scholarly journals Population of the Armenian Higlands in the age of Antiquity (according of anthropological materials of urban and rural settlements)

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-115
Author(s):  
A.Yu. Khudaverdyan ◽  
A.A. Hovhanisyan ◽  
A.A. Yengibaryan ◽  
R.Sh. Matevosyan ◽  
G.G. Qocharyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Population ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Female Part ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Male Part ◽  
Armenian Highland ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Urban Male

Article is devoted to studying of bone remains from antique burial grounds from the territory of the Armenian Highland. Anthropological materials of burials consist of 322 skeletons and dated I–III c. AD. The article analyzes the differences in anthropological characteristics of urban and rural population of Armenia of Antiquity period. The work is based on classical craniometric and statistical research methods. Artificial cranial deformationare and unintended deformation of a cradle-type found among urban and rural populations. As an intragroup analysis showed, the main differences between male urban and rural population across the size of the width of the frontal bone and face. If the villagers face orthognatic, angle of horizontal profiling at the top level enters the category of averages, in urban women face mezognatik, the angle of horizontal profiling is characterized by small values. Intergroup analysis showed, closest to urban male groups it turned out the tribes of Chernyakhov culture and the population of the Middle East. A male part of the villagers shows intimacy with Scythians of Crimea, Ukraine and Transnistria. The female part of the towns’ people is close with the Scythians of Ukraine and Crim; villagers are morphologically similar to the carriers of the Middle Sarmatian cultures of the Don region, with a population of the first centuries AD from Tanais, European and Asian Bosporus. Morphological analogies with the population of Northern Turkmenistan (Tumek-Kichidzhik), Western Ukraine (Chernyakhov culture), Middle Dnieper and Moldova (Scythians) were also revealed. This circumstance confirms the fact of sustainable, constant migration flow to the territory of the Armenian Highlands.

scholarly journals Physical type of the Armenian Highlands populations in antiquity (based on osteometrical materials from urban and rural settlements)

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-131
Author(s):  
A.Yu. Khudaverdyan ◽  
A.A. Yengibaryan ◽  
R.Sh. Matevosyan ◽  
N.G. Alekhanyan ◽  
A.A. Khachatryan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
Female Part ◽  
Differentiation Pattern ◽  
Armenian Highland

The paper is concerned with the analysis of osteometrical data from the antique populations of the Armenian Highlands, i.e. anthropological materials of burials dated to the 1st–3rd c. AD. We analyse the differences in an-thropological characteristics between urban and rural population of Armenia in antiquity. In total, 78 individuals of both sexes have been examined using traditional osteological methods. The study involved visual examination of the skeletons, images, descriptions and radiography. For the intergroup comparison, canonical analysis based on the averaged intergroup correlation matrix was used [Deryabin, 1983]. Visually, bones of the villagers appear to be more massive and quite elevated. Men, buried in rural areas differ from those from urban environments in smaller longitudinal dimensions of humerus, radius and ulna, and in larger icircumference of humerus, ulna and femur. Analysis of the data shows that the studied groups carry some features characteristic for populations adapted to high-altitude environments. Intergroup analysis suggests that the closest to the urban male groups would be the Maeotian population from the eastern coast of the Sea of Azov. The female part of the urban com-munity is close to the population of the first centuries AD from Gurmiron. Male villagers show similar features to those of Scythians of Ukraine (Scythian Neapolis); villagers are morphologically close to groups of Sarmatian cultures of the Lower Volga Region. Indirectly, this observation confirms the fact of stable, continuous migration flow into the territory of the Armenian Highlands. There is a certain agreement in the differentiation pattern of the ancient Armenian Highland population from the osteometric and craniometrics data. The osteometric data can be a rather important source of information for reconstruction of biological affinities of human populations.

scholarly journals PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS ON PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL MATERIAL FROM RURAL BURIALS OF 14th—16th CENTURIES FROM THE TERRITORY OF POLOTSK LAND

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
D. S. Hrytskevich
Keyword(s):  
Rural Population ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Active Lifestyle ◽  
Bone Material ◽  
Porotic Hyperostosis ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Ancient People ◽  
Burial Grounds

