scholarly journals Effects of sunlight exclusion on leaf gas exchange, berry composition, and wine flavour profile of Cabernet-Sauvignon from the foot of the north side of Mount Tianshan and a semi-arid continental climate

OENO One ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-283
Author(s):  
Hao-Cheng Lu ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Chang-Qing Duan ◽  
Wu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
The North ◽  
Wine Flavour ◽  
Titratable Acid ◽  
Net Assimilation

Canopy shading is a widely used viticultural strategy for mitigating early grape berry ripening caused by global warming. In this study, we covered half of the canopy with a black shade cloth from the pea-size stage to harvest. In the fruit zone, canopy shade treatment (ST) reduced daily average solar radiation by about 74.6 % compared to the untreated control (UC), and significantly reduced daily average temperature. ST leaves were found to have lower net assimilation rates and higher internal CO2 concentration than in UC, which resulted in reduced yield, bunch weight, cane starch and berry total soluble solids. A delayed development stage was found in ST berries which had lower pH and higher titratable acid than UC. ST increased both berry and wine anthocyanin concentration while significantly decreasing flavonol concentration. ST wines had higher concentrations of a number of ester compounds and β-damascenone than UC wines, thus significantly enhancing the floral and fruity aroma of ST wines. Higher C6/C9 and fatty acids concentrations in ST berries may have caused higher ester concentrations in ST wines. The results showed significant effects on metabolites in berries and wines caused by canopy shade.

scholarly journals The Exploitation of Local Vitis vinifera L. Biodiversity as a Valuable Tool to Cope with Climate Change Maintaining Berry Quality

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
María Carmen Antolín ◽  
María Toledo ◽  
Inmaculada Pascual ◽  
Juan José Irigoyen ◽  
Nieves Goicoechea
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

(1) Background: The associated increase in global mean surface temperature together with raised atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is exerting a profound influence on grapevine development (phenology) and grape quality. The exploitation of the local genetic diversity based on the recovery of ancient varieties has been proposed as an interesting option to cope with climate change and maintaining grape quality. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize the potential fruit quality of genotypes from seven local old grapevine varieties grown under climate change conditions. (2) Methods: The study was carried out on fruit-bearing cuttings (one cluster per plant) that were grown in pots in temperature gradient greenhouses (TGG). Two treatments were applied from fruit set to maturity: (1) ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and temperature (T) (ACAT) and (2) elevated CO2 (700 ppm) and temperature (T + 4 °C) (ECET). (3) Results: Results showed that some of the old genotypes tested remained quite stable during the climate change conditions in terms of fruit quality (mainly, total soluble solids and phenolic content) and of must antioxidant properties. (4) Conclusion: This research underlines the usefulness of exploiting local grapevine diversity to cope with climate change successfully, although further studies under field conditions and with whole plants are needed before extrapolating the results to the vineyard.

Effect of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on quality, berry set and coloration of ‘Alphonse Lavallée’ table grapes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Zehra Babalık
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Colour Parameters ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Berry Set

Abstract The effect of different concentrations of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG; 0 (control), 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/l), an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, on grape berry set and fruit quality was evaluated under vineyard conditions. Treatments were performed on ‘Alphonse Lavallée’ grape cultivar at full bloom stage for two years. Cluster and berry growth (length, width and weight), firmness, soluble solids content, yield, berry set, anthocyanin content and colour parameters were determined on treated and untreated (control) fruits. As a result of the study, the effects of AVG concentrations on firmness were not significant. When AVG applications were compared with control, it is determined that some quality properties were statistically affected, the others were not. Fruit set was increased by lower concentrations of AVG (250 mg/l) and anthocyanin content was increased by higher concentrations of AVG (750 mg/l).

scholarly journals Normal Cyclic Variation in CO2 Concentration in Indoor Chambers Decreases Leaf Gas Exchange and Plant Growth

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 663
Author(s):  
James Bunce
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Cyclic Variation ◽  
Indoor Exposure ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Gas Exchange System ◽  
Opening And Closing

Attempts to identify crop genetic material with larger growth stimulation at projected elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations are becoming more common. The probability of reductions in photosynthesis and yield caused by short-term variation in CO2 concentration within elevated CO2 treatments in the free-air CO2 enrichment plots raises the question of whether similar effects occur in glasshouse or indoor chamber experiments. These experiments were designed to test whether even the normal, modest, cyclic variation in CO2 concentration typical of indoor exposure systems have persistent impacts on photosynthesis and growth, and to explore mechanisms underlying the responses observed. Wheat, cotton, soybeans, and rice were grown from seed in indoor chambers at a mean CO2 concentration of 560 μmol mol−1, with “triangular” cyclic variation with standard deviations of either 4.5 or 18.0 μmol mol−1 measured with 0.1 s sampling periods with an open path analyzer. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and above ground biomass at 20 to 23 days were reduced in all four species by the larger variation in CO2 concentration. Tests of rates of stomatal opening and closing with step changes in light and CO2, and tests of responses to square-wave cycling of CO2 were also conducted on individual leaves of these and three other species, using a leaf gas exchange system. Reduced stomatal conductance due to larger amplitude cycling of CO2 during growth occurred even in soybeans and rice, which had equal rates of opening and closing in response to step changes in CO2. The gas exchange results further indicated that reduced mean stomatal conductance was not the only cause of reduced photosynthesis in variable CO2 conditions.

