scholarly journals Open-Ended Descriptions of Religious/Spiritual Struggles: Salient Themes and Associations with the Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale and Religiousness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Wilt ◽  
Joyce T. Takahashi ◽  
Peter Jeong ◽  
Julie J. Exline ◽  
Kenneth I. Pargament
Keyword(s):  
Religious Belief ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Standardized Measures ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Spiritual Struggles ◽  
Valid Information ◽  
Qualitative Coding

Religious and spiritual struggles are typically assessed by self-report scales using closed-ended items, yet nascent research suggests that using open-ended items may complement and advance assessment. In the current study, undergraduate participants (N = 976) completed open-ended descriptions of their religious and spiritual struggles, the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS), and a standardized measures of religious belief salience. Qualitative coding showed that the themes emerging from open-ended descriptions generally fell within the broad domains of the RSS though some descriptions reflected more contextualized struggles. Scores derived from the open-ended responses to assess RSS domains achieved evidence of reliability as well as convergent and discriminant validity with the RSS . Correlations revealed a mix of similar and divergent associations between methods of assessing religious and spiritual struggles and religious belief salience. Open-ended descriptions of religious and spiritual struggles may yield reliable and valid information that is related to but distinct from assessments relying on closed-ended items.

scholarly journals Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Measures of Religious/Spiritual Struggles: A Mixed-Methods Study

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Wilt ◽  
Joyce T. Takahashi ◽  
Peter Jeong ◽  
Julie J. Exline ◽  
Kenneth I. Pargament
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Spiritual Struggles ◽  
Valid Information

Religious and spiritual struggles are typically assessed by self-report scales using closed-ended items, yet nascent research suggests that using open-ended interviews and prompts may complement and advance assessment and theories. In the current mixed-methods study, undergraduate participants (N = 976) completed open-ended descriptions of their religious and spiritual struggles, the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS), and a quantitative measure of religious belief salience. Qualitative description showed that the themes emerging from open-ended descriptions generally fell within the broad domains of the RSS though some descriptions reflected more contextualized struggles. Scores derived from the open-ended responses to assess RSS domains achieved evidence of reliability, and quantitative correlational analyses provided support for convergent and discriminant validity with the RSS. Correlations revealed a mix of similar and divergent associations between methods of assessing religious and spiritual struggles and religious belief salience. Open-ended descriptions of religious and spiritual struggles may yield reliable and valid information that is related to but distinct from assessments relying on closed-ended items.

An Initial Investigation of the Use of Comparative Referents to Assess Social Anxiety

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura D. Seligman ◽  
Erin F. Swedish ◽  
Jason P. Rose ◽  
Jessica M. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Excellent Internal Consistency ◽  
Social Quality Of Life ◽  
Comparison Measures

Abstract. The current study examined the validity of two self-report measures of social anxiety constructed using social comparative referent points. It was hypothesized that these comparison measures would be both reliable and valid. Results indicated that two different comparative versions – one invoking injunctive norms and another invoking descriptive norms – showed good reliability, excellent internal consistency, and acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. The comparative measures also predicted positive functioning, some aspects of social quality of life, and social anxiety as measured by an independent self-report. These findings suggest that adding a comparative reference point to instructions on social anxiety measures may aid in the assessment of social anxiety.

scholarly journals Preliminary Scales for ICD-11 Personality Disorder: Self and Interpersonal Dysfunction Plus Five Personality Disorder Trait Domains

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Anna Clark ◽  
Alejandro Corona-Espinosa ◽  
Shereen Khoo ◽  
Yuliya Kotelnikova ◽  
Holly F. Levin-Aspenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Interpersonal Dysfunction ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Clinical Description

