Impact of Mining on Forests and Its Biological Diversity at Kirandul Iron Ore Mines, Dantewada, South Bastar, Chhattisgarh: A Case Study

Mining activities have several impacts on the environment. In our study, emphasis was given to assess biodiversity in one of the leading iron ore mining sites of Bailadila-Kirandul Iron Ore Mines (KIOM) of Dantewada District, South Bastar of Chhattisgarh. Habitat fragmentation, loss and deforestation are highly prevalent in the area. However, the study reveals high species richness of 110 and 253 plant species in core and buffer zone respectively. Canopy cover was found to be within 10 to 40% and in places in the buffer zone canopy cover with > 40% was recorded. Species diversity index indicates the instability of vegetation structure in the area with indices of 1.44 in core and 1.88 in buffer zone. Although species richness is high, about 10 floral species (7 herbs, 3 trees) are recorded under REET (Rare Endangered Extinct Threatened) species while locally endangered floral species are 6 and locally critically endangered are 4. Similarly, 208 faunal species belong to 10 faunal groups was recorded out of which 34 species are listed in different Schedules of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Therefore, it is an urgent need for planning to undertake appropriate management strategies to conserve biodiversity in the area.

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Species structure in Zambian miombo woodland

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467400001838 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 109-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

E. N. Chidumayo

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Species Density ◽

Species Structure ◽

Miombo Woodland ◽

Species Diversity Index ◽

Old Growth ◽

Number Of Species ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACTMiombo woodland in Zambia is divided into wetter and drier types by the 1100 mm mean rainfall isohyet. In the present study two wetter (Northern, Northwestern) and three drier (Central, Eastern, Western) miombo subtypes were recognized.A survey of the woody flora of 94 old-growth and 58 coppice stands in the five miombo subtypes revealed some significant differences in species diversity among them. The floristic differentiantion of miombo subtypes was best achieved by the use of the Shannon species diversity index (H′) and species density (number of species 0.1 ha−1 or 0.4 ha−1). H′ in miombo decreased from 2.247 in Northwestern to 2.136 in Northern, 2.052 in Eastern, 1.918 in Central and 1.824 in Western subtypes. Although species density was not significantly different between wetter miombo subtypes, this decreased in a similar fashion from 18.78 0.1 ha−1 in Northwestern to 18.30 in Northern, 16.65 in Eastern, 14.79 in Central and 12.29 in Western subtypes. The low species diversity in Western drier miombo was attributed to the combined effects of low soil fertility and rainfall.Although the mean number of species per 0.1 ha plot was higher in coppice samples, species richness (d) and index of diversity (H′) were lower than in old-growth samples. These results indicate lower species diversity in regenerating miombo. The dynamic aspects of species structure should therefore be considered in the future conservation of biological diversity in miombo woodland.

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Mammals of medium and large size in Santa Rita do Sapucaí, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

Check List ◽

10.15560/5.3.399 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 399 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anderson Aires Eduardo ◽

Marcelo Passamani

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Human Activities ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Forest Reserve ◽

Leopardus Pardalis ◽

Large Size ◽

The World ◽

High Species Richness ◽

Callithrix Aurita

The diversity of Brazilian vertebrates is regarded among the highest in the world. However, the biological diversity is still mostly unknown and a good part of it is seriously threatened by human activities. This study aimed to inventory the medium and large size mammals present in the Reserva Biológica de Santa Rita do Sapucaí, an Atlantic forest reserve located in Santa Rita do Sapucaí, southeastern Brazil. Sand-plots, photographic traps and searches for animal tracks on pre-existent trails in the area, were carried out once every two months between May 2006 and February 2007. The sand-plots and tracks were inspected during five consecutive days per sampling. We obtained 108 records of 15 species, mostly of carnivorans. Two confirmed species are threatened with extinction in Brazil (Callithrix aurita and Leopardus pardalis). The results suggest that the sampled reserve has high species richness and plays an important role in conservation of mammals in this landscape, including species threatened with extinction.

