scholarly journals Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Upstream-Type Compounds for Modulating Glucose Metabolism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideya Shintani ◽  
Tomoya Shintani ◽  
Hisashi Ashida ◽  
Masashi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter ◽  
Metabolism Inhibition ◽  
Definition Of

Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to prolong the lifespan of humans, but enforcing long-term CR is difficult. Therefore, a compound that reproduces the effect of CR without CR is needed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on compounds with CR mimetic (CRM) effects. More than 10 compounds have been listed as CRMs, some of which are conventionally categorized as upstream-type CRMs showing glycolytic inhibition while the others are categorized as downstream-type CRMs that regulate or genetically modulate intracellular signaling proteins. Among these, we focus on upstream-type CRMs and propose their classification as compounds with energy metabolism inhibition effects, particularly glucose metabolism modulation effects. The upstream-type CRMs reviewed include chitosan, acarbose, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and hexose analogs such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-glucosamine, and D-allulose, which show anti-aging and longevity effects. Finally, we discuss the molecular definition of upstream-type CRMs.

scholarly journals Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Upstream-Type Compounds for Modulating Glucose Metabolism

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideya Shintani ◽  
Tomoya Shintani ◽  
Hisashi Ashida ◽  
Masashi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter ◽  
Metabolism Inhibition ◽  
Definition Of

Calorie restriction (CR) can prolong the human lifespan, but enforcing long-term CR is difficult. Therefore, a compound that reproduces the effect of CR without CR is needed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on compounds with CR mimetic (CRM) effects. More than 10 compounds have been listed as CRMs, some of which are conventionally categorized as upstream-type CRMs showing glycolytic inhibition, while the others are categorized as downstream-type CRMs that regulate or genetically modulate intracellular signaling proteins. Among these, we focus on upstream-type CRMs and propose their classification as compounds with energy metabolism inhibition effects, particularly glucose metabolism modulation effects. The upstream-type CRMs reviewed include chitosan, acarbose, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and hexose analogs such as 2-deoxy-d-glucose, d-glucosamine, and d-allulose, which show antiaging and longevity effects. Finally, we discuss the molecular definition of upstream-type CRMs.

scholarly journals Flare management in atopic dermatitis: from definition to treatment

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 204062232110667
Author(s):  
Giampiero Girolomoni ◽  
Valentina Maria Busà
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Patient Education ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Acute Exacerbations ◽  
Definition Of

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin immune-mediated inflammatory disease with a chronic-recurrent course. Acute exacerbations or flares are an integral part of the AD course and are generally defined as disease worsening, requiring escalation/intensification of treatment. Management of flares is crucial since their prevention is a key aim of long-term disease control. Nevertheless, difficulties related to this aspect are several, starting from the definition of flare itself, which is not always satisfactory or unambiguous, and needs clarification. Indeed, this hurdle may reduce clarity on treatment choice and generate difficulties when comparing data between studies. Deepening our knowledge on flares could be highly relevant to both clinicians and patients to provide adequate control of the disease through patient education and appropriate treatment. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the management of AD flares from definition to treatment, highlighting aspects that are still unclear, and identifying any necessary unmet needs to better manage AD.

scholarly journals Review of Insulin Resistance in Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Implications for the Pediatric Patient Short Title: Insulin Resistance DCM and Pediatrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Mak ◽  
Kaitlin A. Ryan ◽  
Joan C. Han
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Myocardial Insulin Resistance

Energy metabolism in the heart is affected during states of dysfunction. Understanding how the heart utilizes substrates in cardiomyopathy may be key to the development of alternative treatment modalities. Myocardial insulin resistance has been proposed as a possible barrier to effective glucose metabolism in the heart. Extensive literature on the topic in adult individuals exists; however, review in the pediatric population is sparse. The pathophysiology of disease in children and adolescents is unique. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge on insulin resistance in dilated cardiomyopathy while also filling the gap when considering care in the pediatric population.

scholarly journals Transcranial Laser Photobiomodulation Improves Intracellular Signaling Linked to Cell Survival, Memory and Glucose Metabolism in the Aged Brain: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrízio dos Santos Cardoso ◽  
Fernanda Cristina Borini Mansur ◽  
Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins ◽  
Francisco Gonzalez-Lima ◽  
Sérgio Gomes da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Jnk Signaling ◽  
Intracellular Signaling Pathways

Aging is often accompanied by exacerbated activation of cell death-related signaling pathways and decreased energy metabolism. We hypothesized that transcranial near-infrared laser may increase intracellular signaling pathways beneficial to aging brains, such as those that regulate brain cell proliferation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the expression and activation of intracellular signaling proteins in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of aged rats (20 months old) treated with the transcranial near-infrared laser for 58 consecutive days. As compared to sham controls, transcranial laser treatment increased intracellular signaling proteins related to cell proliferation and cell survival, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt that is linked to glucose metabolism. In addition, ERK is linked to memory, while ERK and JNK signaling pathways regulate glucose metabolism. Specifically, the laser treatment caused the activation of STAT3, ERK, and JNK signaling proteins in the cerebral cortex. In the hippocampus, the laser treatment increased the expression of p70S6K and STAT3 and the activation of Akt. Taken together, the data support the hypothesis that transcranial laser photobiomodulation improves intracellular signaling pathways linked to cell survival, memory, and glucose metabolism in the brain of aged rats.

scholarly journals Interleukin-4 Promotes Myogenesis and Boosts Myocyte Insulin Efficacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yih-Hsin Chang ◽  
Jen-Ning Tsai ◽  
Tzu-Lin Chen ◽  
Kuo-Ting Ho ◽  
Hsin-Yi Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Myocyte Differentiation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory Cytokine

Anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity while reduces lipid deposits. However, the effects of IL-4 on energy metabolism in muscle, the largest insulin-targeting organ, remain obscure. The study aimed at addressing the roles of IL-4 in myocyte differentiation (myogenesis) and energy metabolism of muscle cells. Effects of IL-4 on myogenesis, and interaction between IL-4 and insulin on glucose metabolism of C2C12 myoblasts and the terminal differentiated myocytes were analyzed. IL-4 improved GLUT4 translocation and tended to elevate glucose uptake by boosting insulin signaling. In diabetic mice, transient and long-term IL-4 showed differential effects on insulin signaling and efficacy. The study provides evidence to address the roles of IL-4 in mediating whole-body muscle reservoir and glucose metabolism, as well as the interaction between immune responses and energy homeostasis. IL-4 has dual potential to act as an adjuvant therapeutic target for sarcopenia to preserve muscle mass and insulin resistance to improve insulin sensitivity, which implicates the regulation of immune system to the muscle differentiation and exercise performance.

Effects of long-term pharmacological inhibition of CGRP signaling on bone and glucose metabolism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Köhli ◽  
J Appelt ◽  
D Jahn ◽  
E Otto ◽  
A Baranowsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Pharmacological Inhibition

Central Otago - Built on gold, growing on grass.

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Barrie J. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Land Use ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
District Council ◽  
Definition Of

A warm welcome to our "World of Difference" to all delegates attending this conference - we hope your stay is enjoyable and that you will leave Central Otago with an enhanced appreciation of the diversity of land use and the resilient and growing economic potential that this region has to offer. Without regional wellbeing the national economy will struggle to grow, something Central Government finally seems to be realising, and the Central Otago District Council Long Term Plan 2012-2022 (LTP) signals the importance of establishing a productive economy for the local community which will aid in the economic growth of the district and seeks to create a thriving economy that will be attractive to business and residents alike. Two key principles that underpin the LTP are sustainability and affordability, with the definition of sustainability being "… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

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