scholarly journals Growth patterns of Azolla pinnata R.Br. on artificial medium under in vitro and in vivo conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Priya.P ◽  
◽  
S.Catharin sara ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Azolla Pinnata ◽  
Artificial Medium

Olorofim effectively eradicates dermatophytes in vitro and in vivo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmat Mirbzadeh Ardakani ◽  
Atefeh Sharifirad ◽  
Nasrin Pashootan ◽  
Mahsa Nayebhashemi ◽  
Mozhgan Zahmatkesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Pig Model ◽  
Antifungal Compound ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Microsporum Gypseum ◽  
Guinea Pig Model

Superficial fungal infections are prevalent worldwide, with dermatophytes, as the most common cause. Various antifungal agents including azoles and allylamines are commonly used to treat dermatophytosis. However, their overuse has yielded drug-resistant strains, calling for the development of novel anti-mycotic compounds. Olorofim, is a newly developed antifungal compound, which targets pyrimidine biosynthesis in molds. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effects of olorofim against common dermatophytes. The in vitro activity of olorofim against dermatophytes was assessed by microtiter broth dilution method. Bioinformatic analysis of olorofim binding to dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) of dermatophytes was also performed, using Aspergillus fumigatus DHODH as a template. The in vivo efficacy of the drug was investigated, using a guinea pig model, experimentally infected with Microsporum gypseum. Microtiter assays confirmed the high in vitro sensitivity of dermatophytes to olorofim (MIC= 0.015-0.06 mg/L). Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that DHODH is highly conserved among dermatophytes. The critical residues, in dermatophytes, involved in olorofim binding, were similar to their counterparts in A. fumigatus DHODH, which explains their susceptibility to olorofim. Typical skin lesions of dermatophyte infection, were observed in the guinea pig model, at seven days post-inoculation. Following one week of daily topical administration of olorofim, similar to the clotrimazole group, the skin lesions were resolved and normal hair growth patterns appeared. In light of the in vitro and in vivo activity of olorofim against dermatophytes, this novel agent may be considered as a treatment of choice, against dermatophytosis.

Antigenic comparison between in vivo and in vitro grown tubercle bacilli

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 925-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Turcotte
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Artificial Medium

Water-soluble extracts of in vivo grown tubercle bacilli were found to have a lower carbohydrate content, a reduced number of antigenic components, and a weaker ability for detecting hemagglutinating antibodies in the sera of tuberculous patients than similar extracts prepared from the same strain but cultured in artificial medium.

scholarly journals Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Restrict Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Lungs of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 4477-4486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper N. Kragh ◽  
Morten Alhede ◽  
Peter Ø. Jensen ◽  
Claus Moser ◽  
Thomas Scheike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Growth Physiology

ABSTRACTCystic fibrosis (CF) patients have increased susceptibility to chronic lung infections byPseudomonas aeruginosa, but the ecophysiology within the CF lung during infections is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate thein vivogrowth physiology ofP. aeruginosawithin lungs of chronically infected CF patients. A novel, quantitative peptide nucleic acid (PNA) fluorescencein situhybridization (PNA-FISH)-based method was used to estimate thein vivogrowth rates ofP. aeruginosadirectly in lung tissue samples from CF patients and the growth rates ofP. aeruginosain infected lungs in a mouse model. The growth rate ofP. aeruginosawithin CF lungs did not correlate with the dimensions of bacterial aggregates but showed an inverse correlation to the concentration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) surrounding the bacteria. A growth-limiting effect onP. aeruginosaby PMNs was also observedin vitro, where this limitation was alleviated in the presence of the alternative electron acceptor nitrate. The finding thatP. aeruginosagrowth patterns correlate with the number of surrounding PMNs points to a bacteriostatic effect by PMNs via their strong O2consumption, which slows the growth ofP. aeruginosain infected CF lungs. In support of this, the growth ofP. aeruginosawas significantly higher in the respiratory airways than in the conducting airways of mice. These results indicate a complex host-pathogen interaction in chronicP. aeruginosainfection of the CF lung whereby PMNs slow the growth of the bacteria and render them less susceptible to antibiotic treatment while enabling them to persist by anaerobic respiration.

