An introduction to genetic and epigenetic changes in prostate gland – implications in efficacy of phytotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer

The usage of classical pharmacological treatment of prostate diseases causes the risk of a number of side effects therefore the researchers are looking for new pharmacologically active molecules, including those contained in the plant extracts. The most widely studied is the lipido-sterolic extract from Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), water extract from Camellia sinensis (green tea) and several cruciferous vegetables. The molecular mechanisms underlying of the development and the progression of prostate disorders, especially benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PC), remain still poorly understood. The development of pathologically changed prostate cells proliferation involves many factors, including genetic alterations, such as mutations, and epigenetic changes, appear to contribute to the transformation and progression of prostate cancer. In this paper we suggest that the knowledge of epigenetic modifications presented in this paper introduces the new point of view concerning the possibility of action of plant substances used in prevention and symptomatic treatment of BPH and prostate cancer. Thus, identification of the epigenetic modifications involved on the one hand in the development and progression of BPH / PC, on the other influencing the efficacy and safety of potential phytotherapeutics will be helpful in identifying its novel therapeutic strategy.

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Heat Shock Proteins in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms23020897 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 897

Author(s):

Weronika Ratajczak ◽

Michał Lubkowski ◽

Anna Lubkowska

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Heat Shock ◽

Heat Shock Proteins ◽

Prostate Gland ◽

Therapeutic Targets ◽

Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Aging Men ◽

Prostate Diseases ◽

Shock Proteins

Two out of three diseases of the prostate gland affect aging men worldwide. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement affecting millions of men. Prostate cancer (PCa) in turn is the second leading cause of cancer death. The factors influencing the occurrence of BPH and PCa are different; however, in the course of these two diseases, the overexpression of heat shock proteins is observed. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), chaperone proteins, are known to be one of the main proteins playing a role in maintaining cell homeostasis. HSPs take part in the process of the proper folding of newly formed proteins, and participate in the renaturation of damaged proteins. In addition, they are involved in the transport of specific proteins to the appropriate cell organelles and directing damaged proteins to proteasomes or lysosomes. Their function is to protect the proteins against degradation factors that are produced during cellular stress. HSPs are also involved in modulating the immune response and the process of apoptosis. One well-known factor affecting HSPs is the androgen receptor (AR)—a main player involved in the development of BPH and the progression of prostate cancer. HSPs play a cytoprotective role and determine the survival of cancer cells. These chaperones are often upregulated in malignancies and play an indispensable role in tumor progression. Therefore, HSPs are considered as one of the therapeutic targets in anti-cancer therapies. In this review article, we discuss the role of different HSPs in prostate diseases, and their potential as therapeutic targets.

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Comparison of Genetic Alterations Detected in Circulating Microsatellite DNA in Blood Plasma Samples of Patients with Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1196/annals.1368.030 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 1075 (1) ◽

pp. 222-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

I. MULLER ◽

K. URBAN ◽

K. PANTEL ◽

H. SCHWARZENBACH

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Blood Plasma ◽

Microsatellite Dna ◽

Genetic Alterations ◽

Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

In Blood Plasma

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Biomarkers of prostate cancer and potential for using ace produced in prostate gland for diagnosis of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Urologiia ◽

10.18565/urology.2019.2.73-81 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2_2019 ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

A.A. Kamalov Kamalov ◽

L.M. Samokhodskaya Samokhodskaya ◽

V.K. Karpov Karpov ◽

D.A. Okhobotov Okhobotov ◽

V.N. Mamedov Mamedov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Prostate Gland ◽

Prostatic Hyperplasia

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Quantitative mechanical assessment of the whole prostate gland ex vivo using dynamic instrumented palpation

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine ◽

10.1177/0954411917734257 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 231 (12) ◽

pp. 1081-1100 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Steven J Hammer ◽

Daniel W Good ◽

Paul Scanlan ◽

Javier Palacio-Torralba ◽

Simon Phipps ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Dynamic Modulus ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Prostate Gland ◽

Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Multiple Point ◽

Surgical Removal ◽

Static Modulus

An instrumented palpation sensor, designed for measuring the dynamic modulus of tissue in vivo, has been developed and trialled on ex vivo whole prostate glands. The sensor consists of a flexible membrane sensor/actuator with an embedded strain gauge and is actuated using a dynamically varying airflow at frequencies of 1 and 5 Hz. The device was calibrated using an indentation stiffness measurement rig and gelatine samples with a range of static modulus similar to that reported in the literature for prostate tissue. The glands were removed from patients with diagnosed prostate cancer scheduled for radical prostatectomy, and the stiffness was measured within 30 min of surgical removal. Each prostate was later examined histologically in a column immediately below each indentation point and graded into one of the four groups; normal, benign prostatic hyperplasia, cancerous and mixed cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. In total, 11 prostates were assessed using multiple point probing, and the complex modulus at 1 and 5 Hz was calculated on a point-by-point basis. The device yielded values of quasi-static modulus of 15 ± 0.5 kPa and dynamic modulus of 20 ± 0.5 kPa for whole prostates, and a sensitivity of up to 80% with slightly lower specificity was achieved on diagnosis of prostate cancer using a combination of mechanical measures. This assessment did not take into account some obvious factors such as edge effects, overlap and clinical significance of the cancer, all of which would improve performance. The device, as currently configured, is immediately deployable in vivo. A number of improvements are also identified which could improve the sensitivity and specificity in future embodiments of the probe.

