Islamic Acquisition of the Foreign Sciences

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-324
Author(s):  
J. L. Berggren
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Ancient Science ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The study of the transmission and transformation of ancient science ismore than a study of which texts were translated, when, and by whom. It wasa complex process, better seen as beginning rather than ending with the translationof relevant books, for the heart of the process is the assimilation ratherthan the simple reception of the material. Scientific ideas move because peoplestudy books, compute with tables, and use instruments, not simply becausethey translate books, transcribe tables, or buy pretty artifacts. It sufficesto recall that the scholars of the Byzantine Empire, despite their status as thedirect heirs of the classical Greek scientific tradition and their direct accessto whatever classical Greek manuscripts the Islamic world eventually cameto possess-indeed to more of them and from an earlier date-were largelyuninterested in this knowleldge. Hence no account of the transmission of scientificknowledge can be complete if it does not recognize that it is, at root,an account of the activities of what Dupree has called "homo sapiens in asocial context."Two CaveatsAt the outset of this paper, two points mu5t be taken into consideration.First, although we may wish to study the whole process of the Islamic acquisitionof the foreign sciences as it took place over several centuries and overan area extending from Spain to Afghanistan, it must be realized that theexamples given refer to specific events that took place at specific times andin specific places. As a result, eminent Islamic thinkers and writers are quotedwithout any accompanying claim that each one is representative of all Islamicthinkers at all times and in all places. It is sufficient that when a person suchwithout any accompanying claim that each one is representative of all Islamic ...

scholarly journals Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélien Mounier ◽  
Marta Mirazón Lahr
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
North African ◽  
East African ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Middle Pleistocene

Abstract The origin of Homo sapiens remains a matter of debate. The extent and geographic patterning of morphological diversity among Late Middle Pleistocene (LMP) African hominins is largely unknown, thus precluding the definition of boundaries of variability in early H. sapiens and the interpretation of individual fossils. Here we use a phylogenetic modelling method to predict possible morphologies of a last common ancestor of all modern humans, which we compare to LMP African fossils (KNM-ES 11693, Florisbad, Irhoud 1, Omo II, and LH18). Our results support a complex process for the evolution of H. sapiens, with the recognition of different, geographically localised, populations and lineages in Africa – not all of which contributed to our species’ origin. Based on the available fossils, H. sapiens appears to have originated from the coalescence of South and, possibly, East-African source populations, while North-African fossils may represent a population which introgressed into Neandertals during the LMP.

scholarly journals A Cell’s Fate: An Overview of the Molecular Biology and Genetics of Apoptosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna C. Cavalcante ◽  
Ana Paula Schaan ◽  
Gleyce Fonseca Cabral ◽  
Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva ◽  
Pablo Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Internal Stress ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Intrinsic Pathway ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Interactive Networks

Apoptosis is one of the main types of regulated cell death, a complex process that can be triggered by external or internal stimuli, which activate the extrinsic or the intrinsic pathway, respectively. Among various factors involved in apoptosis, several genes and their interactive networks are crucial regulators of the outcomes of each apoptotic phase. Furthermore, mitochondria are key players in determining the way by which cells will react to internal stress stimuli, thus being the main contributor of the intrinsic pathway, in addition to providing energy for the whole process. Other factors that have been reported as important players of this intricate molecular network are miRNAs, which regulate the genes involved in the apoptotic process. Imbalance in any of these mechanisms can lead to the development of several illnesses, hence, an overall understanding of these processes is essential for the comprehension of such situations. Although apoptosis has been widely studied, the current literature lacks an updated and more general overview on this subject. Therefore, here, we review and discuss the mechanisms of apoptosis, highlighting the roles of genes, miRNAs, and mitochondria involved in this type of cell death.

