The Effects of a Botanical Blend on Post-Exercise Mucosal Antimicrobial Proteins

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bellar ◽  
Randy A. Aldret ◽  
Lawrence W. Judge
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Antimicrobial Protein ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Tract Infections

Exercise is a stressor that is known to in some cases suppress antimicrobial protein levels, particularly secretory immunoglobulin type A (IgA).  Athletes in the midst of in-season training often demonstrate declining levels of sIgA as well as increased risk for ailments such as upper respiratory tract infections.  Therefore, it is important to investigate natural supplements that may enhance post exercise mucosal immune function. Methods:  Twenty healthy college-aged males volunteered to participate in the present single blind, repeated measures study.  Three treatments were administered (botanical spray, botanical drops, placebo) at the onset of 30 minutes of 80% VO2 max cycle ergometer exercise.  Secretory IgA and Human Alpha Defensin were quantified in saliva samples 30 minutes and 90 minutes post exercise.  Results:  Analysis via repeated measures Anova revealed a significant treatment effect at 30 min (p=0.030) with post hoc testing revealing a difference between the botanical spray and placebo (p=0.027), but by 90 minutes there was no differences by treatment (p=0.758).  There was no difference by treatment observed at either 30 or 90 minutes for human alpha defensin concentrations. Conclusions:  Based upon these preliminary data, it appears that a single dose of the tested botanical blend delivered via mouth spray can increase sIgA, one of the primary anti-microbial proteins in the oral cavity, for a short time post exercise.

scholarly journals Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on the mitochondrial peptide MOTS-c in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White breast cancer survivors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Dieli-Conwright ◽  
Nathalie Sami ◽  
Mary K. Norris ◽  
Junxiang Wan ◽  
Hiroshi Kumagai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Care Group ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hispanic White

AbstractMOTS-c is a mitochondrial derived peptide with exercise mimetic activity that elicits beneficial effects on metabolism and exercise capacity. Furthermore, MOTS-c effects in humans are affected by race, potentially via ethnic-specific mtDNA variations. Women treated for breast cancer are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity, due to side effects of cancer-treatments. We conducted a secondary analysis of the effects of a 16-week aerobic and resistance exercise intervention on MOTS-c in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White breast cancer survivors (BCS). BCS (Stage I–III) were randomized to exercise or standard care. The intervention promoted aerobic and resistance exercise for 16 weeks. MOTS-c was analyzed in fasting plasma using an in-house ELISA. Within and between group differences were assessed by paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Pearson’s correlation was computed to assess the association between MOTS-c and metabolic biomarkers at baseline and post-exercise. Twenty-five Hispanic-BCS and 24 non-Hispanic White BCS were included. Hispanic BCS were younger, of greater adiposity, had higher stage cancers, and had worse metabolic profiles at baseline compared to non-Hispanic White BCS (p < 0.001). Post-exercise, MOTS-c levels significantly increased when compared to baseline and the usual care group among non-Hispanic White BCS (p < 0.01) but not among Hispanic breast cancer survivors (p > 0.01). Post-exercise levels of MOTS-c among non-Hispanic White BCS were significantly associated with reductions in fat mass, body weight, HOMA-IR, CRP, and an increase in lean mass (p < 0.01). A 16-week aerobic and resistance intervention increased MOTS-c levels among non-Hispanic White BCS. Trial registration: This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01140282 as of June 9, 2010. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01140282.

scholarly journals The association between training load indices and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in elite soccer players

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110204
Author(s):  
Caoimhe Tiernan ◽  
Thomas Comyns ◽  
Mark Lyons ◽  
Alan M Nevill ◽  
Giles Warrington
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Load Indices ◽  
And Training

This study aimed to investigate the association between training load indices and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) across different lag periods in elite soccer players. Internal training load was collected from 15 elite soccer players over one full season (40 weeks). Acute, chronic, Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR), Exponentially Weighted Moving Averages (EWMA) ACWR, 2, 3 and 4-week cumulative load, training strain and training monotony were calculated on a rolling weekly basis. Players completed a daily illness log, documenting any signs and symptoms, to help determine an URTI. Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between training load indices and URTIs across different lag periods (1 to 7-days). The results found a significant association between 2-week cumulative load and an increased likelihood of a player contracting an URTI 3 days later (Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval: OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 0.026-1.431). Additionally, a significant association was found between 3-week cumulative load and a players’ increased risk of contracting an URTI 4 days later (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 0.013–1.006). These results indicate that accumulated periods of high training load (2- and 3-week) associated with an increased risk of a player contracting an URTI, which may lead to performance decrements, missed training sessions or even competitions.

scholarly journals Increased Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Familial IgA Nephropathy

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-460
Author(s):  
Francesco Paolo Schena ◽  
Giuseppina Cerullo ◽  
Michele Rossini ◽  
Salvatore Giovanni Lanzilotta ◽  
Christian D’Altri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Iga Nephropathy ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Renal Survival ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
End Stage

