One of the 2G Bioethanol Queries: Straw Volume

There are some controversies about 2G bioethanol and it is in need of a reliable test data in order to make a further analysis and proof. In collecting basic data from three classes of typical raw materials, such as wheat, maize stalk juice, and straw, it was found that 4.32 tons straw or 3.358 tons wheat is needed to produce 1-ton bioethanol. Using the coefficient of variation calculation and analysis method, it is able to obtain the C.V. value of straw fermentation efficiency 0.08932<0.15, indicating the fermentation technology and process of 2G bioethanol is already quite mature and reliable, without risk, and also with a raw material cost advantage. There is a problem in that the C.V. value of straw volume is 1.2648>0.95, indicating 2G bioethanol is in an extremely high-risk area. Using the straw volume calculation method, building and its costs – capital expenditure of 2G bioethanol plant is approximately seven times that of a wheat ethanol plant. This should be some of the important reasons why it is noncompetitive, extremely high price, and requiring government subsidies. Straw volume data study has caused the 2G bioethanol plant to require more cement, steel, equipment, and other materials. Thus, there are ample reasons to question the CO2 emissions and its carbon footprint of 2G bioethanol plant. Actually, the volume is not the only existing problem, it is necessary to re-evaluate and discuss the definition of 2G bioethanol and its future.

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Definition of price in circular raw materials from the process of incineration of hazardous industrial waste in sicilian a high risk area

10.1063/1.5039247 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Agata Matarazzo ◽

Lorenzo Baglio ◽

Sandro Bonanno ◽

Andrea Fichera ◽

Andrea Leanza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Risk Area ◽

High Risk Area ◽

Definition Of

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Procurement and mobility during the Late Pleistocene: Characterising the stone-tool assemblage of the Picamoixons site (Tarragona, NE Iberian Peninsula)

Journal of Lithic Studies ◽

10.2218/jls.v3i2.1782 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

María Soto

Keyword(s):

Iberian Peninsula ◽

Late Pleistocene ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Stone Tool ◽

Petrographic Analysis ◽

Hunter Gatherers ◽

Definition Of ◽

Ne Iberian Peninsula

The Picamoixons site is a rockshelter located in the province of Tarragona (NE Iberian Peninsula). It was object of two rescue campaigns during 1988 and 1993, which led to the recovery of a complete archaeological assemblage, including stone tools as well as faunal and portable art remains that date the occupation to the 14th to 11th millennium BP (calibrated). This study involves a petrographic characterisation of the stone-tool assemblage in order to establish: 1) the procurement areas, 2) the raw materials management strategies and 3) the mobility radius and territorial sizes of the hunter-gatherers groups that occupied the site. The method applied comprises in a multiscale analysis that includes systematic prospection, the petrographic characterisation of geological and archaeological samples, an analysis of the chert types represented in the knapping sequence, and the definition of the mobility axes and areas frequented according to lithic procurement.A petrographic analysis of the chert in the prospected area led to the definition of nine macroscopic varieties related to five types (Vilaplana, Morera, Maset, Vilella and Tossa cherts), related to Lower and Upper Muschelkalk (Triassic), Lutetian, Bartonian (Palaeocene) and Sannonian (Oligocene) deposits.The study of the knapping sequences indicates the main exploitation of Bartonian cherts (Tossa type), and the use of Lutetian cherts (Maset and Morera types) for configuring retouched tools. The exploitation of the remaining raw material types identified is considered sporadic and opportunistic.Defining the procurement areas enabled the mobility radius to be assessed as between 3 and 30 km, highlighting the importance of the fluvial basins as natural movement pathways. The results indicate that the main procurement territory was 16 km2 in area, associable with a forager radius. The most remote procurement distances suggest a maximum exploitation area of 260 km2, defining an intra-regional range. This range presents parallelisms with various contemporaneous hunter-gatherers groups in Western Europe, suggesting a progressive mobility reduction dynamic during the Late Pleistocene-Initial Holocene.