The ICD-11 personality disorder model is the first fully dimensional assessment of personality pathology. It consists of a personality disorder (PD) dysfunction-severity dimension, which encompasses both self- and interpersonal dysfunction, and six optional qualifiers for five prominent personality traits—Negative Affectivity (NA), Detachment (DET), Dissociality (DSL), Disinhibition (DSN), and Anankastia (ANK)—plus a borderline pattern that is defined by the criteria of DSM-IV borderline PD. This article reports on the development of a new self-report measure to assess self- and interpersonal dysfunction and the five trait qualifiers. It is the first comprehensive measure of the ICD-11 PD model in that (a) it is the only one to include both PD dysfunction-severity as well as trait scales and because (b) it is based on the Clinical Description and Diagnostic Guidelines, which are more detailed than the “statistical” model description that is currently on the ICD-11 website. The authors wrote 992 items and then reduced the pool to 300 items by eliminating redundancy and selecting the consensus best few items for each subconstruct. Data were collected using an online sample of 383 Prolific workers. Using exploratory factor analysis, seven domain scales were developed, each of which contained two to four scales assessing components of the domain. These preliminary scales’ psychometrics were excellent, as were the domains’ and their components’ convergent and discriminant validity, with a few generally minor exceptions. Structural analyses at the component level revealed a three-factor structure consisting of two moderately correlated Internalizing factors, one centered on Self Dysfunction with two NA components and a DSN component (Distractibility) and the other on Interpersonal Dysfunction with DET and ANK components; as well as an Externalizing factor with DSL and a DSN component (Reckless Impulsivity) that was uncorrelated with the other two factors. Two aspects of the results in particular are striking: (1) ANK was not the opposite end of a DSN dimension, but rather contributed to an Internalizing Interpersonal Dysfunction dimension and (2) DSN had both an Internalizing and an Externalizing component. Implications of the findings and study limitations are discussed.

scholarly journals Body image shame in men: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and psychometric properties of the Body Image Shame Scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana Duarte ◽  
C. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Weight And Shape Concerns

Abstract Purpose Body image shame plays a key role in disordered eating symptoms and psychological adjustment. Nonetheless, research has been mainly focused on women. The Body Image Shame Scale (BISS) was previously developed and tested in a nonclinical sample of women. This study examines the BISS in a male sample comprising students and community participants. Methods Participants were 420 men, who completed the BISS and self-report measures of shame, self-criticism, body weight and shape concerns and psychopathological symptoms. Results The previously identified structure of the BISS, with an external and internal dimension, fitted the data well. All items presented high reliability. The BISS total score and its subscales in men present high construct reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. Correlation analyses indicated that BISS and its subscales in men present positive associations with general shame and self-criticism, body weight and shape concerns, and with indices of poorer psychological adjustment. Conclusion Findings supported that the BISS is a reliable measure to assess body shame in men.

Factorial Structure and Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the E (Empathy) Scale

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich S. Tran ◽  
Anton-Rupert Laireiter ◽  
Christine Neuner ◽  
David P. Schmitt ◽  
Max Leibetseder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Antisocial Attitudes

The Empathy (E) scale has been proposed as a theoretically and psychometrically more satisfying alternative to existing self-report measures of empathy. Its four scales (facets) cover both components (cognitive vs. emotional) and both reality statuses (fictitious vs. real-life) of empathy in pairwise combinations. Confirmatory factor analyses of the E-scale in an Austrian community sample ( N = 794) suggested that one prior assumption, namely the mutual orthogonality of these facets, may partly need revision; particularly, the E-scale facets seemed to reflect more strongly differences in the reality statuses than in the components of empathy. Utilizing numerous informative psychological traits, the scale's convergent and discriminant validity were examined. E-scale scores were consistently predicted by sex-related and relationship-related constructs and measures of antisocial attitudes and behavior. Among the Big Five personality dimensions, openness emerged as a major positive correlate of empathy. Sex and age were demographic correlates of E-scale scores (higher in women and the younger). Findings were discussed with regards to the definition and measurement of empathy.

Why Won’t You Listen to Me? Measuring Receptiveness to Opposing Views

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 3069-3094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A. Minson ◽  
Frances S. Chen ◽  
Catherine H. Tinsley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Opposing Party ◽  
Report Measure

We develop an 18-item self-report measure of receptiveness to opposing views. Studies 1a and 1b present the four-factor scale and report measures of internal, convergent, and discriminant validity. In study 2, more receptive individuals chose to consume proportionally more information from U.S. senators representing the opposing party than from their own party. In study 3, more receptive individuals reported less mind wandering when viewing a speech with which they disagreed, relative to one with which they agreed. In study 4, more receptive individuals evaluated supporting and opposing policy arguments more impartially. In study 5, we find that voters who opposed Donald Trump but reported being more receptive at the time of the election were more likely to watch the inauguration, evaluate the content of the inauguration speech in a more even-handed manner, and select a more balanced portfolio of news outlets for later consumption than their less receptive counterparts. We discuss the scale as a tool to investigate the role of receptiveness for conflict, decision making, and collaboration. This paper was accepted by Elke Weber, judgment and decision making.