ABSTRACT. Primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by recurrent episodes of macroscopic hematuria accompanied by upper respiratory tract infections or persistent asymptomatic microscopic hematuria with or without proteinuria. IgAN may involve one or more members of a family. Three generations of a cohort of 110 patients with biopsy-proven IgAN, living in Southern Italy, were checked for urinalysis, and the relative risk (RR) of developing the disease was evaluated. A total of 19 unrelated familial, 37 suspected, and 54 sporadic cases of IgAN were identified. Renal survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method for censored data and compared by use of the log-rank test. More than 50% of the patients with IgAN clustered in kindred with more than two probably affected relatives. In 19 unrelated IgAN families, 8 had single-generation (SG) and 11 multigenerational (MG) involvement showing a prevalent vertical transmission of the trait. The RR was 16 times higher in first-degree relatives (odds ratio [OR], 16.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.7 to 47.8; P < 0.0001) and >2 times higher, even if NS, in second-degree relatives (OR, 2.4; 95 % CI, 0.7 to 7.9; P = 0.145). The clinical and histologic picture of familial and sporadic IgAN appeared to be similar. The 20-yr renal survival rate from the apparent onset of the disease was significantly poorer in patients with familial (41%) than in patients with sporadic (94%) IgAN (P = 0.003). Furthermore, 15-yr renal survival from the time of renal biopsy was significantly worse in familial IgAN (P = 0.02); end-stage renal disease was present in 64% of familial and only in 8% of patients with sporadic IgAN. Finally, renal survival was significantly worse in patients belonging to families with SG rather than with MG involvement (P = 0.03). These data show, for the first time, that familial IgAN may be considered a nonbenign disease that occurs frequently in first-degree relatives. Familial IgAN has a poorer outcome than sporadic IgAN. Therefore, an accurate family history and urinalysis in all family members is urgently recommended in clinical practice. This procedure might avoid late referral of subjects with persistent and underestimated urinary abnormalities and late diagnosis of the disease.

Consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces severity and duration of selected upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and increases plasma vitamin C concentration in healthy older adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (7) ◽  
pp. 1235-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise C. Hunter ◽  
Margot A. Skinner ◽  
Frances M. Wolber ◽  
Chris L. Booth ◽  
Jacelyn M. S. Loh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Washout Period ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

In the elderly, immunosenescence and malnourishment can contribute to increased risk and severity of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis ‘Hort16A’) contains nutrients important for immune function and mitigation of symptoms of infection, including vitamins C and E, folate, polyphenols and carotenoids. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether regular consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces symptoms of URTI in older people, and determine the effect it has on plasma antioxidants, and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and immune function. A total of thirty-two community-dwelling people ( ≥ 65 years) participated in a randomised crossover study, consuming the equivalent of four kiwifruit or two bananas daily for 4 weeks, with treatments separated by a 4-week washout period. Participants completed the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 daily, and blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each treatment and washout period. Gold kiwifruit did not significantly reduce the overall incidence of URTI compared with banana, but significantly reduced the severity and duration of head congestion, and the duration of sore throat. Gold kiwifruit significantly increased plasma vitamin C, α-tocopherol and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations, and erythrocyte folate concentrations, and significantly reduced plasma lipid peroxidation. No changes to innate immune function (natural killer cell activity, phagocytosis) or inflammation markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, homocysteine) were detected. Consumption of gold kiwifruit enhanced the concentrations of several dietary plasma analytes, which may contribute to reduced duration and severity of selected URTI symptoms, offering a novel tool for reducing the burden of URTI in older individuals.

scholarly journals Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Maurizio Rossini
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Hypovitaminosis D ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tract Infections

In the last years we observed an increasing number of publications about the vitamin D, due to its recognised therapeutic actions and to the widespread hypovitaminosis D. In addition to the well known skeletal benefits, vitamin D can have multiple effects on other tissues.Muscular apparatus: hypovitaminosis D is associated with myopathy, sarcopenia, muscular strength reduction and increased risk of falls. The vitamin D supplementation increases the muscle functionality indexes. Cardiovascular system: low levels of vitamin D are related to increased levels of cardiovascular risk factors, heart failure, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality, while a good vitamin D status is associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a good vitamin D status is related to a decreased incidence of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome; a vitamin D supplementation in the early childhood reduces (nearly 30%) the risk of having type 1 diabetes. Cancer: vitamin D deficit is associated with breast, colorectal cancer and melanoma relapses. Low and high levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) are related to a higher neoplastic mortality. Infectious diseases: hypovitaminosis D is associated with higher incidence of upper respiratory tract infections and worse interferon response in chronic hepatitis C. Vitamin D supplementation decreases the risk of having type A influence. Rheumatic diseases: in rheumatoid arthritis low serum levels of vitamin D metabolites are related to a higher disease activity, while a good vitamin D status is associated with a higher probability of remission or response to therapy and a lower degree of disability. Neurologic diseases: associations between vitamin D deficit and risk of multiple sclerosis, depression, cognitive deficits, and Parkinson’s disease have been reported.There is evidence of the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, but most derive from observational studies: clinical trials are required the better to determine the therapeutic role of vitamin D.