Artificial Dental Plaque Biofilm Model Systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. Sissons
Keyword(s):  
Formation Control ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Plaque Biofilm

Difficulties with in vivo studies of natural plaque and its complex, heterogeneous structure have led to development of laboratory biofilm plaque model systems. Technologies for their culture are outlined, and the rationale, strengths, and relative uses of two complementary approaches to microbial models with a focus on plaque biodiversity are analyzed. Construction of synthetic consortia biofilms of major plaque species has established a variety of bacterial interactions important in plaque development. In particular, the 'Marsh' nine-species biofilm consortia systems are powerful quasi steady-state models which can be closely specified, modified, and analyzed. In the second approach, microcosm plaque biofilms are evolved in vitro from the natural oral microflora to the laboratory model most closely related to plaque in vivo. Functionally reproducible microcosm plaques are attainable with a biodiverse microbiota, heterogeneous structure, and pH behavior consistent with those of natural plaque. The resting pH can be controlled by urea supply. Their growth patterns, pH gradient formation, control of urease levels by environmental effectors, and plaque mineralization have been investigated. Microcosm biofilms may be the only useful in vitro systems where the identity of the microbes and processes involved is uncertain. Together, these two approaches begin to capture the complexity of plaque biofilm development, ecology, behavior, and pathology. They facilitate hypothesis testing across almost the whole range of plaque biology and the investigation of antiplaque procedures yielding accurate predictions of plaque behavior in vivo.

Transgenerational inheritance of the insulin-resistant phenotype in embryo-transferred intrauterine growth-restricted adult female rat offspring

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (5) ◽  
pp. E1270-E1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manikkavasagar Thamotharan ◽  
Meena Garg ◽  
Shilpa Oak ◽  
Lisa M. Rogers ◽  
Gerald Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Hepatic Glucose Production ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

To determine mechanisms underlying the transgenerational presence of metabolic perturbations in the intrauterine growth-restricted second-generation adult females (F2 IUGR) despite normalizing the in utero metabolic environment, we examined in vivo glucose kinetics and in vitro skeletal muscle postinsulin receptor signaling after embryo transfer of first generation (F1 IUGR) to control maternal environment. Female F2 rats, procreated by F1 pre- and postnatally nutrient- and growth-restricted (IUGR) mothers but embryo transferred to gestate in control mothers, were compared with similarly gestating age- and sex-matched control (CON) F2 progeny. Although there were no differences in birth weight or postnatal growth patterns, the F2 IUGR had increased hepatic weight, fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and unsuppressed hepatic glucose production, with no change in glucose futile cycling or clearance, compared with F2 CON. These hormonal and metabolic aberrations were associated with increased skeletal muscle total GLUT4 and pAkt concentrations but decreased plasma membrane-associated GLUT4, total pPKCζ, and PKCζ enzyme activity, with no change in total SHP2 and PTP1B concentrations in IUGR F2 compared with F2 CON. We conclude that transgenerational presence of aberrant glucose/insulin metabolism and skeletal muscle insulin signaling of the adult F2 IUGR female offspring is independent of the immediate intrauterine environment, supporting nutritionally induced heritable mechanisms contributing to the epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Invasive phenotype observed in 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea—resistant sublines of 9L rat glioma cells: a tumor model mimicking a recurrent malignant glioma

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 826-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuta Saito ◽  
John Bringas ◽  
Hanna Mirek ◽  
Mitchel S. Berger ◽  
Krys S. Bankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Invasive Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rat Glioma ◽  
Brain Tumor Model ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Chemotherapy is suspected of having an effect on the generation of phenotypical heterogeneity and the development of drug resistance in tumors. Recurrent gliomas feature drug resistance as well as greater invasive growth than original tumors. The authors investigated phenotypical changes in invasion observed in 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)—resistant sublines of the 9L rat gliosarcoma. Methods. Two established BCNU-resistant sublines, derived from 9L gliosarcoma cells by treating these cells with BCNU in vivo or in vitro, were used in the study. An in vitro examination confirmed the resistance of the cells to BCNU treatment. The cells were implanted into the striatum of Fisher 344 rats, and histological examinations were performed to compare the growth patterns of the resultant tumors. A new brain tumor model was established by implanting 9L-2 cells in Fisher 344 rats. The 9L-2 and BTRC-19 cells displayed a distinct increase in BCNU resistance compared with the 9L cells. Both BCNU-resistant sublines developed a tumor mass with invasive margins, which is not the case with 9L tumor models. The newly developed 9L-2 tumor model demonstrated 100% tumor uptake with consistent growth patterns. Conclusions. Cells that acquire drug resistance also demonstrated invasive growth. Because the 9L-2 and BTRC-19 cells were derived from 9L cells that had been treated with BCNU in vivo and in vitro, this change in phenotype was likely caused by the drug treatment, which may have implications for chemotherapy of gliomas. The tumor model that developed from the 9L-2 cells can be used as a model of a recurrent glioma, which features drug resistance and invasive growth.

scholarly journals Active movement in vitro of bundle of microfilaments isolated from Nitella cell.