Identification of the critical control points structure of the aircraft handling process

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Michał Kozłowski ◽  
Anna Kruk ◽  
Anna Stelmach
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Ground Handling ◽  
Aircraft Type ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Air Carriers

Ground handling is a complex process that is regulated by national and international law, and involves a number of safety risks. Basing on the ISO 31010 study, the HACCP risk analysis method is adequate for identifying and analyzing critical control points in the process. It enables the analysis of hazards and the indication of critical points of ground handling, where hazards affecting the safety of air may occur. For the purposes of this article, B737 has been selected for the study, the aircraft type that is commonly used by many air carriers. Defining measurable safety objectives and punctuality of the process allows defining the structure of critical ground handling control points and mutual relations between these points, so that the risk analysis is subject to the whole process rather than its results. The use of the HACCP method has allowed us to determine the assumptions of corrective actions and criteria for verifying the correctness of the operation of the ground handling process.

scholarly journals The Quality and the Complete Evidence Securing during the Traffic Crime Scene Investigation and its Relevance for Evidence Completion during the Traffic Accidents

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Peter Havaj
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Legal Evidence ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Video Record ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Scene Investigation ◽  
Virtual Element

Main purpose of this paper is to point out the problems considering the modern scientific usage of methods, ways and approaches, including the crime investigation of traffic accidents-collisions. We want to show the basic need of experienced traffic crime detective, his/her deep knowledge of the whole issue - the process of the traffic accident perpetrating as a complex process with the direct impact on the traffic crime detective work, which could be used in the process of the clearance the case, the video-record output created by program PC CRASH as the virtual element of legal evidence, enabling deeper knowledge of the whole process.

FEATURES OF A NETWORK ORGANIZATION OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadiia Buniak
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Innovation Networks ◽  
Network Organization ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Network Interaction ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Network Form

The article examines the features of a network organization of innovative activity. A definite trend of development of a knowledge economy is the shift towards partnerships in the innovation sphere. In the work it is determined that many problems associated with creating an enabling environment for activating innovative processes on the basis of network interaction are still poorly studied. It makes appropriate to carry out further research in this sphere. The network form of interaction bases on the principles of equal partnership, agreed in time and space of behavior of participants. It brings together the whole process of developing, producing and disseminating innovations. A typical network structure is an open system that consists of a set of interconnected elements (participants). They interact and exchange information to create and enhance competitive advantage, have roughly equal access to core resources, and have equal direct relations with other participants. They all get benefit from network interaction, regardless of their size and type of activity. The formation of innovation networks is a complex process that involves the selection and voluntary integration of stakeholders into a single network. Modern innovation networks are based on the concept of open innovation, which involves the use of external ideas and technologies while allowing other stakeholders to use their own ideas. The process of formation of innovation networks involves the emergence of the initiator bringing together a number of enterprises in the efficient production of innovation. The network structure is a modern model for the redistribution of tangible and intangible assets, allowing its participants to reduce time and material costs to adapt to market conditions. The presence of horizontal links and the sharing of available resources significantly accelerates the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation and its commercialization. Increasing the interaction between participants leads to the accumulation of innovation potential and the activation of innovative processes.

Military pay and the economy of the early Islamic state*

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (188) ◽  
pp. 155-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Land Grants ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Latin West ◽  
Early Islamic

Abstract This article examines the system of military payment in the early Islamic state (c. 650–900 A.D.) and its effect on the economy. It is argued that early Islamic armies were paid in cash salaries, rather than land grants or kind. This meant that a massive amount of coinage was put into circulation and spent by the soldiers in the markets of the developing towns of the Middle East. The system of military payment played an important part in creating the urban, cash based market economy of the early Islamic world which contrasts so sharply with the land and kind based economies of the contemporary Byzantine empire and Latin West.

scholarly journals The shaping of human diversity: filters, boundaries and transitions

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1698) ◽  
pp. 20150241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Mirazón Lahr
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Human Diversity ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Major Transitions ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Differential Expansion