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GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CRITERIA OF INDUSTRIAL VALUE OF COAL DEPOSITS WITH INSIGNIFICANT RESERVES

Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Geology ◽

10.17721/1728-2713.83.10 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 73-78

Author(s):

M. Kurylo ◽

V. Bala

Keyword(s):

Industrial Development ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Raw Material ◽

Market Conditions ◽

Coal Deposits ◽

External Conditions ◽

Definition Of ◽

Coal Reserves ◽

High Degree

The purpose of this study is to analyze and systematize criteria by which, in domestic and international practice, the industrial value of coal deposits with small and insignificant reserves is determined. The analysis and systematization of such factors in general for all coal deposits with the definite definition of the most influential characteristics for small stocks are carried out. Mining and geological factors, which are caused by natural characteristics of the deposit and directly related to the concrete object, are determined, and there have been singled out factors concerning the minerals in general or characterizing the external conditions of industrial development of deposits. For coal deposits with insignificant reserves, the criteria that directly affect the most critical parameter - the value of coal reserves and, consequently, the lifetime of the mining enterprise have paramount importance. Such criteria are the quality of coal, which defines the direction of use and its liquidity, the degree of geological study, which expresses the geological risks of reserves confirmation, and the complexity of mining technical conditions that define methods and systems for the reserves disclosure and development. In general, external factors for coal deposits are most affected by the availability of raw material substitutes and market conditions, and coal prices. For deposits with insignificant reserves, prices and possibility of mining, which involves availability of licenses and social permits, may have a greater impact. Industrial significance of deposit with insignificant reserves may appear favorable of all other conditions of development - mining and technical conditions that form low cost of production, coal quality, favorable market conditions for mineral raw materials, localization of the deposit near consumers, etc. At the same time, the main prerequisite for attracting objects with insignificant reserves to exploitation should be their high degree of geological study. Decision about possible industrial significance should be taken after detailed technical and economic calculations.

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Monitoring of resource-efficient provision of Ukrainian dairy processing enterprises with high-quality raw milk on the basis of international requirements

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/915/1/012030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 915 (1) ◽

pp. 012030

Author(s):

N Kushnir ◽

A Ventsuryk ◽

A Zhemba ◽

D Tsaruk

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Hazard Analysis ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Quality ◽

Milk Processing ◽

Critical Control Points ◽

Key Factor ◽

Definition Of

Abstract The article provides information on the main problems of development of dairy enterprises in Ukraine on the criteria of sustainable development and taking into account the vector of the European integration course of the country. The level of providing milk processing enterprises with the quality of raw milk is analyzed. The main trends in the supply of raw milk from agricultural enterprises and households of Ukraine by varieties are presented and analyzed. The dynamics of milk supply and its price are also presented. It is established that the use of quality raw milk directly affects the efficiency of milk processing enterprises. Important aspects of quality control of raw dairy products at enterprises are outlined. High-quality dairy production and reduction of production costs are impossible without the functioning of the raw material quality monitoring system. To this end, it is necessary to introduce the principles of hazard analysis and critical control points in the management structure of dairy companies. It is proved that the key factor of global economic development is the state of the environment, so monitoring the supply of milk - raw materials should also be accompanied by the definition of a set of resource efficiency indicators.

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Dampak Krisis Ekonomi Terhadap Kinerja Industri Susu Segar Dalam Negeri = The Impact of Economic Crisis Toword The Performence of Domestic Dairy Industry

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/agroekonomi.16785 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Dewa K.S Swastika ◽

Nyak Ilham ◽

Ikin Sadikin

Keyword(s):

Economic Crisis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Dairy Product ◽

