scholarly journals Effect of Brightness of Visual Stimuli on EEG Signals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kübra Eroğlu ◽  
Temel Kayıkçıoğlu ◽  
Onur Osman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The Brain

The aim of this study was to examine brightness effect, which is the perceptual property of visual stimuli, on brain responses obtained during visual processing of these stimuli. For this purpose, brain responses of the brain to changes in brightness were explored comparatively using different emotional images (pleasant, unpleasant and neutral) with different luminance levels. Moreover, electroencephalography recordings from 12 different electrode sites of 31 healthy participants were used. The power spectra obtained from the analysis of the recordings using short time Fourier transform were analyzed, and a statistical analysis was performed on features extracted from these power spectra. Statistical findings obtained from electrophysiological data were compared with those obtained from behavioral data. The results showed that the brightness of visual stimuli affected the power of brain responses depending on frequency, time and location. According to the statistically verified findings, the distinctive effect of brightness occurred in the parietal and occipital regions for all the three types of stimuli. Accordingly, the increase in the brightness of pleasant and neutral images increased the average power of responses in the parietal and occipital regions whereas the increase in the brightness of unpleasant images decreased the average power of responses in these regions. However, the increase in brightness for all the three types of stimuli reduced the average power of frontal and central region responses (except for 100-300 ms time window for unpleasant stimuli). The statistical results obtained for unpleasant images were found to be in accordance with the behavioral data. The results also revealed that the brightness of visual stimuli could be represented by changing the activity power of the brain cortex. The main contribution of this research was to comprehensively examine brightness effect on brain activity for images with different emotional content and different frequency bands at different time windows of visual processing for different brain regions. The findings emphasized that the brightness of visual stimuli should be viewed as an important parameter in studies using emotional image techniques such as image classification, emotion evaluation and neuro-marketing.

scholarly journals The Effect of Static and Dynamic Visual Stimulations on Error Detection Based on Error-Evoked Brain Responses

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4475
Author(s):  
Rui Xu ◽  
Yaoyao Wang ◽  
Xianle Shi ◽  
Ningning Wang ◽  
Dong Ming
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Dynamic Case ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Error Recognition ◽  
The Brain

Error-related potentials (ErrPs) have provided technical support for the brain-computer interface. However, different visual stimulations may affect the ErrPs, and furthermore, affect the error recognition based on ErrPs. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate how people respond to different visual stimulations (static and dynamic) and find the best time window for different stimulation. Nineteen participants were recruited in the ErrPs-based tasks with static and dynamic visual stimulations. Five ErrPs were statistically compared, and the classification accuracies were obtained through linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with nine different time windows. The results showed that the P3, N6, and P8 with correctness were significantly different from those with error in both stimulations, while N1 only existed in static. The differences between dynamic and static errors existed in N1 and P2. The highest accuracy was obtained in the time window related to N1, P3, N6, and P8 for the static condition, and in the time window related to P3, N6, and P8 for the dynamic. In conclusion, the early components of ErrPs may be affected by stimulation modes, and the late components are more sensitive to errors. The error recognition with static stimulation requires information from the entire epoch, while the late windows should be focused more within the dynamic case.

Behavioral and Brain Responses Highlight the Role of Usage in the Preparation of Multiword Utterances for Production

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Hyein Jeong ◽  
Emiel van den Hoven ◽  
Sylvain Madec ◽  
Audrey Bürki
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Functional Locus ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Electrophysiological Signal ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Naming Latencies