The Berlin Social Support Scales: Validation of the Received Support Scale in a Canadian sample of patients affected by melanoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 1785-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia DiMillo ◽  
Nathan C Hall ◽  
Hélène Ezer ◽  
Ralf Schwarzer ◽  
Annett Körner
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
French Language ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
French And English ◽  
Melanoma Patients ◽  
Self Examination

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Received Support Scale of the Berlin Social Support Scales in a Canadian sample of English and French language melanoma patients ( N = 137). Participants received a skin self-examination education and completed self-report questionnaires. Exploratory factor analyses, reliability analyses, and independent samples t-tests were conducted. Findings support the unidimensionality of the Received Support Scale of the Berlin Social Support Scales. The psychometric similarities of the French and English versions of the scale, its strong internal consistency, as well as its convergent and discriminant validity support the use of the Received Support Scale of the Berlin Social Support Scales in patients with melanoma.

scholarly journals Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Psychopathy Factors Assessed Via Self-Report

Assessment ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Benning ◽  
Christopher J. Patrick ◽  
Randall T. Salekin ◽  
Anne-Marie R. Leistico
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity

scholarly journals Measuring Intergroup Forgiveness: The Enright Group Forgiveness Inventory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Enright ◽  
Julie Johnson ◽  
Fu Na ◽  
Tomaz Erzar ◽  
Matthew Hirshberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Intergroup Forgiveness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Until recently, researchers operationalized and measured the psychological construct of forgiveness at the individual, rather than the group, level. Social psychologists started applying forgiveness to groups and examining the role intergroup forgiveness may have in conflict resolution and peace efforts. Initial attempts to define and measure forgiveness at the group level either assumed individual and group capacities were the same, or insufficiently described what intergroup forgiveness meant. We developed a new measure of intergroup forgiveness, and a novel group administration process, that operationalized the construct in a philosophically coherent way. Our conceptualization of intergroup forgiveness was rooted in what groups, as opposed to the individuals who compose them, have the capacity to do. We collected data on the psychometric properties of the measure with 595 participants in three different geographic and cultural settings. We assessed the factor structure, internal consistency, and validity of the measure. We also assessed a novel group-based method of administering the measure to better understand the relationship between group based reports and self-reports of intergroup forgiveness. The factor structure of the measure was supported, and the measure had strong internal consistency, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. The group administration process revealed important group dynamics and was not statistically different than a standard self-report administration; this finding has important implications for research and practice.

scholarly journals Differential changes in self-reported aspects of interoceptive awareness through 3 months of contemplative training

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Bornemann ◽  
Beate M. Herbert ◽  
Tania Singer
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Body Awareness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity

Interoceptive body awareness (IA) is crucial for psychological well-being and plays an important role in many contemplative traditions. However, until recently, standardized self-report measures of IA were scarce, not comprehensive, and the effects of interoceptive training on such measures were largely unknown. The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) questionnaire measures IA with eight different scales. In the current study, we investigated whether and how these different aspects of IA are influenced by a 3-months contemplative intervention in the context of the ReSource project, in which 148 subjects engaged in daily practices of “Body Scan” and “Breath Meditation.” We developed a German version of the MAIA and tested it in a large and diverse sample (n = 1,076). Internal consistencies were similar to the English version (0.56– 0.89), retest reliability was high (r s: 0.66–0.79), and the MAIA showed good convergent and discriminant validity. Importantly, interoceptive training improved five out of eight aspects of IA, compared to a retest control group. Participants with low IA scores at baseline showed the biggest changes. Whereas practice duration only weakly predicted individual differences in change, self-reported liking of the practices and degree of integration into daily life predicted changes on most scales. Interestingly, the magnitude of observed changes varied across scales. The strongest changes were observed for the regulatory aspects of IA, that is, how the body is used for self-regulation in daily life. No significant changes were observed for the Noticing aspect (becoming aware of bodily changes), which is the aspect that is predominantly assessed in other IA measures. This differential pattern underscores the importance to assess IA multi-dimensionally, particularly when interested in enhancement of IA through contemplative practice or other mind–body interventions.

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