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The costs of urban living: human–wildlife interactions increase parasite risk and self-directed behaviour in urban vervet monkeys

Journal of Urban Ecology ◽

10.1093/jue/juab031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Harriet R Thatcher ◽

Colleen T Downs ◽

Nicola F Koyama

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Urban Landscape ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Urban Wildlife ◽

Vervet Monkeys ◽

Urban Living ◽

Human Interactions ◽

Shannon’S Diversity Index ◽

Human Primate

Abstract The urban landscape is a complex mosaic of costs and benefits for urban wildlife. Although many species may adapt and thrive in the urban mosaic, the complexity of this landscape can be stressful and have health implications for urban wildlife, raising concerns for zoonosis and biodiversity. In this study, we assessed how human–primate interactions influenced parasite risk and anxiety-related behaviour of urban vervet monkeys in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Over 1 year, we collected and analysed faecal samples, assessing eggs per gram, species richness, and Shannon’s diversity index. In addition, using behavioural sampling, we recorded self-directed scratching behaviour, as an indicator of anxiety, and human–primate interactions, both positive (human-food consumption) and negative (human–monkey aggression). To assess parasite risk in the urban mosaic, we ran three models with our parasite measures as dependent variables. Results showed that negative human interactions significantly increased with eggs per gram, species richness, and Shannon’s diversity index and positive human interactions increased with both eggs per gram and species richness. Furthermore, eggs per gram significantly increased with higher scratching rate. We also tested the relationship between scratching and human interactions, finding that scratching significantly increased under higher rates of negative human incidents. Overall, results suggest that there are costs to urban living that increase anxiety-related behaviour and parasite risk despite increased food availability. Our findings are important for developing effective management strategies that focus on cohabitation rather than conflict, for the benefit of human and wildlife health.

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Retaining the double dimension of species diversity: Application of partially ordered set theory and Hasse diagrams

10.7287/peerj.preprints.474 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Kampichler ◽

Ralf Wieland

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Partial Order ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Order Theory ◽

Partial Ordering ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Partially Ordered ◽

Hasse Diagrams

The measurement of species diversity has been a central task of community ecology from the mid 20th century onward. The conventional method of designing a diversity index is to combine values for species richness and assemblage evenness into a single composite score. The literature abounds with such indices. Each index weights richness and evenness in a different fashion. The conventional approach has repeatedly been criticized since there is an infinite number of potential indices which have a minimum value when S (species richness) = 1 and a maximum value when S = N (number of individuals). We argue that partial order theory is a sound mathematical fundament and demonstrate that it is an attractive alternative for comparing and ranking biological diversity without the necessity of combining values for species richness and evenness into an ambiguous diversity index. The general principle of partial ordering is simple: one particular assemblage is regarded as more diverse than another when both its species richness and its evenness are higher. Assemblages are not comparable with each other when one has a higher value for species richness and a lower value for evenness. Hasse diagrams can graphically represent partially ordered communities. Linear extensions and rank-frequency distributions reveal the potential of partial order theory as a means to support decisions when assemblage ranking is desired.

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Impact of Eidolon helvum on roost trees on UENR campus

Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management ◽

10.26796/jenrm.v2i0.43 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 44-50

Author(s):