Sprayable pheromone for controlling the North American grape berry moth by mating disruption

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Trimble ◽  
P. M. Vickers ◽  
K. E. Nielsen ◽  
G. Barinshteyn
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
The North

scholarly journals Ethylene degreening treatment of ‘Ponkan’ tangerine in the north of the Minas Gerais State, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio Gama Dos Santos da Costa ◽  
Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão ◽  
Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira ◽  
Paulo Roberto Cecon ◽  
César Fernandes Aquino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Titrable Acidity ◽  
The North ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Respiratory Behavior ◽  
Hue Angle

The objective of the study was to elucidate the best combination of ethylene dose and exposure time aiming the degreening of ‘Ponkan’ tangerines. Fruits harvested with fully green peel were placed in airtight boxes, exposed during 24, 48 and 96 h to ethylene gas at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 µL L-1, at a temperature of 20 ± 1°C and 90 ± 5% of relative humidity. On every 24 h the fruits were evaluated for color, Hue angle, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in the peel, solutes leakage, soluble solids, titrable acidity, CO2 production and fresh fruit weight loss. The degreening was more pronounced in fruits exposed to ethylene for 96 h, independently the concentration. The electrolytes leakage peel increased linearly in fruit-control and those exposed to ethylene for 24 h. In fruits treated for 48 and 96 h, electrolyte leakage was observed only during ethylene exposure. The accumulated fresh mass loss did not exceeded 1% in the fruits. The ethylene dose did not affected the fruit respiratory behavior. The best combination aiming fruit degreening was the exposure during 96 h with 5 μL L-1 of ethylene, followed by 48 to 72 hours of storage after treatment.

scholarly journals Timing and extent of late pleistocene glaciation in the arid Central Andes of Argentina and Chile (22°-41°S)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zech ◽  
C. Terrizzano ◽  
E. García-Morabito ◽  
H. Veit ◽  
R. Zech
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Equatorial Pacific ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Exposure Ages

The arid Central Andes are a key site to study changes in intensity and movement of the three main atmospheric circulation systems over South America: the South American Summer Monsoon (SASM), the Westerlies and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this semi-arid to arid region glaciers are particularly sensitive to precipitation changes and thus the timing of past glaciation is strongly linked to changes in moisture supply. Surface exposure ages from study sites between 41° and 22°S suggest that glaciers advanced: i) prior to the global Last Glacial Maximum (gLGM) at ~40 ka in the mid (26°- 30°S) and southern Central Andes (35°-41°S), ii) in phase with the gLGM in the northern and southern Central Andes and iii) during the late glacial in the northern Central Andes. Deglaciation started synchronous with the global rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration and increasing temperature starting at ~18 ka. The pre-gLGM glacial advances likely document enhanced precipitation related to the Southern Westerlies, which shifted further to the North at that time than previosuly assumed. During the gLGM glacial advances were favored by decreased temperatures in combination with increased humidity due to a southward shifted Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and SASM. During the late-glacial a substantial increase in moisture can be explained by enhanced upper tropospheric easterlies as response to an intensified SASM and sustained La Niña-like conditions over the eastern equatorial Pacific that lead to glacial advances in the northern Central Andes and the lake level highstand Tauca (18-14 ka) on the Altiplano. In the southernmost Central Andes at 39º-41°S, further north at 31°S and in the northernmost Central Andes at 22°S glacial remnants even point to precipitation driven glaciations older than ~115 ka and 260 ka.

scholarly journals Increased Organic Fertilizer and Reduced Chemical Fertilizer Increased Fungal Diversity and the Abundance of Beneficial Fungi on the Grape Berry Surface in Arid Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linnan Wu ◽  
Zhiqiang Li ◽  
Fengyun Zhao ◽  
Benzhou Zhao ◽  
Fesobi Olumide Phillip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Beneficial Fungi

