scholarly journals From Homo Sapiens to Robo Sapiens: The Evolution of Intelligence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Ringel Raveh ◽  
Boaz Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Evolutionary Force ◽  
Social Communicative

In this paper we present an argument in favor of the possibility of an artificial intelligence above human intelligence. AI technology has shown a stepwise increase in its capacity and complexity. The last step took place several years ago, due to increased progress in deep neural network technology. Each such step goes hand in hand with our understanding of ourselves, understanding human cognition. Indeed, AI was always about the question of understanding human nature. AI percolates into our lives, step by step, changing our environment. We believe the next few steps in AI technology, and in our understanding of human behavior, will bring about a much more powerful machines, flexible enough to resemble human behavior. In this context, there are two research fields: Artificial Social Intelligence (ASI) and General Artificial Intelligence (AGI). On the ground of ASI and AGI we present an evolutionary argument which uses research in artificial life simulations, showing an increase in complexity due to an emergent property coming out of lower complexity constituents. The whole process is driven by an evolutionary force. What could such an evolutionary force be? We suggest a social communicative driving force. We end the discussion demonstrating a way to overcome our fears of singularity, harnessing value alignment.

scholarly journals From Homo Sapiens to Robo Sapiens: The Evolution of Intelligence

Information ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Ringel Raveh ◽  
Boaz Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Network Technology ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Neural Network Technology

In this paper, we present a review of recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) towards the possibility of an artificial intelligence equal that of human intelligence. AI technology has always shown a stepwise increase in its capacity and complexity. The last step took place several years ago with the increased progress in deep neural network technology. Each such step goes hand in hand with our understanding of ourselves and our understanding of human cognition. Indeed, AI was always about the question of understanding human nature. AI percolates into our lives, changing our environment. We believe that the next few steps in AI technology, and in our understanding of human behavior, will bring about much more powerful machines that are flexible enough to resemble human behavior. In this context, there are two research fields: Artificial Social Intelligence (ASI) and General Artificial Intelligence (AGI). The authors also allude to one of the main challenges for AI, embodied cognition, and explain how it can be viewed as an opportunity for further progress in AI research.

scholarly journals From Homo Sapiens to Robo Sapiens: The Evolution of Intelligence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Ringel Raveh ◽  
Boaz Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Network Technology ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Neural Network Technology

In this paper we present a review of recent developments in AI towards the possibility of an artificial intelligence equals that of human intelligence. AI technology has always shown a stepwise increase in its capacity and complexity. The last step took place several years ago, with the increased progress in deep neural network technology. Each such step goes hand in hand with our understanding of ourselves and our understanding of human cognition. Indeed, AI was always about the question of understanding human nature. AI percolates into our lives, changing our environment. We believe that the next few steps in AI technology, and in our understanding of human behavior, will bring about much more powerful machines, flexible enough to resemble human behavior. In this context, there are two research fields: Artificial Social Intelligence (ASI) and General Artificial Intelligence (AGI). The authors also allude to one of the main challenges for AI, embodied cognition, and explain how it can viewed as an opportunity for further progress in AI research.

scholarly journals From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H Thaler
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Human Emotion ◽  
The Future ◽  
Descriptive Theories

In responding to a request for predictions about the future of economics, I predict that Homo Economicus will evolve into Homo Sapiens, or, more simply put, economics will become more related to human behavior. My specific predictions are that Homo Economicus will start to lose IQ, will become a slower learner, will start interacting with other species, and that economists will start to study human cognition, human emotion, and will distinguish more clearly between normative and descriptive theories.