Abstract Usage-based theories assume that all aspects of language processing are shaped by the distributional properties of the language. The frequency not only of words but also of larger chunks plays a major role in language processing. These theories predict that the frequency of phrases influences the time needed to prepare these phrases for production and their acoustic duration. By contrast, dominant psycholinguistic models of utterance production predict no such effects. In these models, the system keeps track of the frequency of individual words but not of co-occurrences. This study investigates the extent to which the frequency of phrases impacts naming latencies and acoustic duration with a balanced design, where the same words are recombined to build high- and low-frequency phrases. The brain signal of participants is recorded so as to obtain information on the electrophysiological bases and functional locus of frequency effects. Forty-seven participants named pictures using high- and low-frequency adjective–noun phrases. Naming latencies were shorter for high-frequency than low-frequency phrases. There was no evidence that phrase frequency impacted acoustic duration. The electrophysiological signal differed between high- and low-frequency phrases in time windows that do not overlap with conceptualization or articulation processes. These findings suggest that phrase frequency influences the preparation of phrases for production, irrespective of the lexical properties of the constituents, and that this effect originates at least partly when speakers access and encode linguistic representations. Moreover, this study provides information on how the brain signal recorded during the preparation of utterances changes with the frequency of word combinations.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Group Bias During Natural Viewing

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 3380-3389
Author(s):  
Timothy J Andrews ◽  
Ryan K Smith ◽  
Richard L Hoggart ◽  
Philip I N Ulrich ◽  
Andre D Gouws
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Individuals from different social groups interpret the world in different ways. This study explores the neural basis of these group differences using a paradigm that simulates natural viewing conditions. Our aim was to determine if group differences could be found in sensory regions involved in the perception of the world or were evident in higher-level regions that are important for the interpretation of sensory information. We measured brain responses from 2 groups of football supporters, while they watched a video of matches between their teams. The time-course of response was then compared between individuals supporting the same (within-group) or the different (between-group) team. We found high intersubject correlations in low-level and high-level regions of the visual brain. However, these regions of the brain did not show any group differences. Regions that showed higher correlations for individuals from the same group were found in a network of frontal and subcortical brain regions. The interplay between these regions suggests a range of cognitive processes from motor control to social cognition and reward are important in the establishment of social groups. These results suggest that group differences are primarily reflected in regions involved in the evaluation and interpretation of the sensory input.

scholarly journals Functional divisions for visual processing in the central brain of flying Drosophila

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (40) ◽  
pp. E5523-E5532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T. Weir ◽  
Michael H. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Behavioral Context ◽  
Central Brain ◽  
Brain Circuit ◽  
The Brain

Although anatomy is often the first step in assigning functions to neural structures, it is not always clear whether architecturally distinct regions of the brain correspond to operational units. Whereas neuroarchitecture remains relatively static, functional connectivity may change almost instantaneously according to behavioral context. We imaged panneuronal responses to visual stimuli in a highly conserved central brain region in the fruit fly, Drosophila, during flight. In one substructure, the fan-shaped body, automated analysis revealed three layers that were unresponsive in quiescent flies but became responsive to visual stimuli when the animal was flying. The responses of these regions to a broad suite of visual stimuli suggest that they are involved in the regulation of flight heading. To identify the cell types that underlie these responses, we imaged activity in sets of genetically defined neurons with arborizations in the targeted layers. The responses of this collection during flight also segregated into three sets, confirming the existence of three layers, and they collectively accounted for the panneuronal activity. Our results provide an atlas of flight-gated visual responses in a central brain circuit.

scholarly journals Common and distinct neural correlates of music and food-induced pleasure: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Mas-Herrero ◽  
Larissa Maini ◽  
Guillaume Sescousse ◽  
Robert J. Zatorre
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Partial Dissociation ◽  
Reward Network ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTNeuroimaging studies have shown that, despite the abstractness of music, it may mimic biologically rewarding stimuli (e.g. food) in its ability to engage the brain’s reward circuity. However, due to the lack of research comparing music and other types of reward, it is unclear to what extent the recruitment of reward-related structures overlaps among domains. To achieve this goal, we performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis of 38 neuroimaging studies (703 subjects) comparing the brain responses specifically to music and food-induced pleasure. Both engaged a common set of brain regions including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, and insula. Yet, comparative analyses indicated a partial dissociation in the engagement of the reward circuitry as a function of the type of reward, as well as additional reward type-specific activations in brain regions related to perception, sensory processing, and learning. These results support the idea that hedonic reactions rely on the engagement of a common reward network, yet through specific routes of access depending on the modality and nature of the reward.