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Higashi-Fujime
Keyword(s):  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Artificial Medium ◽  
Translational Movement ◽  
Dark Field Microscopy ◽  
Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Subcortical Fibrils

Subcortical fibrils composed of bundles of F-actin filaments and endoplasmic filaments are responsible for endoplasmic streaming. It is reported here that these fibrils and filaments move actively in an artificial medium containing Mg-ATP and sucrose at neutral pH, when the medium was added to the cytoplasm squeezed out of the cell. The movement was observed by phase-contrast microscopy or dark-field microscopy and recorded on 16-mm film. Chains of chloroplasts linked by subcortical fibrils showed translational movement in the medium. Even after all chloroplasts and the endoplasm were washed away by perfusion with fresh medium, free fibrils and/or filaments (henceforth, referred to as fibers) not attached to chloroplasts continued travelling in the direction of the fiber orientation. Sometimes the fibers formed rings and rotated. Chloroplast chains and free fibers or rings continued moving for 5-30 min at about half the rate of the endoplasmic streaming in vivo. Calcium ion concentrations < 10(-7) M permitted movement to take place. Electron microscopy revealed that both fibers and rings were bundles of F-actin filaments that showed the same polarity after decoration with heavy meromyosin.

scholarly journals High endothelial venule binding as a predictor of the dissemination of passaged murine lymphomas.

1987 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 1125-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
R F Bargatze ◽  
N W Wu ◽  
I L Weissman ◽  
E C Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Normal Lymphocyte ◽  
Lymphocyte Homing ◽  
High Endothelial Venules ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Circulating Lymphocytes

It has long been postulated that normal lymphocyte homing mechanisms help determine the metastatic spread of lymphoid neoplasms. The traffic of normal lymphocytes is controlled in part by the regulated expression of surface receptors for high endothelial venules (HEV), specialized venules that mediate the extravasation of circulating lymphocytes from the blood into lymphoid organs and sites of chronic inflammation. Here we have compared the in vivo growth patterns of HEV-binding vs. nonbinding murine lymphomas passaged intramuscularly into syngeneic recipients. We report that lymphomas that bind well to HEV (as assessed in a quantitative in vitro assay) disseminate widely via the blood, involving all lymph node groups symmetrically. Although both HEV-binding and nonbinding lymphomas gain access to the blood, gross involvement of lymph nodes by nonbinding lymphomas is limited to nodes draining local tumor at the site of injection, a prominent feature of these lymphomas; distant lymph nodes are not enlarged. The results suggest that the expression of functional receptors for HEV either controls the hematogenous dissemination of malignant lymphocyte populations to HEV-bearing organs, or is coregulated with factors determining this metastatic behavior. The findings support the concept that normal lymphocyte homing mechanisms are important to the spread of leukemias and lymphomas.

scholarly journals Differentiation-dependent expression of lectin binding sites on normal and neoplastic keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro.

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1103-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Suter ◽  
H G Augustin-Voss ◽  
D M Pantano ◽  
J A Flanders ◽  
M Varvayanis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Lectin Binding ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Stratified Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Lectin Binding Sites

We used lectins as probes to demonstrate the composition of membrane carbohydrates of canine keratinocytes in various functional stages and various degrees of differentiation. Keratinocytes during normal epidermal turnover were compared by lectin immunohistochemistry to cells of hyperplastic epidermis and neoplastic keratinocytes. Three types of epidermal tumors and oral squamous cell carcinomas were examined. In addition, two in vitro tissue culture systems for keratinocytes were studied and compared with in vivo epithelium. In normal skin, PNA reacted only weakly with basal cells, whereas in hyperplastic skin basal cells bound this lectin strongly, demonstrating increasing expression of PNA binding sites with increasing thickness of the stratified squamous epithelium. ConA bound to basal cell tumors only. In oral squamous cell carcinomas, the expression of distinct lectin binding sites correlated with certain histological growth patterns, e.g., UEA-I reacted with highly invasive tumors but not with tumors showing a solid growth pattern. Using cell surface iodination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, distinct differences in cell membrane protein expression were demonstrated between normal and neoplastic keratinocytes. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cultured normal and neoplastic keratinocytes revealed several cell surface proteins that are specific for either cell type. Neoplastic cells specifically express a 140 KD lectin binding cell surface glycoprotein. The results of this study show that lectin binding patterns of keratinocytes are dependent on the functional state and the degree of differentiation of the cells and demonstrate correlation of some histological growth patterns with distinct lectin binding phenotypes, suggesting association of expression of cell membrane carbohydrate moieties with growth patterns. In addition, close similarities between "lifted cultures" grown at the air-liquid interface and native tissue demonstrate the value of this culture system as a model for differentiated stratified squamous epithelium.

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