Emotional thinking as the foundation of consciousness in artificial intelligence

2021 ◽  
pp. 209660832110526
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Computing ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Symbolic Representations ◽  
The Core ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
The Right

Current theories of artificial intelligence (AI) generally exclude human emotions. The idea at the core of such theories could be described as ‘cognition is computing’; that is, that human psychological and symbolic representations and the operations involved in structuring such representations in human thinking and intelligence can be converted by AI into a series of cognitive symbolic representations and calculations in a manner that simulates human intelligence. However, after decades of development, the cognitive computing doctrine has encountered many difficulties, both in theory and in practice; in particular, it is far from approaching real human intelligence. Real human intelligence runs through the whole process of the emotions. The core and motivation of rational thinking are derived from the emotions. Intelligence without emotion neither exists nor is meaningful. For example, the idea of ‘hot thinking’ proposed by Paul Thagard, a philosopher of cognitive science, discusses the mechanism of the emotions in human cognition and the thinking process. Through an analysis from the perspectives of cognitive neurology, cognitive psychology and social anthropology, this article notes that there may be a type of thinking that could be called ‘emotional thinking’. This type of thinking includes complex emotional factors during the cognitive processes. The term is used to refer to the capacity to process information and use emotions to integrate information in order to arrive at the right decisions and reactions. This type of thinking can be divided into two types according to the role of cognition: positive and negative emotional thinking. That division reflects opposite forces in the cognitive process. In the future, ‘emotional computing’ will cause an important acceleration in the development of AI consciousness. The foundation of AI consciousness is emotional computing based on the simulation of emotional thinking.

The Cooking Ape: An Interview with Richard Wrangham

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
elisabeth townsend
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Harvard University ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Social Organizations ◽  
Cooked Food ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Brain

Humans: The Cooking Ape Perhaps the first to suggest that humans were cooking as early as 1.9 million years ago, Richard Wrangham shows through his new research and his imagination how and possibly when cooking changed humans dramatically. Wrangham, Harvard University primatologist and MacArthur Fellow, has been studying the evolution of human cooking. After 25 years of primate research at his site in Kibale, Uganda, Wrangham is best known for explaining the similarity and differences across species of primate social organizations. In Kibale, he has analyzed chimpanzees’ behavior: how it’s changed when they interact with the environment and how their social groups have evolved. In particular, he noticed how food changed their interactions with each other. Like that of chimps, human behavior has been affected by food, especially as they shifted from raw to cooked food. Moving from eating food as it was discovered to collecting edibles and cooking them altered our social relationships. Cooked food has changed Homo sapiens physically by making food more digestible thereby altering jaws, teeth, and guts, and providing more calories for more expensive organs such as the brain. Wrangham discusses when and how humans may have started using fire to cook food, what they cooked, and the transition from cooking in an outdoor fire to hearths and open ovens.

Islamic Acquisition of the Foreign Sciences

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-324
Author(s):  
J. L. Berggren
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Ancient Science ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The study of the transmission and transformation of ancient science ismore than a study of which texts were translated, when, and by whom. It wasa complex process, better seen as beginning rather than ending with the translationof relevant books, for the heart of the process is the assimilation ratherthan the simple reception of the material. Scientific ideas move because peoplestudy books, compute with tables, and use instruments, not simply becausethey translate books, transcribe tables, or buy pretty artifacts. It sufficesto recall that the scholars of the Byzantine Empire, despite their status as thedirect heirs of the classical Greek scientific tradition and their direct accessto whatever classical Greek manuscripts the Islamic world eventually cameto possess-indeed to more of them and from an earlier date-were largelyuninterested in this knowleldge. Hence no account of the transmission of scientificknowledge can be complete if it does not recognize that it is, at root,an account of the activities of what Dupree has called "homo sapiens in asocial context."Two CaveatsAt the outset of this paper, two points mu5t be taken into consideration.First, although we may wish to study the whole process of the Islamic acquisitionof the foreign sciences as it took place over several centuries and overan area extending from Spain to Afghanistan, it must be realized that theexamples given refer to specific events that took place at specific times andin specific places. As a result, eminent Islamic thinkers and writers are quotedwithout any accompanying claim that each one is representative of all Islamicthinkers at all times and in all places. It is sufficient that when a person suchwithout any accompanying claim that each one is representative of all Islamic ...

