Current Status Investigation and Predicting Carbon Dioxide Emission in Latin American Countries by Connectionist Models

Nowadays, one of the biggest concern of human being is greenhouse gas emission, especially carbon dioxide emission in developed and under-developing countries. In this study, connectionist models including LSSVM (Least Square Support Vector Machine) and evolutionary methods are employed for predicting the amount of CO2 emission in six Latin American countries, i.e., Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Venezuela, and Uruguay. The studied region is modelled based on the available input data in terms of Million tons including oil (Million tons), gas (Million tons oil equivalent), coal (Million tons oil equivalent), $R_{ew}$ (Million tons oil equivalent), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in terms of billion US dollars.} Moreover, the available patents in the fields of climate change mitigation in six Latin American countries namely Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Venezuela, and Uruguay has been reviewed and analyzed. The results show that except Venezuela, all other mentioned countries have invested in renewable energy R&D activities. Brazil and Argentina have the highest share of renewable energies which account for 60% and 72% respectively.

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Current Status Investigation and Predicting Carbon Dioxide Emission in Latin American Countries by Connectionist Models

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12101916 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1916 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi ◽

Mohammad Dehghani Madvar ◽

Milad Sadeghzadeh ◽

Mohammad Hossein Rezaei ◽

Manuel Herrera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Latin American ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Least Square ◽

Current Status ◽

Support Vector ◽

Human Beings ◽

Connectionist Models ◽

Latin American Countries

Currently, one of the biggest concerns of human beings is greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide emissions in developed and under-developed countries. In this study, connectionist models including LSSVM (Least Square Support Vector Machine) and evolutionary methods are employed for predicting the amount of CO 2 emission in six Latin American countries, i.e., Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Venezuela and Uruguay. The studied region is modelled based on the available input data in terms of million tons including oil (million tons), gas (million tons oil equivalent), coal (million tons oil equivalent), R e w (million tons oil equivalent) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in terms of billion U.S. dollars. Moreover, the available patents in the field of climate change mitigation in six Latin American countries, namely Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Venezuela and Uruguay, have been reviewed and analysed. The results show that except Venezuela, all other mentioned countries have invested in renewable energy R&D activities. Brazil and Argentina have the highest share of renewable energies, which account for 60% and 72%, respectively.

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The driving forces of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from South Latin American countries and their impacts on these countries’ process of decoupling

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-020-08510-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (17) ◽

pp. 20685-20698 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victor Moutinho ◽

Renato Santiago ◽

José Alberto Fuinhas ◽

António Cardoso Marques

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Latin American ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Latin American Countries

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The Increase of Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission in Indonesia

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20183101008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 01008 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hadi Sasana ◽

Annisa Eka Putri

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Population Growth ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Least Square ◽

Fossil Energy

In the last decade, the increase of energy consumption that has multiplied carbondioxide emissions becomes world problems, especially in the developing countries undergoing industrialization to be developed ones like Indonesia. This aim of this study was to analyze the effect of fossil energy consumption, population growth, and consumption of renewable energy on carbon dioxide emission. The method used was multiple linear regression analysis with Ordinary Least Square approach using time series in the period of 1990 - 2014. The result showed that fossil energy consumption and population growth have a positive influence on carbon dioxide emission in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the consumption variable of renewable energy has a negative effect on the level of carbon dioxide emissions produced.

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Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies in Latin America

10.5772/intechopen.101227 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paola Karp ◽

Matías Gatto ◽

María Victoria Batto ◽

Sol Ferrero ◽

Gustavo Helguera

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Latin American ◽

Clinical Data ◽

Current Status ◽

Regulatory Agencies ◽

The Cost ◽

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Latin American Countries ◽

Regulatory Landscape

In the last decade, the expiration of patents protecting therapeutic monoclonal antibodies opened an opportunity for the development and approval of biosimilar versions of these drugs. The complexity of these biologic molecules required the imposition of strict regulations to establish robust comparability with the antibody of reference in physicochemical, analytical, biological and, when deemed necessary, clinical data. Accordingly, this period coincides with the updating of the requirements and guidelines for the manufacture and approval of biologics in Latin American countries by their respective regulatory agencies. Although the term “biosimilar” does not appear in the official regulatory provisions in most of the countries, it is of general use in Latin America, and several biosimilars of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies were approved based on comparative quality, nonclinical and clinical data that demonstrate similarity to a licensed biological reference registered before in a Regulatory Health Authority of reference. Here, we provide an overview of how the complexities of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies shaped the regulatory landscape of similar biologics, the current status of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Paraguay, Perú and Uruguay and their potential to reduce the cost of antibody therapies in this region.