The evolution of modern humans was a complex process, involving major changes in levels of diversity through time. The fossils and stone tools that record the spatial distribution of our species in the past form the backbone of our evolutionary history, and one that allows us to explore the different processes—cultural and biological—that acted to shape the evolution of different populations in the face of major climate change. Those processes created a complex palimpsest of similarities and differences, with outcomes that were at times accelerated by sharp demographic and geographical fluctuations. The result is that the population ancestral to all modern humans did not look or behave like people alive today. This has generated questions regarding the evolution of human universal characters, as well as the nature and timing of major evolutionary events in the history of Homo sapiens . The paucity of African fossils remains a serious stumbling block for exploring some of these issues. However, fossil and archaeological discoveries increasingly clarify important aspects of our past, while breakthroughs from genomics and palaeogenomics have revealed aspects of the demography of Late Quaternary Eurasian hominin groups and their interactions, as well as those between foragers and farmers. This paper explores the nature and timing of key moments in the evolution of human diversity, moments in which population collapse followed by differential expansion of groups set the conditions for transitional periods. Five transitions are identified (i) at the origins of the species, 240–200 ka; (ii) at the time of the first major expansions , 130–100 ka; (iii) during a period of dispersals , 70–50 ka; (iv) across a phase of local/regional structuring of diversity, 45–25 ka; and (v) during a phase of significant extinction of hunter–gatherer diversity and expansion of particular groups, such as farmers and later societies (the Holocene Filter ), 15–0 ka. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Major transitions in human evolution’.

scholarly journals From Homo Sapiens to Robo Sapiens: The Evolution of Intelligence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Ringel Raveh ◽  
Boaz Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Evolutionary Force ◽  
Social Communicative

In this paper we present an argument in favor of the possibility of an artificial intelligence above human intelligence. AI technology has shown a stepwise increase in its capacity and complexity. The last step took place several years ago, due to increased progress in deep neural network technology. Each such step goes hand in hand with our understanding of ourselves, understanding human cognition. Indeed, AI was always about the question of understanding human nature. AI percolates into our lives, step by step, changing our environment. We believe the next few steps in AI technology, and in our understanding of human behavior, will bring about a much more powerful machines, flexible enough to resemble human behavior. In this context, there are two research fields: Artificial Social Intelligence (ASI) and General Artificial Intelligence (AGI). On the ground of ASI and AGI we present an evolutionary argument which uses research in artificial life simulations, showing an increase in complexity due to an emergent property coming out of lower complexity constituents. The whole process is driven by an evolutionary force. What could such an evolutionary force be? We suggest a social communicative driving force. We end the discussion demonstrating a way to overcome our fears of singularity, harnessing value alignment.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Davis-Secord
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Intellectual Networks

This book examines Sicily's place within the religious, diplomatic, military, commercial, and intellectual networks of the Mediterranean world. It traces the history of Sicily, from the sixth-century incorporation of the island into the Byzantine empire, through the period of Muslim rule (827–1061), until the end of Norman rule there in the late twelfth century. In particular, it investigates how Sicily moved from the Latin Christian world into the Greek Christian one, then into the Islamicate civilization, and then back into Latin Christendom. In order to understand Sicily's role(s) within the broader Mediterranean system of the sixth through twelfth centuries, the book explores patterns of travel and communication between Sicily and elsewhere—between Constantinople and Rome, between Byzantium and the Islamic world. Finally, it describes Sicily in the dār al-Islām.

Universal Histories in Christendom and the Islamic World, c.700–c.1400

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Marsham
Keyword(s):  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Empire

This chapter examines how the part of the world ruled mainly by Christian or Muslim monotheists comprised three main overlapping zones of political, religious, and linguistic culture. First, the various western Christian kingdoms and their northern and eastern borders with the Scandinavian, Germanic, Turkic, and Slavic worlds; second, the Christian Byzantine Empire, centered on Constantinople, and its wider penumbra of satellites and commercial and diplomatic contacts, predominantly in Slavic and Turkic Eurasia; and third, the vast Islamic Empire of the Caliphate and, after its accelerating fragmentation in the ninth and tenth centuries, the ‘commonwealth’ of Islamic successor states. The literate elite in each of these regions used a lingua franca: Latin in the Christian West, Greek in Byzantium, and Arabic in the Islamic world.

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