scholarly journals Nonconscious Cognitive Suffering: Considering Suffering Risks of Embodied Artificial Intelligence

Philosophies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Steven Umbrello ◽  
Stefan Lorenz Sorgner
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Machine Consciousness

Strong arguments have been formulated that the computational limits of disembodied artificial intelligence (AI) will, sooner or later, be a problem that needs to be addressed. Similarly, convincing cases for how embodied forms of AI can exceed these limits makes for worthwhile research avenues. This paper discusses how embodied cognition brings with it other forms of information integration and decision-making consequences that typically involve discussions of machine cognition and similarly, machine consciousness. N. Katherine Hayles’s novel conception of nonconscious cognition in her analysis of the human cognition-consciousness connection is discussed in relation to how nonconscious cognition can be envisioned and exacerbated in embodied AI. Similarly, this paper offers a way of understanding the concept of suffering in a way that is different than the conventional sense of attributing it to either a purely physical state or a conscious state, instead of grounding at least a type of suffering in this form of cognition.

scholarly journals Schizophrenia: A Survey of Artificial Intelligence Techniques Applied to Detection and Classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6099
Author(s):  
Joel Weijia Lai ◽  
Candice Ke En Ang ◽  
U. Rajendra Acharya ◽  
Kang Hao Cheong
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Computer Algorithms ◽  
Large Sets ◽  
Prevention Methods

Artificial Intelligence in healthcare employs machine learning algorithms to emulate human cognition in the analysis of complicated or large sets of data. Specifically, artificial intelligence taps on the ability of computer algorithms and software with allowable thresholds to make deterministic approximate conclusions. In comparison to traditional technologies in healthcare, artificial intelligence enhances the process of data analysis without the need for human input, producing nearly equally reliable, well defined output. Schizophrenia is a chronic mental health condition that affects millions worldwide, with impairment in thinking and behaviour that may be significantly disabling to daily living. Multiple artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms have been utilized to analyze the different components of schizophrenia, such as in prediction of disease, and assessment of current prevention methods. These are carried out in hope of assisting with diagnosis and provision of viable options for individuals affected. In this paper, we review the progress of the use of artificial intelligence in schizophrenia.

Robots as cognitive tools

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Tools ◽  
Developmental Robotics ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Natural Forms ◽  
Over Time

Artificial intelligence is by its very nature synthetic, its motto is “Understanding by building”. In the early days of artificial intelligence the focus was on abstract thinking and problem solving. These phenomena could be naturally mapped onto algorithms, which is why originally AI was considered to be part of computer science and the tool was computer programming. Over time, it turned out that this view was too limited to understand natural forms of intelligence and that embodiment must be taken into account. As a consequence the focus changed to systems that are able to autonomously interact with their environment and the main tool became the robot. The “developmental robotics” approach incorporates the major implications of embodiment with regard to what has been and can potentially be learned about human cognition by employing robots as cognitive tools. The use of “robots as cognitive tools” is illustrated in a number of case studies by discussing the major implications of embodiment, which are of a dynamical and information theoretic nature.

scholarly journals The place of artificial intelligence in the risk management process

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 02013
Author(s):  
Petya Biolcheva
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Risk Management Process ◽  
Problematic Issue ◽  
The Individual

In recent years, there has been increasing talk of the rapid entry of artificial intelligence into risk management. All the benefits it would bring over the whole process are often commented on: real-time results, processing large amounts of data, more complete risk identification, more accurate risk assessment, etc. There are also negative moods that make various experts feel threatened by their need to be replaced by artificial intelligence. Another problematic issue that arises is related to the transparency of algorithms and the increase in cyber risks [6]. This material aims to identify the individual elements at the stages of risk management in which artificial intelligence (AI) can and should be applied alone, in combination with expert opinion or not. Here it is shown that because of the use of AI the efficiency of the whole process is significantly increased, first of all by conducting in-depth analyses, and the decisions are made by the risk management experts. This proves its usefulness and increases the confidence of experts in it.

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