scholarly journals Maternal Antibiotic Use and Infections During Pregnancy and Offspring Asthma: The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study and a Nationwide Register Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aino K. Rantala ◽  
German Tapia ◽  
Maria C Magnus ◽  
Lars Christian Stene ◽  
Jouni JK Jaakkola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Prescription Database ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Norwegian Prescription Database ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Maternal antibiotic use during pregnancy has been linked to asthma risk in children, but the role of underlying infections remains unclear. We investigated the association of maternal antibiotic use and infections during pregnancy with offspring risk of asthma. We used two population-based cohorts: the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) (n=53 417) and a register cohort (n=417 548). Asthma was defined based on dispensed asthma medications at 7 and 13 years from the Norwegian Prescription Database. Self-reported information on antibiotic use and infections during pregnancy was available in MoBa, while registrations of dispensed prescriptions was used to classify use of antibiotics in the register-based cohort. Maternal antibiotic use during pregnancy was associated with asthma at 7 years in both cohorts (aRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.11 - 1.37 in MoBa and aRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16 - 1.25 in the register-based cohort) and asthma at 13 years in the register cohort (aRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.23) after adjusting for maternal characteristics. In MoBa, the estimate was attenuated after adjusting for infections during pregnancy. Maternal lower and upper respiratory tract infections (aRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.07 - 1.57 and aRR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09 - 1.30, respectively) and urinary tract infections (aRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11 - 1.42) showed associations with asthma at 7 after adjusting for confounders, but estimates decreased after adjustment for antibiotics during pregnancy. Our findings suggest that both maternal antibiotic use and infections during pregnancy might be associated with an increased risk of asthma in childhood.

scholarly journals The Safety of Delayed Versus Immediate Antibiotic Prescribing for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjeerd Pieter van Staa ◽  
Victoria Palin ◽  
Benjamin Brown ◽  
William Welfare ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background This study aimed to evaluate the clinical safety of delayed antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), which is recommended in treatment guidelines for less severe cases. Methods Two population-based cohort studies used the English Clinical Practice Research Databank and Welsh Secure Anonymized Information Linkage, containing electronic health records from primary care linked to hospital admission records. Patients with URTI and prescriptions of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, or phenoxymethylpenicillin were identified. Patients were stratified according to delayed and immediate prescribing relative to URTI diagnosis. Outcome of interest was infection-related hospital admission after 30 days. Results The population included 1.82 million patients with an URTI and antibiotic prescription; 91.7% had an antibiotic at URTI diagnosis date (immediate) and 8.3% had URTI diagnosis in 1–30 days before (delayed). Delayed antibiotic prescribing was associated with a 52% increased risk of infection-related hospital admissions (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.43–1.62). The probability of delayed antibiotic prescribing was unrelated to predicted risks of hospital admission. Analyses of the number needed to harm showed considerable variability across different patient groups (median with delayed antibiotic prescribing, 1357; 2.5% percentile, 295; 97.5% percentile, 3366). Conclusions This is the first large population-based study examining the safety of delayed antibiotic prescribing. Waiting to treat URTI was associated with increased risk of hospital admission, although delayed antibiotic prescribing was used similarly between high- and low-risk patients. There is a need to better target delayed antibiotic prescribing to URTI patients with lower risks of complications.

