Anabolic steroids in sport: biochemical, clinical and analytical perspectives

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Kicman ◽  
D. B. Gower
Keyword(s):  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Accredited Laboratories ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Innate Ability

International Olympic Committee accredited laboratories play a key role in upholding the principle of fair play and innate ability, as desired by the majority of sports competitors and spectators. Not only does doping damage the image of sport, but it can also be harmful to the individual. The great majority of samples test negative but, when an adverse finding is declared, the analytical data must be of a sufficiently high standard to withstand legal challenges by third parties. The most widely misused performance-enhancing drugs are the anabolic-androgenic steroids, commonly referred to as 'anabolic steroids'. This review attempts to address the complex issues concerning anabolic steroids in sport by considering the clinical, biochemical and analytical perspectives.

scholarly journals The Cardiac Effects of Performance-Enhancing Medications: Caffeine vs. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sivalokanathan ◽  
Łukasz A. Małek ◽  
Aneil Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
The World ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Several performance-enhancing or ergogenic drugs have been linked to both significant adverse cardiovascular effects and increased cardiovascular risk. Even with increased scrutiny on the governance of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in professional sport and heightened awareness of the associated cardiovascular risk, there are some who are prepared to risk their use to gain competitive advantage. Caffeine is the most commonly consumed drug in the world and its ergogenic properties have been reported for decades. Thus, the removal of caffeine from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances, in 2004, has naturally led to an exponential rise in its use amongst athletes. The response to caffeine is complex and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Whilst the evidence may be equivocal, the ability of an athlete to train longer or at a greater power output cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, its impact on the myocardium remains unanswered. In contrast, anabolic androgenic steroids are recognised PEDs that improve athletic performance, increase muscle growth and suppress fatigue. Their use, however, comes at a cost, afflicting the individual with several side effects, including those that are detrimental to the cardiovascular system. This review addresses the effects of the two commonest PEDs, one legal, the other prohibited, and their respective effects on the heart, as well as the challenge in defining its long-term implications.

scholarly journals The Cardiac Effects of Performance-Enhancing Medications: Caffeine vs. Anabolic Steroids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sivalokanathan ◽  
Łukasz Małek ◽  
Aneil Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Several performance-enhancing or ergogenic drugs have been linked to both significant adverse cardiovascular effects and increased cardiovascular risk. Even with increased scrutiny on the governance of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in professional sport and heightened awareness of the associated cardiovascular risk, there are some who are prepared to risk their use to gain competitive advantage. Caffeine is the most commonly consumed drug in the world and its ergogenic properties have been reported for decades. Thus, the removal of caffeine from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances, in 2004, has naturally led to an exponential rise in its use amongst athletes. The response to caffeine is complex and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Whilst the evidence may be equivocal, the ability of an athlete to train longer or at a greater power output cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, its impact on the myocardium remains unanswered. In contrast, anabolic steroids are recognised PEDs that improve athletic performance, increase muscle growth and suppress fatigue. Their use, however, comes at a cost, afflicting the individual with several side effects, including those that are detrimental to the cardiovascular system. This review addresses the effects of the two commonest PEDs, one legal, the other prohibited, and their respective effects on the heart, as well as the long-term implications.

Doping and effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the heart: histological, ultrastructural, and echocardiographic assessment in strength athletes

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Hassan ◽  
MF Salem ◽  
Mael Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Experimental Group

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are used by some athletes to enhance performance despite the health risk they may pose in some persons. This work was carried out to evaluate the possible structural and functional alterations in the heart using two-dimensional, M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and strain rate imaging (SRI) in athletes using supraphysiological doses of AAS. Additionally, the histological and ultrastructural changes in cardiac muscles of adult albino rats after injection of sustanon, as an example of AAS, were studied. Fifteen male bodybuilders using anabolic steroids constituted group 1, five male bodybuilders who are not using anabolic steroids constituted group 2, and five nonathletic males constituted negative control group (group 3). They were investigated by two-dimensional, M-mode, TDI and SRI. This study was performed on 30 adult albino rats. They were divided into two groups. Group I (Control group) (10) was subdivided into negative control, subgroup 1a (5), and subgroup 1b (5), which received 0.8 ml olive oil intramuscular once a week for 8 weeks. Group II (Experimental group) (20) received sustanon 10 mg/kg intramuscularly once a week for 8 weeks. The heart specimens were prepared for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Echocardiographic results showed that bodybuilders who use steroids have smaller left ventricular dimension with thicker walls, impaired diastolic function, as well as higher peak systolic strain rate in steroid-using bodybuilders as compared to the other two groups. Light microscopy examination of cardiac muscle fibers showed focal areas of degeneration with loss of striations and vacuolation in the experimental group. Ultrastructural examination showed disturbance of the banding pattern of the cardiac muscle fiber with disintegration, loss of striations, dehiscent intercalated disc, and interrupted Z-bands. Administration of supraphysiological doses of AAS caused severe deleterious effects in the myocardium both in athletes and in experimental animals. The SRI shows promise in the early detection of systolic dysfunction in those athletes who use steroids.