Paleopathology deals with the identification and research of diseases that are fixed on the osteological material of ancient people. This anthropological direction, using a variety of methods, answers the questions of the origin and spread of diseases in ancient populations. The results of such studies help to reveal the following aspects: the influence of the environment, and consequently the adaptation of a person to its changes, professional occupations of the population, and related types of physical activity, diet, causes of physiological stress and the level of development of medicine. The aim of the study is to assess the incidence of the rural population of the Belarusian Dvina region of the 14th—16th centuries by conducting a paleopathological study of bone material. During the study, an anthropological examination of the remains of 72 people belonging to the rural population of the 14th—16th centuries was carried out. The osteological material was obtained during the archaeological excavations of three rural burial grounds in the Belarusian Dvina region-Ives, Biruli, and Dolgoe. During the research, special attention was paid to the identification and registration of paleopathological changes in bone material. As a result, signs of the following groups of pathologies were identified: degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine and joints, skull injuries, dental system pathologies (caries, abscesses, paradontopathies), nonspecific reactions of the body (porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, enamel hypoplasia, vascular reaction). As a result of the work performed to identify and interpret pathological changes, the main aspects reflecting changes in the health status of the ancient population due to a number of factors were identified: the manifestation of an active lifestyle of individuals, the influence of sanitary and hygienic conditions that existed in rural settlements of the studied period, and the supposed stressful situations to which the population was more or less exposed.

DECISION STRATEGY CONCEPT TO IMPROVE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-711
Author(s):  
M.A. Volokhova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Decision Strategy ◽  
Saratov Region

Modern conditions for the development of market relations leave a significant imprint on all main aspects of rural life. The socio-economic situation of rural households is dangerously dependent on the fluctuations of various institutions, be it the labor institution, the food market or the production system. Under these conditions, increasing attention is being paid to the development of targeted programs to improve the living standard and the socio-economic situation of the population in rural settlements. The article discusses a methodological approach to assess the living standards of rural settlements in the context of municipal districts of the Saratov region, in particular, the Samoilovsky municipality. Basing on the participatory approach, categories of the rural population are determined by income level and a direct correlation dependence of the demographic situation (birth rate, mortality, migration rate) and the level of rural household income are revealed. The parameters of the resource of patience and the boundaries of the passive expectation for the poor and impoverished layers of the rural population, as well as the prerequisites for the passivity of the able-bodied population to participate in the processes of increasing their own well-being and well-being of others are determined. The conditions and parameters of the property status compelling the activation of the use of internal material and social sources of income are revealed. Three levels of decision-making strategies for improving the financial situation of the family are distinguished: employees, employers (agricultural enterprises and K(F)X), authorities (district administration). As a result, a concept of a decision-making strategy was developed to improve the material situation of households in rural settlements of the Saratov region. The economic factor (the size of wages) has one of the decisive effects on all the demographic processes taking place in society.

Spatial organization of rural territories

2021 ◽  
pp. 751-756
Author(s):  
Sevostyanov A.V. Sevostyanov A.V. ◽  
V.A. Sevostyanov ◽  
A.P. Spiridonova
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Complex Development

This article covers the issues raised by the objectives of the "The Program for complex development of rural territories" and its subprogram "Providing rural population with affordable and comfortable housing". The authors substantiate the concept "rural agglomeration" and make the suggestions on how to choose rural settlements and land plots suitable for large-scale development of low-density residential areas.

scholarly journals Model for assessing the effectiveness of rural authorities for a given financial security of the rural budget

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 02028
Author(s):  
Tatyana S. Lukina ◽  
Oleg Yu. Patlasov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Rural Municipalities

The consolidation of municipalities of rural settlements in the Russian Federation has been revealed due to low financial security. The budgetary expenditures in rural municipalities have been analyzed; the dependence of the budgetary expenditures insufficiency for the solution of issues of local importance and stabilization of the rural population has been revealed. A model for assessing the effectiveness of the administrating authorities of rural settlements for possible adjustments of managerial influence in overcoming crisis phenomena in rural areas and involving the population in solving issues of local importance and local development has been proposed.

scholarly journals Ethnic structure of the population of the Southern Obonezhye at the end of the XV century

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Boris I. Chibisov
Keyword(s):  
Southern Coast ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
The South ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
The North ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
Lake Onega ◽  
Ethnic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
North Western