Fertilizer practices can significantly impact the fruit quality and microbial diversity of the orchards. The fungi on the surface of fruits are essential for fruit storability and safety. However, it is not clear whether fertilization affects the fungal diversity and community structure on the surface of grape berries. Here, grape quality and the fungal diversity on the surface of grapes harvested from three fertilizer treatments were analyzed shortly after grape picking (T0) and following 8 days of storage (T1). The study involved three treatments: (1) common chemical fertilizer for 2 years (CH); (2) increased organic fertilizer and reduced chemical fertilizer for 1 year (A.O); and (3) increased organic fertilizer and reduced chemical fertilizer for 2 years (B.O). The application of increased organic fertilizer and reduced chemical fertilizer increased the soluble solids content (SSC) of the grape berries and decreased the pH of the grape juice. A total of 827,947 high-quality fungal sequences were recovered and assigned to 527 operational taxonomic units. Members of the Ascomycota phylum were dominant in all samples and accounted for 94.41% of the total number of detected sequences, followed by the Basidiomycota (5.05%), and unidentified fungi (0.54%). Alpha and beta diversity analyses revealed significantly different fungal populations in the three fertilizer treatments over the two time periods. The fungal diversity and richness on the grape berry surface in the B.O and A.O treatments were higher than those in the CH treatment. Among the detected fungi, the B.O treatments were mainly Pichia, Aureobasidium, and Candida genera, while the CH treatments were Botrytis, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Moreover, significant differences were revealed between the two assessment times (T0 and T1). The samples from the T0 timepoint had higher fungal richness and diversity than the samples from T1 timepoint. Increasing organic fertilizer usage in grape management could improve grape quality and went on to increase the fungal diversity, as well as the relative abundance (RA) of beneficial fungi on grape berry surfaces. The correlation analysis suggested that the pH of the grape juice was significantly negatively correlated with fungal diversity parameters.

ETHEPHON AS A CHEMICAL HARVESTING AID FOR THE LATE SEASON HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY COVILLE

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1099-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. FORSYTH ◽  
D. L. CRAIG ◽  
R. STARK
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Titratable Acid ◽  
Berry Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Solids Content

Single applications of ethephon (1,000 pm) were made at three treatment dates to 20-yr-old Coville highbush blueberry plants. Berry weight, titratable acid, soluble solids content and yield were recorded. Average weight per berry was not consistently different in treated berries than in untreated but in both years the second and third sprays decreased the mean berry weight faster than occurred in the controls or first spray. Total yield was only slightly affected by treatment, indicating that a yield reduction would not be expected through the use of ethephon. Ethephon increased the rate at which the soluble solids and titratable acid (as citric) reached the normal level for ripe fruit.

scholarly journals Influence of the heat treatment on the quality of ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis)

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Thaís Inês M Souza ◽  
Cândido A Costa ◽  
Milton NC Chauca
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
The North ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Ivy Gourd

ABSTRACT Ivy gourd is an underutilized vegetables found in the North of Minas Gerais State-Brazil. It is mainly consumed raw as salad. Pickling fruits can enhance the commercial exploitation of this species. However, no information on the processing techniques of the ivy gourd fruits in Brazil is found in literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality parameters in the production of pickled ivy gourd. The treatments consisted of three bleaching times (3, 6 and 9 minutes), using a completely randomized design, with seven replicates. We evaluated the traits: instrumental analyzes of pH, color, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, texture and sensorial affective tests. The pH is within the indicated range (below 4.5) and the bleaching time influenced the color and texture alteration since the sample under 3-minute bleaching presented a greater tendency for green and greater firmness. For the sensory analysis, no significant difference related to sensory scoring was noticed; in relation to mode value, we concluded that the 6-minute sample was more preferable, though. For titratable total acidity and soluble solids analyses, no significant differences between the samples was noticed, considering that both parameters were within the standard when compared to other literature. We concluded that heat treatment influenced only the texture and color intensity and the preserved product showed good acceptability.

scholarly journals Differential responses between mature and young leaves of sunflower plants to oxidative stress caused by water deficit

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1290-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Cechin ◽  
Natália Corniani ◽  
Terezinha de Fátima Fumis ◽  
Ana Catarina Cataneo
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Gas Exchange Characteristics

The effects of water stress and rehydration on leaf gas exchange characteristics along with changes in lipid peroxidation and pirogalol peroxidase (PG-POD) were studied in mature and in young leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), which were grown in a greenhouse. Water stress reduced photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (g s), and transpiration (E) in both young and mature leaves. However, the amplitude of the reduction was dependent on leaf age. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was increased in mature leaves but it was not altered in young leaves. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) in mature stressed leaves was reduced when compared to control leaves while in young stressed leaves it was maintained to the same level as the control. After 24h of rehydration, most of the parameters related to gas exchange recovered to the same level as the unstressed plants except gs and E in mature leaves. Water stress did not activated PG-POD independently of leaf age. However, after rehydration the enzyme activity was increased in mature leaves and remained to the same as the control in young leaves. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased by water stress in both mature and young leaves. The results suggest that young leaves are more susceptible to water stress in terms of gas exchange characteristics than mature leaves although both went through oxidative estresse.

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