A chemical–mineralogical classification of common plutonic rocks and associations

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Debon ◽  
P. Le Fort
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Data ◽  
Quartz Content ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Plutonic Rocks ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Criteria ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACTA classification is proposed, based mainly on major element analytical data plotted in a coherent set of three simple chemical-mineralogical diagrams. The procedure follows two complementary steps at two different levels. The first is concerned with the individual sample: the sample is given a name (e.g. granite, adamellite, granodiorite) and its chemical and mineralogical characteristics are determined. The second one is more important: it aims at defining the type of magmatic association (or series) to which the studied sample or group of samples belongs. Three main types of association are distinguished: cafemic (from source-material mainly or completely mantle-derived), aluminous (mainly or completely derived by anatexis of continental crust), and alumino-cafemic (intermediate between the other two types). Subtypes are then distinguished among the cafemic and alumino-cafemic associations: calc-alkaline (or granodioritic), subalkaline (or monzonitic), alkaline (and peralkaline), tholeiitic (or gabbroic-trondhjemitic), etc. In the same way, numerous subtypes and variants are also distinguished among the aluminous associations using a set of complementary criteria such as quartz content, colour index, alkali ratio, quartz–alkalies relationships and alumina index.Although involving a new approach using partly new criteria, this classification is consistent with most of the divisions used in previous typologies. The method may also be used in the classification of the volcanic equivalents of common plutonic rocks.

scholarly journals Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A Comprehensive Review of Its Consumption, Metabolism, Health Effects, and Toxicity with Sex Differences

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 6210
Author(s):  
Marwa T. Badawy ◽  
Mansour Sobeh ◽  
Jianbo Xiao ◽  
Mohamed A. Farag
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Sexual Performance ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Performance Enhancing Drugs ◽  
Oral Supplement

Androstenedione is a steroidal hormone produced in male and female gonads, as well as in the adrenal glands, and it is known for its key role in the production of estrogen and testosterone. Androstenedione is also sold as an oral supplement, that is being utilized to increase testosterone levels. Simply known as “andro” by athletes, it is commonly touted as a natural alternative to anabolic steroids. By boosting testosterone levels, it is thought to be an enhancer for athletic performance, build body muscles, reduce fats, increase energy, maintain healthy RBCs, and increase sexual performance. Nevertheless, several of these effects are not yet scientifically proven. Though commonly used as a supplement for body building, it is listed among performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) which is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, as well as the International Olympic Committee. This review focuses on the action mechanism behind androstenedione’s health effects, and further side effects including clinical features, populations at risk, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and toxicokinetics. A review of androstenedione regulation in drug doping is also presented.

The Effects of Stress Inoculation Training on Gymnastics Performance on the Pommelled Horse. A Case Study

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Mace ◽  
Clive Eastman ◽  
Douglas Carroll
Keyword(s):  
High Standard ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Stress Inoculation ◽  
Intervention Programme ◽  
Stress Inoculation Training ◽  
Stress Management Training ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

A male gymnast who had represented his country in Olympic gymnastics and had developed a maladaptive mental approach to performing on the pommelled horse in competition was given stress inoculation training in order to help him overcome his difficulties. Preliminary interviews revealed that immediately before competing he became very tense, his arms started to shake and he had doubts about being able to complete his routine. In addition, he was unable to use visualization, a technique which he used for mental preparation on the other five pieces of apparatus in Olympic gymnastics competitions. Further interviews also strongly suggested that the subject had developed an unconscious set of negative self-statements. An intervention programme comprising 12 sessions of training in relaxation, visualization and making positive self-statements was implemented. Recorded interviews and comments made by the subject on completion of the training indicated that the programme had been successful. For many years the subject had experienced problems performing on the pommelled horse and he had frequently suffered falls in competition. Towards the end of the stress management training programme his performance began to improve. He also became more confident and he used his stress coping skills in competition. In the National Championships he was able to relax, visualize his routine and make positive self-statements. Shortly after this competition he successfully completed his routine to a high standard without any falls to win the individual title in the Midlands Regional Championships. In a subsequent international match he again successfully performed his routine to a high standard.