E. Danquah

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Basal Area ◽

Tree Height ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Tree Canopy ◽

Species Diversity Index ◽

Tree Canopy Cover ◽

Occupied Zone

Four sample plots, each of size 20m by 20m were systematically distributed in two strata (i.e. two plots in bat-occupied zone andthe remaining two plots in bat-unoccupied zone, to serve as control units). Using six (20m × 20m) sample plots each, basal area,canopy, and heights of trees with DBH 1m were measured. Fourteen individual trees were recorded in the bat-unoccupied zone,resulting in only seven tree species. On the other hand, 16 tree species, corresponding to a total of 25 trees were recorded in thebat occupied zone. Albizia zygia, Antiaris toxicaria, Azadiractha indicia, Holarrhena floribunda, Morinda lucinda, and Sterculiatragacantha were common to both zones. The Shannon Wiener species diversity index was found to be higher (H1=1.92) in batoccupied zones and lower (H1=1.45) in bat-unoccupied zone. Estimates of tree basal area and tree height were much higherin bat occupied zones compared to bat-unoccupied zones. (Mann-Whitney U test: U = 573.0, p < 0.05), tree basal area (U= 674.0, p < 0.05), tree height (U = 632.0, p < 0.05) and tree canopy cover (U = 329.0, p < 0.05). Holarrhena floribunda(0.34 m2/h) and Ceiba pentandra (0.22m2/ha) contributed the largest basal area (32.94% of the total basal area) whilst Sennasiamea (0.01m2/ha) and Tectona grandis (0.01m2/ha) yielded the smallest basal area (1.17%). In general, bats seem to greatlypatronize areas with higher densities of tall trees than relatively open areas with shorter trees.

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The Diversity and Utilization of Weeds in Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.) Grimes) Agroforestry and Monoculture Pattern

Jurnal Agroforestri Indonesia ◽

10.20886/jai.2020.3.1.29-43 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 29-43

Author(s):

Aji Winara ◽

Endah Suhaendah

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Weed Species ◽

Species Diversity Index ◽

Private Forests ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

Species Similarity

Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) is a superior commodity of private forests in Java island. However, its management faces a gall rust attack. In addition, another challenge is the presence of weed disturbance which can reduce plant growth productivity. This study aims to measure the diversity and utilization of weed species in the agroforestry and sengon monoculture demonstration plots. The research method used was the method of vegetation analysis of understorey and interviews. Data analysis was performed descriptively using the importance species index, species diversity index and species similarity index.The results showed that both cropping patterns produced the same level of diversity and species richness despite differences in species density and presence. A total of 29 species of weeds were found in the agroforestry pattern and 27 types in the monoculture pattern.. Weed species diversity in agroforestry and monoculture patterns is classified as moderate with Shannon-Wienner species diversity index (H ') values of 2.47 and 2.66 respectively. Likewise, the level of species richness both pattern is classified as moderate with Margalef Richness Index (R’) value of 3.89 in monoculture and 4.23 in agroforestry. The level of species similarity between the two cropping pattern according to the Bray-Curtis Index is 0.66. The density of weeds in the monoculture pattern is higher (66.00 individuals / m2) than the agroforestry pattern (62.25 individuals / m2). Most of the weeds (67.65%) are used by people around the forest as animal feed (18 species), foodstuffs (4 species) and traditional medicine (4 species). The many species of weeds that can be utilized by the community shows that sengon forests can support food security, so that the weed control techniques recommended are manual techniques with simple tools and spatial management with F. moluccana plants.

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Retaining the double dimension of species diversity: Application of partially ordered set theory and Hasse diagrams

10.7287/peerj.preprints.474v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Kampichler ◽

Ralf Wieland

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Partial Order ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Order Theory ◽

Partial Ordering ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Partially Ordered ◽

Hasse Diagrams

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A floristic analysis of the vegetation of Platberg, eastern Free State, South Africa

Koedoe ◽

10.4102/koedoe.v52i1.710 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Robert F. Brand ◽

Leslie R. Brown ◽

Pieter J. Du Preez

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Conservation Management ◽

Management Plan ◽

Free State ◽

Floristic Analysis ◽

High Species Richness ◽

A Site ◽

Red Data Species

A checklist of vascular plants of Platberg was compiled to determine species richness, rarity and endemism. The floristic analysis is part of the Department of Economic, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Free State biodiversity assessment programme and conservation management plan for Platberg. The analysis identified a total of 669 species belonging to 304 genera and 95 families, with 214 species belonging to the Monocotyledoneae and 438 species to the Dicotyledoneae. The largest family is Asteraceae with 126 species, followed by Poaceae with 73 species, Cyperaceae with 39 species, Fabaceae with 33 species, and Scrophulariaceae with 27 species. Various fynbos species were found, as well as 26 endemic/near-endemic species belonging to the Drakensberg Alpine Centre or Eastern Mountain Region. The results of this study revealed that Platberg shares inselberg floral richness and endemism that can be tracked via the Afromontane archipelago-like string of inselbergs and mountains, which stretch north through the Chimanimani Mountains, into Malawi, the Eastern Arc Mountains via Tanzania and north through Ethiopia, into Eurasia.Conservation implications: Platberg, as an inselberg, is a site of significant biological diversity, with high species richness, vegetation selection and ecosystem complexity. It shares floral richness and endemism via inselbergs and mountains throughout Africa. The high species richness, Red Data species and ecosystems make this area an important conservation site that should be legislated and protected.