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The Linkage Among Sea Transport, Trade Liberalization and Industrial Development in the Context of CO2: An Empirical Investigation From China

Frontiers in Environmental Science ◽

10.3389/fenvs.2021.633875 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Salih Kalaycı ◽

Cihan Özden

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Trade Liberalization ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Least Square ◽

Ordinary Least Square ◽

Distributed Lag ◽

Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽

Sea Transportation ◽

Bound Test

The major goal of this paper is to focus on the linkage between sea transportation, trade liberalization and industrial development in the context of carbon dioxide emission. With this respect, it is attempted to analyze the effects of independent variables on the dependent variable carbon dioxide emission for China by using annual data ranging from 1960 to 2019 with the help of econometric methods such as fully modified least square, dynamic ordinary least square, canonical co-integrating regression, autoregressive distributed lag bound test and generalized moments method. According to the results of fully modified least square, dynamic ordinary least square and canonical co-integrating regression models, there is a significant long-term relationship between sea transportation, trade liberalization, industrial development and carbon dioxide emissions. On the other hand, short term autoregressive distributed lag bound test estimation results reveal that the main determinants of carbon dioxide emission in the short-run are industrial development and sea transportation. The empirical tests reveal important results for policy-makers in China.

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The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Latin American countries-A PVAR approach

Revista Brasileira de Energias Renováveis ◽

10.5380/rber.v8i1.49819 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Matheus Koengkan

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Latin American ◽

Environmental Degradation ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Energy Policies ◽

Auto Regressive ◽

Renewable Energy Policies ◽

The Impact ◽

Latin American Countries

This article analyzes the impact of renewable energy policies on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in nine Latin American countries, in a period of 1991 to 2012. The Panel Vector Auto-Regressive (PVAR) was utilized. The results revealed that the renewable energy policies reduce the environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) in -0.0109, and the consumption of renewable energy -0.0231, while the economic growth and consumption oil increase the emissions in 0.9082 and 0.1437 respectively. These empirical findings will help the policymakers develop appropriate renewable energy policies, as well as help to advance the literature that approaches the impact of renewable energy policies on environmental degradation in the Latin America region.

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Electricity sector reforms in four Latin-American countries and their impact on carbon dioxide emissions and renewable energy

Energy Policy ◽

10.1016/j.enpol.2010.06.046 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 38 (11) ◽

pp. 6755-6766 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Belizza Janet Ruiz-Mendoza ◽

Claudia Sheinbaum-Pardo

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Latin American ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Electricity Sector ◽

Latin American Countries

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Measuring the impact of alternative and nuclear energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and oil rents on specific growth factors in the panel of Latin American countries

Progress in Nuclear Energy ◽

10.1016/j.pnucene.2017.05.030 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

pp. 71-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Ilhan Ozturk

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Latin American ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Nuclear Energy ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Oil Rents ◽

The Impact ◽

Latin American Countries

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Current status of human rabies transmitted by dogs in Latin America

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2007000900013 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 2049-2063 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Maria Cristina Schneider ◽

Albino Belotto ◽

Maria Paz Adé ◽

Saskia Hendrickx ◽

Luis Fernando Leanes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Control Measures ◽

Current Status ◽

Human Rabies ◽

The Political ◽

Health Post ◽

Political Decision ◽

Canine Population ◽

And Control ◽

Latin American Countries

Latin American countries made the political decision to eliminate human rabies transmitted by dogs by the year 2005. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate to what extent this goal has been reached. The epidemiological situation and control measures were analyzed and broken down within the countries by georeferencing. The 27 human cases reported in 2003 occurred in some 0.2% of the second-level geopolitical units (municipalities or counties) in the region, suggesting that the disease is a local problem. Several areas within the countries reported no more transmission of rabies in dogs. Nearly 1 million people potentially exposed to rabies received treatment. On average, 34,383 inhabitants per health post receive anti-rabies treatment (range: 4,300-148,043). Nearly 42 million dogs are vaccinated annually. Surveillance is considered fair according to the epidemiological criteria adopted by the study. Samples sent for rabies testing represent 0.05% of the estimated canine population (range: 0.001 to 0.2%). The countries are quite close to achieving the goal.

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