The Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Using Single Mode Microwave Plasma Generator

The paper focuses of the interaction between tungsten (W) wire and microwave field in carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere. Our experimental set-up uses a microwave plasma generator in order to generate the plasma from the metallic wires. The microwave plasma generator contain a cylindrical cavity - TM_011 propagation modes, commercial source (magnetron) having the 2.45 GHz frequency at 800 W microwave and power supply. In the focal point of the cylindrical cavity we have a high energy of the electromagnetic radiation. The metallic wires from this area will be vaporized and ionized having as effect CO2 dissociation. The electron temperature regarding metallic plasma produced was estimated using the ratio of atomic emission lines acquired by a high definition of the optical multichannel spectrometer. Determination of the CO2 dissociation quantity was estimated measuring of the carbon monoxide (CO) resulting of the CO2 dissociation process. We obtained a high electron temperature of the plasma and a strong dissociation of the CO2.

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The Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Using a Single-Mode Microwave Plasma Generator

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25071558 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 1558 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

George Mogildea ◽

Marian Mogildea ◽

Cristina Popa ◽

Gabriel Chiritoi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Microwave Plasma ◽

Focal Point ◽

Single Mode ◽

Plasma Generator ◽

High Energy ◽

High Electron ◽

Space Applications ◽

Plasma Characterization ◽

Co2 Atmosphere

This paper focuses on the dissociation of carbon dioxide (CO2) following the absorption processes of microwave radiation by noncontact metal wire (tungsten). Using a microwave plasma generator (MPG) with a single-mode cavity, we conducted an interaction of microwaves with a noncontact electrode in a CO2 atmosphere. High energy levels of electromagnetic radiation are generated in the focal point of the MPG’s cylindrical cavity. The metal wires are vaporized and ionized from this area, subsequently affecting the dissociation of CO2. The CO2 dissociation is highlighted through plasma characterization and carbon monoxide (CO) quantity determination. For plasma characterization, we used an optical emission spectroscopy method (OES), and for CO quantity determination, we used a gas analyzer instrument. Using an MPG in the CO2 atmosphere, we obtained a high electron temperature of the plasma and a strong dissociation of CO2. After 20 s of the interaction between microwaves and noncontact electrodes, the quantity of CO increased from 3 ppm to 1377 ppm (0.13% CO). This method can be used in space applications to dissociate CO2 and refresh the atmosphere of closed spaces.

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Characteristics of 2.45GHz Microwave Plasma by Langmuir Probe Measurements

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1621 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 124-126 ◽

pp. 1621-1624 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sun Yong Choi ◽

Wataru Minami ◽

Lae Hyun Kim ◽

Hee Joon Kim

Keyword(s):

Electron Temperature ◽

Electron Density ◽

Microwave Power ◽

Langmuir Probe ◽

Microwave Plasma ◽

Debye Length ◽

Plasma Source ◽

Mean Free Path ◽

High Energy ◽

Langmuir Probe Measurements

The characteristics, such as electron temperature and the electron density, of CF4/Ar discharge in 2.45GHz microwave has been investigated by using a Langmuir probe with the microwave power and position. The results showed that the electron temperature and the electron density decrease with increasing distance from the plasma source. Increasing power enhances the dissociation and ionization of gas, and increases the electron densities. The electron temperature was decreased by reducing the mean free path of electrons with increasing microwave power. The electron temperature is 7.63 ~ 2.49 eV, and the electron density is 0.85×1011 ~ 4.3×1011 cm-3. From obtained electron energy distribution function, we known that high energy electron decreased with increasing microwave power and distance from the plasma source. The generated plasma by developed our system has good quality as results of Debye length λD = 35.8 ~ 67.3 μm, and Ln(ND) = 33.4 ~ 35.2.

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Plasma Parameters Obtained with Planar Probe and Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems ◽

10.29292/jics.v2i2.266 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 67-73

Author(s):

Andre M. Daltrini ◽

Stanislav A. Moshkalev ◽

Laura Swart ◽

Patrick B. Verdonck

Keyword(s):

Electron Temperature ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Emission Spectroscopy ◽

Optical Emission Spectroscopy ◽

Optical Emission ◽

High Energy ◽

Ion Current ◽

High Electron ◽

Plasma Parameters ◽

High Energy Tail

A planar probe and optical emission spectroscopy were employed to analyze parameters in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The analyses were performed in Ar, Ar+SF6 and O2 plasmas at 40 mTorr. Typical probe results indicate an ion current of 10-3 A/cm2 and an electron temperature (high energy tail) between 1-2 eV in measurements at high powers. At low powers a distinct discharge regime is observed, typically with low density (low ion current) and high electron temperature. The optical emission studies also showed the presence of these two regimes. Moreover, the electron temperature determination using this diagnostic is also in good agreement with planar probe results.

