located in this area that tell the history of English navigation, England’s participation in geographical discoveries, the stages of conquering the world, creating an empire and ways to acquire the wealth of the nation.

Why Repentance Affects Divine Punishment but Not Human Punishment?

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-115
Author(s):  
Shoval Shafat
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Status ◽  
Divine Punishment ◽  
Divine Mercy ◽  
Rabbinic Courts

The aim of the discussion in this article is to explore two different Rabbinic explanations for the status of repentance in human and divine punishment, and to emphasize the essential distinction between them. According to the first explanation the source of accepting repentance is divine mercy upon human beings. Since mercy is not a legitimate consideration in conviction or even in determination of punishment in Jewish criminal law there is no wonder why repentance does not have any role during the criminal procedures in rabbinic court. According to the second explanation the acceptance of repentance by God is similar to the acceptance of flattery and bribe by a Roman corrupted judge. God decides to accept repentance and to forgive the transgressors since it better serves God’s interests. This analogy between repentance and flattery and bribery then explains why rabbinic courts do not take repentance into account.

ASSOCIATIVITY AS A FORMATION SOURCE OF A MUSICAL COMPOSITION EDITING FORM OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
ZARINA DENISOVA
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Musical Work ◽  
The Status ◽  
Associative Connection ◽  
New Type ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Russian Composers

The object of the research in this article is associativity as a characteristic feature of 20th century art. The nature, the role of the association in the work of artistic thinking, the principles of its functioning are considered. The subject of the research is the editing form of a musical work of the second half of the 20th century. Particular attention in the article is paid to the consideration of such an important factor influencing the formation of a stable associative connection as repetition. At the same time, it is specified that repetition is caused by a specific life situation. This repetition forms a chain of associations that create an integral content space of a musical work. The work uses general scientific research methods in the framework of comparative and logical analysis, including generalizations and comparisons. The work is based on the analytical method and has a systemic interdisciplinary nature as well. In revealing the specifics of the installation form, the author of the article turns to the theory of compositional ellipsis V. Bobrovsky. The main conclusion of the study is that the importance of associativity in the work of Russian composers in the second half of the 20th century is increasing, reaching the status of a characteristic feature of artistic thinking. The process of expanding associativity manifested itself, in particular, in the emergence in musical creativity of a new type of form creation - editing. The analysis revealed the features inherent in the montage type of construction of a work of art. This is the dismemberment of thematic material, the syntactic isolation of thematic structures, the organization of the form «from the end», the internal unity of the mosaic structure, and others. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that for the first time associativity is considered as a source of montage shaping, in the choice of research methodology, as well as in the identification of special features of the composition, manifested in the conditions of montage drama.

scholarly journals Determination of antibiotic concentration in meconium and its association with fetal growth and development

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 70-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingya Zhao ◽  
Yuhan Zhou ◽  
Qingyang Zhu ◽  
Bing Xia ◽  
Wenjuan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Antibiotic Concentration

scholarly journals Methods for Structural Stress Determination according to EN 13445-3 Annex NA – Comparison with other Codes for Unfired Pressure Vessels

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 10003
Author(s):  
Ralf Trieglaff ◽  
Jürgen Rudolph ◽  
Martin Beckert ◽  
Daniel Friers
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Structural Stress ◽  
Stress Determination ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Fatigue Assessment ◽  
Shell Elements ◽  
European Working ◽  
The Status

The European Pressure Vessel Standard EN 13445 provides in its part 3 (Design) a simplified method (Clause 17) and a detailed method for fatigue assessment (Clause 18). Clause 18 “Detailed Assessment of Fatigue Life” is under revision within the framework of the European working group CEN/TC 54/WG 53 – Design methods with the aim of reaching a significant increase in user-friendliness and a clear guideline for the application. This paper is focused on the new informative annex NA ”Instructions for structural stress oriented finite elements analyses using brick and shell elements”. As an essential amendment for the practical user, the determination of structural stress ranges for fatigue assessment of welds is further specified in this new annex. Different application methods for the determination of structural stresses are explained in connection with the requirements for finite element models and analyses. This paper will give a short overview of the proposed approaches of structural stress determination in annex NA of the revised EN 13445-3. It will present the status of the approaches based on the results of fatigue analyses according to EN 13445-3 Clause 18 for different application examples. For verification purposes, the results of the approaches proposed in EN 13445-3 are compared with the results of other pressure vessel design codes for nuclear and non-nuclear application.

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