Change of Phototropic and Geotropic Signs in Daphnia Induced by Changes of Light Intensity

1930 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Secondary Signs

1. A method is described for studying the responses of Daphnia to changes of light intensity with special attention to the behaviour of the individual and to the avoidance of "shock" effects. The types of apparatus used provide for rigid control of the temperature, for illumination from any direction, and for an adjustable rate of change of the light intensity by means of a chemical rheostat. 2. The great majority of Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex were found to be primarily negatively phototropic and positively geotropic. That is, they always exhibited those tropistic signs under constant conditions of illumination. 3. A reduction of the light intensity causes a temporary reversal of the tropism signs. The secondary signs thus produced are positive phototropism and negative geotropism. 4. The presence of both phototropic and geotropic forces is proved by experiments in which illumination is (1) from one side, (2) from beneath, and (3) from two opposing sides or from above and below simultaneously. In these tests and in others in which very slow and very fast rates of dimming are used the phototropic and geotropic forces are resolved, antagonised, and neutralised in succession. The responses of the Daphnia indicate that there are two types of animals which exhibit exactly the same tropisms, but in one type phototropism is the stronger while in the other geotropism is the stronger. 5. In this material it was found that the temporary secondary tropistic signs persisted only a few minutes while the primary signs persisted for hours, although this effect was somewhat less marked in weak light or in darkness. 6. The difference between "time-change" and "place-change" of light in tensity is pointed out. Daphnia is stimulated by both types of change if the rate of change is sufficiently great. 7. That photosensitive animals are stimulated to respond to changes in the intensity of light only and are merely orientated by the direction of the light is shown in the work of previous, investigators as well as in this paper. The rigidity of this mechanism is indicated by experiments in which the light is graded in intensity at right angles to its direction and in which the light is rendered converging and diverging by a lens. 8. Evidence is given for believing that there is no "absolute optimum" light intensity for Daphnia but that a "relative optimum" exists which is the intensity to which the animals are adapted at the moment. 9. The interval between the inception of the reduction of the light intensity and the beginning of swimming movements in response is called the latent period. The faster the rate of dimming, the shorter is the duration of the latent period. A minimum, amount of intensity change is required to produce any response, at any speed, but beyond that the slower the rate of dimming, the greater is the amount of change required and hence the lower is the absolute intensity at which the response takes place. Ordinarily, the response is maximal in respect to both rate and magnitude. 10. Fatigue will interfere with experimentation unless guarded against. 11. Specimens of Daphinia with reversed primary signs gain temporary secondary signs following an increase of light intensity; otherwise they behave like the more usual forms. 12. The possibility that the processes of adaptation in Daphnia may account for the photic responses observed is discussed. Support for this theory is derived from the fact that it is possible to dim the light over a given range at such a slow rate that no response is produced.

Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention: Mass Spectrometry of Alkyl Methylphosphonofluoridates

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
VT Borrett ◽  
RJ Mathews ◽  
ER Mattsson
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Data ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Related Compounds

Under the provisions of the United Nations Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), certain parts of chemical industry will be monitored to verify compliance with the Convention. This will include analysis of samples from industrial sites to check for the presence or absence of chemical warfare related compounds. One of the problems in screening the chemicals to be monitored under the CWC is that certain classes of chemical warfare agents are represented as families of chemicals, with many of the individual chemicals having no analytical data available. One example is the alkyl methylphosphonofluoridate family with an alkyl ester substituent from CH3 to C10H21. In this work, the mass spectra of 60 alkyl methylphosphonofluoridate family members have been studied to enable the development of rapid on-site screening methods for this family of chemicals.

scholarly journals Rapid Determination of Nutritional Parameters of Pasta/Sauce Blends by Handheld Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina D. G. Neves ◽  
Ronei J. Poppi ◽  
Heinz W. Siesler
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Nutritional Parameters ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Near Future

Nowadays, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has experienced a rapid progress in miniaturization (instruments < 100 g are presently available), and the price for handheld systems has reached the < $500 level for high lot sizes. Thus, the stage is set for NIR spectroscopy to become the technique of choice for food and beverage testing, not only in industry but also as a consumer application. However, contrary to the (in our opinion) exaggerated claims of some direct-to-consumer companies regarding the performance of their “food scanners” with “cloud evaluation of big data”, the present publication will demonstrate realistic analytical data derived from the development of partial least squares (PLS) calibration models for six different nutritional parameters (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, sugar, and fiber) based on the NIR spectra of a broad range of different pasta/sauce blends recorded with a handheld instrument. The prediction performance of the PLS calibration models for the individual parameters was double-checked by cross-validation (CV) and test-set validation. The results obtained suggest that in the near future consumers will be able to predict the nutritional parameters of their meals by using handheld NIR spectroscopy under every-day life conditions.

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