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Focused VHEE (very high energy electron) beams and dose delivery for radiotherapy applications

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93276-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

L. Whitmore ◽

R. I. Mackay ◽

M. van Herk ◽

J. K. Jones ◽

R. M. Jones

Keyword(s):

Electron Beams ◽

Focal Point ◽

External Beam Radiotherapy ◽

High Energy ◽

Energy Electron ◽

High Energy Electron ◽

Dose Delivery ◽

Entrance Dose ◽

Very High Energy ◽

Very High

AbstractThis paper presents the first demonstration of deeply penetrating dose delivery using focused very high energy electron (VHEE) beams using quadrupole magnets in Monte Carlo simulations. We show that the focal point is readily modified by linearly changing the quadrupole magnet strength only. We also present a weighted sum of focused electron beams to form a spread-out electron peak (SOEP) over a target region. This has a significantly reduced entrance dose compared to a proton-based spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). Very high energy electron (VHEE) beams are an exciting prospect in external beam radiotherapy. VHEEs are less sensitive to inhomogeneities than proton and photon beams, have a deep dose reach and could potentially be used to deliver FLASH radiotherapy. The dose distributions of unfocused VHEE produce high entrance and exit doses compared to other radiotherapy modalities unless focusing is employed, and in this case the entrance dose is considerably improved over existing radiations. We have investigated both symmetric and asymmetric focusing as well as focusing with a range of beam energies.

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Trapped-electron-mode property and role for the L-H transition in L-mode edge plasmas with relatively high electron temperature and weak ion temperature gradient

Physics of Plasmas ◽

10.1063/5.0053455 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 072509

Author(s):

J. Y. Kim ◽

H. S. Han

Keyword(s):

Temperature Gradient ◽

Electron Temperature ◽

High Electron ◽

Ion Temperature ◽

Ion Temperature Gradient ◽

Electron Mode ◽

High Electron Temperature ◽

Edge Plasmas ◽

Trapped Electron

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Laser Ignition of Surgical Drape Materials in Air, 50% Oxygen, and 95% Oxygen

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-200405000-00019 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 100 (5) ◽

pp. 1167-1171 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Gerald L. Wolf ◽

George W. Sidebotham ◽

Jackson L. P. Lazard ◽

Jean G. Charchaflieh

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Operating Room ◽

Oxygen Concentration ◽

High Energy ◽

Ignition Source ◽

Laser Ignition ◽

Surgical Tools ◽

Time To Ignition ◽

Room Fires ◽

Surgical Laser

Background Operating room fires fueled by surgical drapes and ignited by high-energy surgical tools in air and oxygen-enriched atmospheres continue to occur. Methods The authors examined the time to ignition of huck towels and three commonly used surgical drape materials in air, 50% oxygen, and 95% oxygen using a carbon dioxide surgical laser as an ignition source. In addition, a phenol-polymer fabric was tested. Results In air, polypropylene and phenol polymer do not ignite. For polypropylene, the laser instantly vaporized a hole, and therefore, interaction between the laser and material ceased. When tested in combination with another material, the polypropylene time to ignition assumed the behavior of the material with which it was combined. For phenol polymer, the laser did not penetrate the material. Huck towels, cotton-polyester, and non-woven cellulose-polyester ignited in air with decreasing times to ignition. All tested materials ignited in 50% and 95% oxygen. Conclusion The results of this study reveal that with increasing oxygen concentration, the time to ignition becomes shorter, and the consequences become more severe. The possibility exists for manufacturers to develop drape materials that are safer than existing materials.

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Application of microwave plasma technology to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into high value products: A review

Journal of Cleaner Production ◽

10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130447 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 130447

Author(s):

M.Y. Ong ◽

S. Nomanbhay ◽

F. Kusumo ◽

P.L. Show

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Microwave Plasma ◽

Plasma Technology ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

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Analyzing the impact of fossil fuel import reliance on electricity prices: The case of the Iberian Electricity Market

Energy & Environment ◽

10.1177/0958305x17724047 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 687-705 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Blanca Moreno ◽

María T García-Álvarez

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Electricity Market ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

High Energy ◽

Electricity Production ◽

The European Union ◽

Electricity Prices ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

Spain and Portugal are highly dependent on energy from abroad, importing more than 70% of all the energy they consume. This high energy dependence could involve important effects on the level and stability of their electricity prices as a half the gross electricity generated in both countries came from power stations using imported combustible fuels (such as natural gas, coal and oil). In general, changes in the prices of these fossil fuels can directly affect household electricity prices, since generation costs are likely to be transmitted through to the wholesale electricity market. Moreover, in the framework of the European Union Emission Trading System, electricity production technologies tend to incorporate their costs of carbon dioxide emission allowances in sale offers with the consequent increase of the electricity prices. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of fossil fuel costs and prices of carbon dioxide emission allowances in the EU on the Spanish and Portuguese electricity prices. With this aim, a maximum entropy econometric approach is used. The obtained results indicate that not only the price of imported gas are very important in explaining Spanish and Portuguese electricity prices but also the price of carbon dioxide emission allowances in the EU.

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