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Urine flora imbalance and new biomarkers in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Archives of Medical Science ◽

10.5114/aoms/135380 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shuiping Yin ◽

Dandan Xu ◽

Meng Zhang ◽

Peiyu Zhang ◽

Yu Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Beta Diversity ◽

Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Lactobacillus Helveticus ◽

Microbial Structure ◽

Prostate Diseases

IntroductionMicrobial structure is closely associated with the initiation and development of various diseases. However, the roles of urine flora in prostate diseases, including prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are still unclear.Material and methodsIn this study, clinical samples were collected from PCa (n=21) and BPH (n=19) patients and healthy people (n=12). The analysis of urine flora DNA sequencing and hematological testing results between every two groups was performed by using bioinformatic methods, including alpha and beta diversity analysis, and functional PICRUSt analysis.ResultsThe results showed that the microbial structure in PCa and BPH differentiated from healthy control. Escherichia coli was increased in PCa and BPH patients, while probiotics, such as, Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus iners was decreased. Moreover, beta diversity in PCa group was different with control group, while alpha diversity showed no significant changes. Spearman analysis showed that Escherichia coli was negatively correlated with Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus iners. Microbial imbalance was associated with energy metabolism in PCa and with cell motility, energy metabolism, and intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport in BPH. Moreover, microbial imbalance was associated with nervous disorders and infectious diseases in PCa, and with metabolic system, infectious diseases, and signal transduction BPH.ConclusionsTaken together, microbial imbalance may be associated with PCa and BPH. The increase of Escherichia coli was accompanied by the decrease of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus iners. This may be the biomarkers for risk prediction and early treatment for prostate disease.

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Phenotypic switching and prostate diseases: a model proposing a causal link between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer

Phenotypic Switching ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-817996-3.00020-7 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 569-589

Author(s):

Prakash Kulkarni ◽

Anusha Nathan ◽

Ravi Salgia ◽

Govindan Rangarajan ◽

Mohit Kumar Jolly

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Causal Link ◽

Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Phenotypic Switching ◽

Prostate Diseases

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Modern imaging and image-guided treatments of the prostate gland: MR and ablation for cancer and prostatic artery embolization for benign prostatic hyperplasia

BJR|Open ◽

10.1259/bjro.20190019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 20190019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

João Lopes Dias ◽

Tiago Bilhim

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Active Surveillance ◽

Prostate Gland ◽

Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Special Focus ◽

Artery Embolization ◽

Prostatic Artery Embolization ◽

Image Guided ◽

Prostatic Artery

Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) has proven to be an essential tool for diagnosis, post-treatment follow-up, aggressiveness assessment, and active surveillance of prostate cancer. Currently, this imaging technique is part of the daily practice in many oncological centres. This manuscript aims to review the use of mpMRI in the set of prostatic diseases, either malignant or benign: mpMRI to detect and stage prostate cancer is discussed, as well as its use for active surveillance. Image-guided ablation techniques for prostate cancer are also reviewed. The need to establish minimum acceptable technical parameters for prostate mpMRI, standardize reports, uniform terminology for describing imaging findings, and develop assessment categories that differentiate levels of suspicion for clinically significant prostate cancer led to the development of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System that is reviewed. Special focus will also be given on the most up-to-date evidence of prostatic artery embolization (PAE) for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Management of patients with BPH, technical aspects of PAE, expected outcomes and level of evidence are reviewed with the most recent literature. PAE is a challenging technique that requires dedicated anatomical knowledge and comprehensive embolization skills. PAE has been shown to be an effective minimally-invasive treatment option for symptomatic BPH patients, that can be viewed between medical therapy and surgery. PAE may be a good option for symptomatic BPH patients that do not want to be operated and can obviate the need for prostatic surgery in up to 80% of treated patients.

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Differential diagnosis of uncommon prostate diseases: combining mpMRI and clinical information

Insights into Imaging ◽

10.1186/s13244-021-01024-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chao Han ◽

Lina Zhu ◽

Xiang Liu ◽

Shuai Ma ◽

Yi Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Prostate Gland ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Clinical Information ◽

Clinical History ◽

Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽

Imaging Features ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Prostate Diseases

AbstractThe differential diagnosis of abnormalities in the prostate is broad, covering common (acinar adenocarcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, hemorrhage, cysts, calcifications, atrophy and fibrosis) and less common conditions (tumors other than acinar adenocarcinoma, granulomatous prostatitis containing tuberculosis, abscesses and other conditions, and idiopathic disorders such as amyloidosis and exophytic benign prostatic hyperplasia). Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate gland and imaging guidelines, such as the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2.1 (PI-RADS v2.1), have dramatically improved the ability to distinguish common abnormalities, especially the ability to detect clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). Overlap can exist in the clinical history and imaging features associated with various common/uncommon prostate abnormalities, and biopsy is often required but is invasive. Prostate abnormalities can be divided into two categories: category 1, diseases for which PI-RADS scores are suitable for use, and category 2, diseases for which PI-RADS scores are unsuitable for use. Radiologists must have an intimate knowledge of other diseases, especially uncommon conditions. Past relevant history, symptoms, age, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, MRI manifestations, and the applicability of the PI-RADS assessment should be considered when diagnosing prostate abnormalities.

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