scholarly journals Brain state-dependent modulation of thalamic visual processing by cortico-thalamic feedback

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Reinhold ◽  
Arbora Resulaj ◽  
Massimo Scanziani
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Brain

The behavioral state of a mammal impacts how the brain responds to visual stimuli as early as in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (dLGN), the primary relay of visual information to the cortex. A clear example of this is the markedly stronger response of dLGN neurons to higher temporal frequencies of the visual stimulus in alert as compared to quiescent animals. The dLGN receives strong feedback from the visual cortex, yet whether this feedback contributes to these state-dependent responses to visual stimuli is poorly understood. Here we show that in mice, silencing cortico-thalamic feedback abolishes state-dependent differences in the response of dLGN neurons to visual stimuli. This holds true for dLGN responses to both temporal and spatial features of the visual stimulus. These results reveal that the state-dependent shift of the response to visual stimuli in an early stage of visual processing depends on cortico-thalamic feedback.

scholarly journals Regular exposure to a Citrus-based sensory functional food ingredient alleviates the BOLD brain responses to acute pharmacological stress in a pig model of psychosocial chronic stress

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243893
Author(s):  
Sophie Menneson ◽  
Yann Serrand ◽  
Regis Janvier ◽  
Virginie Noirot ◽  
Pierre Etienne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Pharmacological Stress ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Brain

Psychosocial chronic stress is a critical risk factor for the development of mood disorders. However, little is known about the consequences of acute stress in the context of chronic stress, and about the related brain responses. In the present study we examined the physio-behavioural effects of a supplementation with a sensory functional food ingredient (FI) containing Citrus sinensis extract (D11399, Phodé, France) in a pig psychosocial chronic stress model. Female pigs underwent a 5- to 6-week stress protocol while receiving daily the FI (FI, n = 10) or a placebo (Sham, n = 10). We performed pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) to study the brain responses to an acute stress (injection of Synacthen®, a synthetic ACTH-related agonist) and to the FI odour with or without previous chronic supplementation. The olfactory stimulation with the ingredient elicited higher brain responses in FI animals, demonstrating memory retrieval and habituation to the odour. Pharmacological stress with Synacthen injection resulted in an increased activity in several brain regions associated with arousal, associative learning (hippocampus) and cognition (cingulate cortex) in chronically stressed animals. This highlighted the specific impact of acute stress on the brain. These responses were alleviated in animals previously supplemented by the FI during the entire chronic stress exposure. As chronic stress establishes upon the accumulation of acute stress events, any attenuation of the brain responses to acute stress can be interpreted as a beneficial effect, suggesting that FI could be a viable treatment to help individuals coping with repeated stressful events and eventually to reduce chronic stress. This study provides additional evidence on the potential benefits of this FI, of which the long-term consequences in terms of behaviour and physiology need to be further investigated.

scholarly journals Specific excitatory connectivity for feature integration in mouse primary visual cortex

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan R Muir ◽  
Patricia Molina-Luna ◽  
Morgane M Roth ◽  
Fritjof Helmchen ◽  
Björn M Kampa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Feature Binding ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Visual Properties ◽  
The Brain