scholarly journals Whole Cell Euglena Gracilis Supplementation Reduces Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms in Healthy Adults (P19-009-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janaki Iyer ◽  
Paul Falcone ◽  
Kelli Herrlinger ◽  
Joanne Lasrado ◽  
Emily Pankow Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Illness Severity ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Objectives Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) cause cold and flu-like symptoms, with roughly 70% of the general population experiencing at least one episode annually. The resultant lost productivity has a drastic impact with an estimated 40 M work or school days missed each year, translating to over $40B USD in lost potential. Certain populations, such as athletes and stressed workers are at an increased risk of URTIs. While diet, sleep, low stress and exercise are all important for a healthy functioning immune system, supplementation with natural ingredients could provide additional support. Euglena gracilis is a nutrient-rich natural microalgae (commonly consumed in Japan), containing immunomodulating beta 1,3-glucans, protein, some essential vitamins, and minerals. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study aimed at investigating the immunomodulating effects of a patented whole cell algae fermentate (WCF) in healthy active adults. Methods Thirty-four, healthy, active (1.5–3 hours/day of an aerobic sport, 5–6 days/week) participants were randomized to either WCF or placebo for 90 days. URTI symptoms were assessed Day (D) 1 to 90 using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey. Data are shown for the a priori defined per protocol population (n = 27). Results Participants supplemented with WCF reported a lower number of URTI symptoms from D1 to 30 (P = 0.042) and from D1 to 90 (P = 0.029), lower mean number of sick days between D1 and 30 (P = 0.047) and D1 and 90 (P = 0.041), lower mean number of URTI episodes per person (P = 0.032), and lower mean number of days with at least 1 reported URTI symptom per person (P = 0.019) between D1 and 90 compared to taking placebo. Evaluation of global illness severity found that the mean total AUC for daily symptoms was significantly lower in the WCF group compared to placebo at D1 to D30 (P = 0.043) and D1 to D90 (P = 0.049). Conclusions Supplementation with WCF positively influences the immune system by reducing URTI incidence, duration, and severity in healthy adults. It is noteworthy that in the absence of the intervention, active young adults reported more URTI episodes, sick days, and global illness severity, respectively. These data suggest the ability of WCF supplementation to strengthen the immune response as evidenced by reduced cold and flu symptoms. Funding Sources Kemin Foods L.C.

The Effect of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation on Salivary IgA in Distance Runners

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine V. Crooks ◽  
Clare R. Wall ◽  
Martin L. Cross ◽  
Kay J. Rutherfurd-Markwick
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Colostrum ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Immune Correlate ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Time Dependent Change ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Secretory IgA in saliva (s-IgA) is a potential mucosal immune correlate of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) status. Nutritional supplements may improve mucosal immunity, and could be beneficial to athletes who are at increased risk of URTI. In this study, 35 distance runners (15 female, 20 male, age 35 to 58 y) consumed a supplement of either bovine colostrum or placebo for 12 wk. Saliva samples were taken prior to training at baseline, monthly during supplementation, and 2 wk post supplementation. Median levels of s-IgA increased by 79% in the colostrum group after 12 wk intervention, and the time-dependent change from baseline value was significant (P = 0.0291). This significance was still apparent after adjusting for training volume and self-reporting of upper respiratory symptoms. This study has demonstrated increased s-IgA levels among a cohort of athletes following colostrum supplementation. While this result is statistically significant, its physiological interpretation must be viewed with caution due to the small numbers in this study and the large variability in s-IgA levels.

scholarly journals 871. Symptomatic Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Adenovirus Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Increase the Risk of Invasive Aspergillosis After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S24-S25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikara Ogimi ◽  
Angela P Campbell ◽  
Hu Xie ◽  
Cynthia Fisher ◽  
Jane Kuypers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a serious infectious complication following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Few studies have reported respiratory viral infections (RVIs) as a risk factor for developing IA, and data regarding specific viruses is sparse. We examined whether specific respiratory viruses were associated with increased risk of developing IA post-HCT. Methods In a longitudinal surveillance study of RVIs among allogeneic HCT recipients conducted 2005–2010, weekly post-HCT nasal washes were collected through day 100, then every 3 months, and whenever respiratory symptoms occurred through 1 year post-HCT. Nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were tested by multiplex PCR for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV)1–4, influenza A/B, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus (ADV), and human rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses. Only respiratory virus detections with symptoms were counted as RVI. Separate Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine adjusted associations between each RVI and the development of first proven/probable IA by 1-year post-HCT. Results Among 437 patients who survived &gt;28 days following HCT, 39 patients developed IA by 1-year post-HCT (median 87 days, range 5–283). After adjusting for age at HCT, neutropenia, high-grade CMV viremia, and HLA status (matched related vs. others) or severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD Grade 0–2 vs. 3–4), RSV and ADV upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) were associated with increased risk of developing IA (figure). Detection of any respiratory virus in the BAL was associated with IA (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion RSV and ADV URTI are significant risk factors for development of IA post-HCT; the association between PIV URTI and development of IA approached statistical significance. Viral lower respiratory tract infection was associated with IA. Our data provide a rationale to assess IA as an endpoint in preventive studies of novel agents for respiratory viruses and further emphasize the importance of effective infection prevention practices for RVIs after HCT. Disclosures J. Chien, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, Salary and stocks. A. Waghmare, Ablynx: Investigator, Research support. J. Englund, Gilead: Consultant and Investigator, Consulting fee and Research support. Novavax: Investigator, Research support. GlaxoSmithKline: Investigator, Research support. Alios: Investigator, Research support. MedImmune: Investigator, Research support. M. Boeckh, Asun Biopharma: Consultant and Investigator, Consulting fee and Research support. Gilead Sciences: Consultant and Investigator, Consulting fee and Research support. Chimerix Inc.: Consultant and Investigator, Consulting fee and Research support. Humabs: Consultant, Consulting fee. GSK: Investigator, Research support.

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