Dairy Industry ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Price ◽

Efficient Technology ◽

Fresh Milk ◽

The Impact

The Indonesian Dairy Industry wa.s well developed until mid 1997, due to some government protective policies, such as credit far imported dam cattle. and domestic market security. (;orernment determined the Milk Ratio (the ratio between domestic fresh milk and imported milk) that should he satisfied/ by the multinational milk processors (IPS) to run their milk processing lactories. However, the domestic .fresh milk production was not sufficient to meet the raw material far their Jactories. Therefore, in 1996, about 67% of raw materials has w he imported, especially from Australia and New Zealand, At least there were m.o/actors resulting a high import of dairy product. First, the domestic dairy production capacity was limited: second the Indonesian dairy industry was considered as inefficient, so that the price of domesticfresh milk was claimed to be more expensive compared to imported milk. The economic crisis starting from mid 1997, resulting in a high price of imported dairy cattle and feed. On the other hand, this crisis also resulting in a significant increase in price of imported milk. Therefore, the demand for domestic fresh milk by IPS was significantly increased The observations in 6 milk cooperatives (in East and West Java) showed that since economic crisis, all fresh milk offered by all cooperatives to IPS was absorbed. Even IPS provided some incentives (higher price and bonus).* the farmers who have a better quality of milk. There was also price adjustment given by IPS from about Rp. 600 hr in 1996 97 to about Rp. 900 and then about Rp. 1100 ltr in 1998 99. However, the farmers was still complaining. because if they compare milk price to rice price, they recognize that before crisis I liter milk was equivalent to 0.6 kg rice, but after crisis 1 liter milk was equivalent to only 0.4 kg rice. The most important issue that should be anticipated is that "if exchange rate of Rupiah to US Dollar is increased, then imported milk will be cheaper, and IPS will tend to import milk rather than buying domestic fresh milk If this case is happening, it will be a nightmare to farmers who do dairy farm. Therefore, the development and transfer of the more efficient technology in dairy industry should be given a high priority.

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European Union Legislation Overview about Used Vegetable Oils Recycling: The Spanish and Italian Case Studies

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8070798 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 798

Author(s):

Jesus Ibanez ◽

Sonia Martel Martín ◽

Salvatore Baldino ◽

Cristina Prandi ◽

Alberto Mannu

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Legislative Process ◽

The European Union ◽

New Production ◽

Italian Case ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Eu

The employment of used vegetable oils (UVOs) as raw materials in key sectors as energy production or bio-lubricant synthesis represents one of the most relevant priorities in the European Union (EU) normative context. In many countries, the development of new production processes based on the circular economy model, as well as the definition of future energy and production targets, involve the utilization of wastes as raw material. In this context, the main currently applied EU regulations are presented and discussed. As in the EU, the general legislative process consists of the definition in each State Member of specific legislation, which transposes the EU indications. Two relevant countries are herein considered: Italy and Spain. Through the analysis of the conditions required in both countries for UVOs’ collection, disposal, storage, and recycling, a wide panorama of the current situation is provided.

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Mineral Resources, Procurement Strategies, and Territories in the Linear Pottery Culture in the Aisne Valley (Paris Basin, France)

Open Archaeology ◽

10.1515/opar-2020-0160 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 631-644

Author(s):

Pierre Allard ◽

Caroline Hamon ◽

Louise Gomart

Keyword(s):

Mineral Resource ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Raw Material ◽

Paris Basin ◽

Early Neolithic ◽

Non Local ◽

Definition Of ◽

Procurement Strategies ◽

Local Materials

Abstract This article presents the mineral resource procurement territories of Early Neolithic settlements (LBK or Rubané) in the Aisne valley. Our study focuses on data from 15 LBK sites belonging to the final LBK of central Europe; C14 dates for the sites fall between 5100 and 4900 cal BC. The bulk of pottery from these sites seems to have been produced using local raw materials that can be found over a large part of the valley; only a dozen recorded vessels were made of an exogeneous raw material. Analysis of the supply and management of sandstone and flint productions indicates the presence of three groups of villages. These distinct groups correspond to the definition of a cluster as proposed to define site organization in the Aisne valley. On the LBK sites of the Aisne valley blades, polished tools and certain personal ornaments were occasionally made of non-local materials. Some of these objects seem to indicate contacts outside the LBK settlement zones and suggest relationships with southern Neolithic groups.

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Delineation of the molecular basis of delta- and normal HbA2 beta- thalassemia

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v72.2.530.530 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 530-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

P Moi ◽

E Paglietti ◽

A Sanna ◽

C Brancati ◽

A Tagarelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sequence Analysis ◽