Introduction. On the southern coast of Lake Onega there is a significant layer of Baltic-Finnish geographical names. The medieval ethnic history of this region remains poorly understood. This is due to the fact that the Novgorod scribal books date back to the end of the XV century, the toponymic and anthroponymic material of which remains not quite sought after by historians. The study of this material makes it possible to shed light on the ethnic history of the southern Obonezhye. Materials and Methods. The main source of research was the scribal book of Obonezhskaya pyatina of 7004 (1495/96). The descriptive method of research consists in identifying and fixing Baltic-Finnish oikonyms (names of rural settlements) and anthroponyms mentioned in the scribal book. It revealed Baltic-Finnish anthroponyms by analyzing the formal indicators of adoption of anthroponyms. Results and Discussion. According to the toponymy and anthroponymy of the scribal book, the population of the southern Obonezhye was mixed: it consisted of Slavs, Karelians and Vepsians. Karelians were present on the Olonets isthmus and in the south-western Prionezhye. This is largely explained due to the migration flow of Karelians from the north-western Ladoga area. The Vepsians lived in vast areas of the south-eastern and south-western Prionezhye, the Svir River basin and Oshta. Ethnographic studies have shown that many Vepsian settlements survived from the end of the XV to the middle of the XX – the beginning of the XXI century. Conclusion. The scribal book in the surviving fragments and Novgorodian acts indicate that by the end of the XV century the southern coast of Lake Onegа was inhabited by various ethnic groups: Slavs, Karelians and Vepsians, as evidenced by the anthroponyms and toponyms of the southern part of Obonezhye.

scholarly journals RURAL TERRITORIES OF KAZAKHSTAN: REALITIES, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 209-215
Author(s):  
Bakhyt Kalykova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Objective Basis ◽  
Effective Development

The study deals with the formation of a model of sustainable and effective development of agriculture and rural areas as the main task of implementing the State agricultural policy. The relevance of the tasks set by the author lies in considering the living conditions in the countryside as an integrated approach to the country's economy in order to diversify the types of activities in rural areas, create new sources of income. The directions representing a new economic paradigm of rural development in Kazakhstan are justified. The ways of implementing a comprehensive policy are shown, which consists in the partnership of public structures, local governments, public organizations and private sector, so that in the future, rural areas will become the most important socioeconomic and ecological subsystem of society. One of the key issues in the development of a model of modernization of the Kazakh countryside - the methodology for assessing the strategy and taken measures are highlighted. It is noted that monitoring of a wide variety of regional situations in rural settlements is of great scientific importance in creating a reliable and objective basis for developing substantiated measures to improve the quality of life of the rural population and determining priorities. The author states that the implementation of the "Auyl - El besigi" program contributes to the development of support and satellite villages, which have the potential to increase the level of life and well-being of rural residents, modernize the social infrastructure of the SNP JSC "Fund for Financial Support of Agriculture" allocated significant amounts to ensure employment of the rural population. The program condition in the funded projects should be startups, proposals for non-agricultural areas of expansion of activities in rural areas.

scholarly journals Conditions for receiving the basic services by the rural population: the household aspect social innovations in the system of socio-economic relations

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
I. V. Prokopa ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Population ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Aspect Social

The article presents the results of the typologization of Ukraine’s rural settlements by the level of their provision by objects of the service sphere, which characterizes the conditions for the people to obtain a collection of vitally necessary services at the places of residence; and clarifies the changes, which have occurred in the social infrastructure of villages on the household level in the transformational period, and the perspectives to improve the access of the rural population to high-quality services according to the principles of the development of villages.

scholarly journals Development of the system of mandatory payments and taxation in the USSR in the early 1970s

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-127
Author(s):  
Astamur Anatol'evich Tedeev
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Tax

This article explores the peculiarities of the system of mandatory payments and taxation in the USSR in the early 1970s. The author traces the amendments made to sectoral legislation (land, water, administrative, civil, etc.) and the corresponding improvement of the mechanism of collection of charges in this historical period. Special attention is given to the role of mandatory payments to be paid by rural population, changes in the procedure for collecting tax on sales, as well as clarification of the legal status and competence of inspection authorities. It is noted that the basic taxes paid by rural population in the early 1970s were the agricultural tax, income tax (from citizens who have income from agriculture in cities, workers, summer villages, and rural settlements) and ground rent. Analysis is conducted on the corresponding legislation and practice of its implementation. The conclusion is made that despite a range of decisions made with regards to providing incentives for agricultural tax, the cancellation of charges for the owners of livestock along with the state tax on horses of individual farms, reduced income tax rates and tax on single persons and citizens who have small families, the general the task for significant reduction of tax burden on the population has not been resolved. This was substantiated by fact that the mechanism of income taxation has undergone isolated changes, but its essential construct has not been revised. In the early 1970s, no reforms within the system of mandatory payments and taxation have been conducted in the Soviet Union.

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