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Struktur Komunitas Kupu-Kupu Superfamili Papilionoidae (Lepidoptera) di Kawasan DAS Budi Kecamatan Sungai Betung Kabupaten Bengkayang Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

Bioma Berkala Ilmiah Biologi ◽

10.14710/bioma.23.1.77-83 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 77-83

Author(s):

Farah Diba ◽

R Ressiawan ◽

N Nurhaida

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Survey Method ◽

Butterfly Species ◽

Species Diversity Index ◽

Dominance Index ◽

Conservation Area ◽

West Kalimantan ◽

Wiener Diversity Index

The Budi watershed, which is located in Sungai Betung Subdistrict, Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan Province, is a land and water conservation area which is a source of clean water for the community. The forest in the Budi watershed becomes a habitat for butterflies. The research aims to analyze the community structure and identify the types of butterflies in Budi watershed Sungai Betung Subdistrict, Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The research methods used survey method with scan sampling technique in the morning and evening. Data from the inventory of butterfly species and the number of individuals of each species were analyzwd using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H”), the Margalef species richness index (DMg) and the Simpson dominance index (D). The results showed that the total number of butterfly species found in the Budi watershed was 22 species with 148 individuals belonging to three families, namely Nymphalidae (14 species), Papilionoidae (3 species), and Pieridae (5 species). The most dominance species found were Eurema blanda, Hypolimnas bolina, and Letopsia nina. The index of butterfly species richness in Budi watershed was DMg = 9.67 and is included in categorized high species richness. The butterfly dominance index D = 0.0066 and it categorized to low species dominance. Species diversity index H” = 2.093 and showed the diversity of butterfly species in the Budi watershed, Sungai Betung sub district, Bengkayang Regency is included in the medium diversity category.

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Keanekaragaman Hayati di Lahan Rehabilitasi Taman Nasional Meru Betiri dan Implikasi Kebijakannya: Kasus Desa Wonosari

Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan ◽

10.14710/jil.17.2.283-290 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 283

Author(s):

Alvian Febry Anggana ◽

Sigit Andy Cahyono ◽

Casimerus Yudi Lastiantoro

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

National Park ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Species Diversity Index ◽

Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽

Species Dominance ◽

Index Species ◽

Common Observation ◽

Park Area ◽

Richness Index

After the looting and destruction of forest land in the Merubetiri National Park area were effortS to restore the area to its original condition. Various efforts were made involving the community in the rehabilitation of Meru Betiri National Park land. One indicator of the success of land rehabilitation is increasing biodiversity. The purpose of this study was to determine biodiversity in the rehabilitation area of Meru Betiri National Park. The method used uses a 100-200 m striped line combination at each location for vegetation data collection. Vegetation analysis by calculating type frequency, species density, species dominance, important value index, species diversity index, species richness index and distribution pattern. The results showed that there were 14 types of vegetation in 11 families in 4 common observation plots and jackfruit plants (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and showed adaptability and these plants were needed by the community. Based on the results of the study, the INP value of the Wonoasri plot was 103.27% Pete (Parkia speciosa), Bonangan plot was Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) of 154.18%, Donglo plot of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) was 133.22%, and Jackfruit Pletes (Artocarpus heterophyllus) of 262.41%. For this reason, it is necessary to do new types of enhancements and compaction of spacing on each rehabilitation plot so that the value of diversity and species richness can increase, so that the success of rehabilitation can be seen.

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