AbstractLocal excitatory connections in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) are stronger and more prevalent between neurons that share similar functional response features. However, the details of how functional rules for local connectivity shape neuronal responses in V1 remain unknown. We hypothesised that complex responses to visual stimuli may arise as a consequence of rules for selective excitatory connectivity within the local network in the superficial layers of mouse V1. In mouse V1 many neurons respond to overlapping grating stimuli (plaid stimuli) with highly selective and facilitatory responses, which are not simply predicted by responses to single gratings presented alone. This complexity is surprising, since excitatory neurons in V1 are considered to be mainly tuned to single preferred orientations. Here we examined the consequences for visual processing of two alternative connectivity schemes: in the first case, local connections are aligned with visual properties inherited from feedforward input (a ‘like-to-like’ scheme specifically connecting neurons that share similar preferred orientations); in the second case, local connections group neurons into excitatory subnetworks that combine and amplify multiple feedforward visual properties (a ‘feature binding’ scheme). By comparing predictions from large scale computational models with in vivo recordings of visual representations in mouse V1, we found that responses to plaid stimuli were best explained by a assuming ‘feature binding’ connectivity. Unlike under the ‘like-to-like’ scheme, selective amplification within feature-binding excitatory subnetworks replicated experimentally observed facilitatory responses to plaid stimuli; explained selective plaid responses not predicted by grating selectivity; and was consistent with broad anatomical selectivity observed in mouse V1. Our results show that visual feature binding can occur through local recurrent mechanisms without requiring feedforward convergence, and that such a mechanism is consistent with visual responses and cortical anatomy in mouse V1.Author summaryThe brain is a highly complex structure, with abundant connectivity between nearby neurons in the neocortex, the outermost and evolutionarily most recent part of the brain. Although the network architecture of the neocortex can appear disordered, connections between neurons seem to follow certain rules. These rules most likely determine how information flows through the neural circuits of the brain, but the relationship between particular connectivity rules and the function of the cortical network is not known. We built models of visual cortex in the mouse, assuming distinct rules for connectivity, and examined how the various rules changed the way the models responded to visual stimuli. We also recorded responses to visual stimuli of populations of neurons in anaesthetised mice, and compared these responses with our model predictions. We found that connections in neocortex probably follow a connectivity rule that groups together neurons that differ in simple visual properties, to build more complex representations of visual stimuli. This finding is surprising because primary visual cortex is assumed to support mainly simple visual representations. We show that including specific rules for non-random connectivity in cortical models, and precisely measuring those rules in cortical tissue, is essential to understanding how information is processed by the brain.

scholarly journals Hierarchy in sensory processing reflected by innervation balance on cortical interneurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. eabf5676
Author(s):  
Guofen Ma ◽  
Yanmei Liu ◽  
Lizhao Wang ◽  
Zhongyi Xiao ◽  
Kun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Local Interneurons ◽  
Cortical Interneurons ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Virus Tracing ◽  
The Brain

Sensory processing is subjected to modulation by behavioral contexts that are often mediated by long-range inputs to cortical interneurons, but their selectivity to different types of interneurons remains largely unknown. Using rabies-virus tracing and optogenetics-assisted recording, we analyzed the long-range connections to various brain regions along the hierarchy of visual processing, including primary visual cortex, medial association cortices, and frontal cortices. We found that hierarchical corticocortical and thalamocortical connectivity is reflected by the relative weights of inputs to parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and vasoactive intestinal peptide–positive (VIP+) neurons within the conserved local circuit motif, with bottom-up and top-down inputs preferring PV+ and VIP+ neurons, respectively. Our algorithms based on innervation weights for these two types of local interneurons generated testable predictions of the hierarchical position of many brain areas. These results support the notion that preferential long-range inputs to specific local interneurons are essential for the hierarchical information flow in the brain.

scholarly journals Timing of Target Discrimination in Human Frontal Eye Fields

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1060-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta O'Shea ◽  
Neil G. Muggleton ◽  
Alan Cowey ◽  
Vincent Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Correct Rejection ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Target Discrimination ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right

Frontal eye field (FEF) neurons discharge in response to behaviorally relevant stimuli that are potential targets for saccades. Distinct visual and motor processes have been dissociated in the FEF of macaque monkeys, but little is known about the visual processing capacity of FEF in humans. We used double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation [(d)TMS] to investigate the timing of target discrimination during visual conjunction search. We applied dual TMS pulses separated by 40 msec over the right FEF and vertex. These were applied in five timing conditions to sample separate time windows within the first 200 msec of visual processing. (d)TMS impaired search performance, reflected in reduced d′ scores. This effect was limited to a time window between 40 and 80 msec after search array onset. These parameters correspond with single-cell activity in FEF that predicts monkeys' behavioral reports on hit, miss, false alarm, and correct rejection trials. Our findings demonstrate a crucial early role for human FEF in visual target discrimination that is independent of saccade programming.

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