Dna Analysis ◽

Clinical Phenotype ◽

Beta Thalassemia ◽

Molecular Defect ◽

Complete Suppression ◽

Risk Area ◽

High Risk Area ◽

Globin Chains ◽

Definition Of

Abstract In this study, we used cloning and sequence analysis to define the molecular defect in two delta-thalassemia genes, one associated with reduced output of delta-globin chains (delta +thal) from a Sardinian and the other with a complete suppression of delta-chain production from the affected locus (delta zerp thal) from a Southern Italian. Sequence analysis of the delta +thal gene showed a G----T substitution at the first nucleotide of codon 27 (delta +27) which produces an amino acid change (Ala----Ser) and presumably activates a cryptic splice site located at this position. Therefore, only a fraction of the transcript is processed from this site, as indicated by the clinical phenotype of delta +thal. DNA sequencing of the delta zero thal gene revealed a T---- C substitution at position 1 of IVS-1, which abolishes the splicing at this site and thus leads to complete deficiency of normal mRNA explaining the clinical phenotype of delta zero thal. Oligonucleotide analysis was used to confirm the coinheritance of the delta +27 mutation in a group of Sardinians with thalassemia like phenotype and normal HbA2 level who, on the basis of genetic criteria, were supposed to be double heterozygous for delta-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia. The definition of delta-thalassemia defects in each high-risk area facilitates identification of double heterozygotes for delta- and beta- thalassemia by DNA analysis and may thus improve genetic counseling.

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Renewable Energy from Finite Resources: Example of Emerging Photovoltaics

CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry ◽

10.2533/chimia.2019.874 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (11) ◽

pp. 874-879 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Felix Schmidt ◽

Andreas Schäffer ◽

Markus Lenz

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Net Energy ◽

Geothermal Heat ◽

Natural Processes ◽

Definition Of ◽

Survival Of The Fittest

Renewable energies, such as sunlight, wind and geothermal heat, are resources that are replaced rapidly by natural processes. However, wind, hydro and solar installations strictly require raw materials that are, in fact, not renewable. Many raw materials are already facing a supply shortage which cannot be easily overcome. This work reviews the problem of critical raw material (CRM) use in photovoltaics (PV) as an example and explains why supply cannot be easily increased to meet demand. We discuss whether there is indeed a 'struggle for elements' in a Darwinian sense, which ultimately leads to a 'survival of the fittest' race in renewable energy technology. In the case of PV, the perception of the definition of 'fittest' needs to change from that considering energy conversion efficiency alone to that which holistically considers net energy produced per emission under the premise that sufficient environmentally and socially acceptable raw material supply exists for renewable energies and all other sectors.

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Definition of chemical indicators plant fodders of the Chuvash Republic

Butlerov Communications ◽

10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-61-2-51 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 51-56

Author(s):

Elena G. Zinovjeva ◽

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Calcium Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Rapeseed Cake ◽

Chemical Indicators ◽

Chuvash Republic ◽

Definition Of ◽

Almost All ◽

Standard Techniques

This review presents the results of a comprehensive study of various chemical indicators of plant feed for farm animals. By standard techniques photometric, titrimetrichesky and gravimetric determined by ways the content of solid (GOST 31640-2012), crude fat (GOST 13496.15-97), a crude protein (GOST 13496.4-93), crude cellulose (GOST 31675-2012), crude ashes (GOST 26226-95), calcium (GOST 26570-95) and phosphorus (GOST 26657-97). As objects of vegetable fodder raw materials are considered wheat, maize, lucernous hay, scallop hay, rapeseed extraction cake, sunflower extraction cake, rapeseed cake, barley, peas, lucernous hay, corn silos, growing and/or prepared in the territory of Krasnarmeysky, Vournashky and Chuvilsky regions, It has been revealed that rapeseed and sunflower extraction cake, as well as rapeseed cake, have an increased value of raw fat in the territory of the Vournar district compared to the rest of the Chuvashia region. According to the chemical indicator of dry matter, all fodders comply with the standards in Yadrin, Wournar and Civilsky districts; By the indicator of raw protein – most fodders comply with the standards in Civilsky, Krasnoarmeysky, Yadrin and Wournar districts; By the indicator of raw fiber – the samples from Civilsky district meet the standards, in Yadrin and Krasnoarmeysky district minor deviations were found, and in Cheboxary and Wournar districts the indicators do not fully correspond; By the indicator of raw fat - corresponds to the norms of Yadrin district, in Civilsky and Krasnoarmeysky districts minor deviations were found, and in Cheboxary and Wournar districts the indicators do not correspond to the norm; In terms of raw ash – in all areas the value is exceeded; Calcium content – in almost all areas there is an excess of the norm; In terms of phosphorus content – meets the standards of the Wournar district, in the Civilsky and Yadrin districts minor deviations were found, and in the Krasnoarmeysky and Cheboxar districts the indicators do not correspond. All of the areas studied by us, the best raw material indicators of plant feed in Yadrin and Civilsk districts of the Chuvash Republic.

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