scholarly journals Dirac 4x1 Wavefunction Recast into a 4x4 Type Wavefunction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Keyword(s):  
Physical Meaning ◽  
Hamiltonian Operator ◽  
Dirac Theory ◽  
The Real ◽  
Dirac Particles ◽  
Independent Particle ◽  
Interesting Idea ◽  
New Form ◽  
Dirac Hamiltonian ◽  
New Formation

As currently understood, the Dirac theory employs a 4 x1 type wavefunction. This 4x1 Dirac wavefunction is acted upon by a 4x4 Dirac Hamiltonian operator, in which process, four independent particle solutions result. Insofar as the real physical meaning and distinction of these four solutions, it is not clear what these solutions really mean. We demonstrate herein that these four independent particle solutions can be brought together under a single roof wherein the Dirac wavefunction takes a new form as a 4x4 wavefunction. In this new formation of the Dirac wavefunction, these four particle solutions precipitate into three distinct and mutuality dependent particles that are eternally bound in the same region of space. Given that Quarks are readily found in a mysterious threesome cohabitation-state eternally bound inside the Proton and Neutron, we make the suggestion that these Dirac particles might be Quarks. For the avoidance of speculation, we do not herein explore this idea further but merely present it as a very interesting idea worthy of further investigation. We however must say that, in the meantime, we are looking further into this very interesting idea, with the hope of making inroads in the immediate future.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF GRAVITY ON NONCOMMUTATIVE DIRAC EQUATION

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (26) ◽  
pp. 1997-2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOFIANE BOUROUAINE ◽  
ACHOUR BENSLAMA
Keyword(s):  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Covariant Derivative ◽  
Strong Electric Field ◽  
Curved Spacetime ◽  
Tetrad Formalism ◽  
Dirac Particles ◽  
Modified Dirac Equation ◽  
New Form

In this paper, we investigate the influence of gravity and noncommutativity on Dirac particles. By adopting the tetrad formalism, we show that the modified Dirac equation keeps the same form. The only modification is in the expression of the covariant derivative. The new form of this derivative is the product of its counterpart given in curved spacetime with an operator which depends on the noncommutative θ-parameter. As an application, we have computed the density number of the created particles in the presence of constant strong electric field in an anisotropic Bianchi universe.

scholarly journals Misyar Marriage between Shari`ah texts, Realities and scholars’ Fatawa’: An Analysis

IIUC Studies ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 297-320
Author(s):  
Noor Mohammad Osmani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Fixed Duration ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Real ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
Part Time ◽  
New Form ◽  
Relationship Of

Marriage is a sacred bond in Islam that ties a man and a woman into a lifelong relationship of love, compassion, mutual understanding, respect and security. It is a firm pledge that one makes in the name of Allah for one-another. ‘Misyar marriage’, ‘Convenience marriage’ or ‘Travelers’ marriage’ is a new form of marriage practiced widely in Saudi Arabia, Egypt and other gulf states. The ‘Misyar bride’ sacrifices some of her marital rights, such as expenses, fixed duration, and an abode. The scholars in Islam have different opinions about this form of marriage. Some of them supported it vehemently, as it could reduce the number of ladies without husbands; while yet others strongly oppose it, as it sounds like part-time wives, which has no roots in Islamic heritage. The present study therefore aims to explore the real status of ‘Misyar or convenience marriage’ in the texts from the Qur’an, Prophet’s Sunnah, the practices of his rightly guided Companions and the Fatawa of the traditional and modern scholars. It would analyze them in the light of the current realities and situations prevailing in many countries of the Muslim world. The study would adopt a critical yet objective approach in dealing with the issue. It is believed that the study would help the Muslim men and women to have clear insights on the issue based on the Shari`ah texts, scholars’ Fatawa and present day realities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v7i0.12495 IIUC Studies Vol.7 2011: 297-320

scholarly journals On the New Form of Representing Cauchy Problem for Schrodinger Equation on the Real Time

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Д.В. Гришин ◽  
◽  
Я.Ю. Павловский ◽  
И.Д. Ремизов ◽  
Е.С. Рожкова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cauchy Problem ◽  
Schrödinger Equation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Schrodinger Equation ◽  
The Real ◽  
New Form

scholarly journals Slower-Than-Light Spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ Particles Endowed with Negative Mass Squared

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (28) ◽  
pp. 5103-5122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Salesi
Keyword(s):  
Average Velocity ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Lorentz Transformations ◽  
Dirac Theory ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
Mechanical Wave ◽  
Ordinary Space ◽  
Dirac Particles

Extending in a straightforward way the standard Dirac theory, we study a quantum mechanical wave equation describing free spinning particles — which we propose to call Pseudotachyons (PT's) — which behave like tachyons in the momentum space (p2 = -m2), but like subluminal particles (v < c) in the ordinary space. This is allowed since, as it happens in every quantum theory for spin-[Formula: see text] particles, the momentum operator, -i ∇, (that is conserved), and the velocity operator α, (that is not), are independent operators, which refer to independent quantities: [Formula: see text]. As a consequence, at variance with ordinary Dirac particles, for PT's the average velocity [Formula: see text] is not equal to the classical velocity v cl = p/ε, but actually to the velocity "dual" of v cl : εp/p2. Being reciprocal of |v cl |, the speed of PT's is therefore smaller than the light speed. Since a lot of experimental data seems to involve a negative mass squared for neutrinos, we suggest that these particles might be PT's, travelling, because of their very small mass, at subluminal speeds very close to the light one. The present theory is shown to be separately invariant under the C, P, T transformations; the covariance under Lorentz transformations is also proven. Furthermore, we derive the kinematical constraints linking 4-impulse, 4-velocity and 4-polarization of free PT's.

“So I Found Another Form of Expression”: Art and Life/Art in Life in Paul Schrader’s Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
Thomas Prasch
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Taxi Driver ◽  
The Real ◽  
Black And White ◽  
New Form ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Art For Art's Sake ◽  
Aesthetic Distance ◽  
Form Of Expression

Paul Schrader says Mishima, like Taxi Driver’s hero, “is an example of a certain pathology of suicidal glory that transcends education and culture.” But for Schrader his task is “exploration” of such pathology, while critics tend to take it as endorsement. This chapter shows that Schrader’s tactics in Mishima in fact invite misreading, through their aesthetic distance. Although the present tense of the film is carried out in what might be called a near-documentary neutral naturalism, most of the film works in other ways: the biographical flashbacks in more expressionistic black and white; the three segments of adapted novels both in lush color, and presented as deliberately, anti-naturalistic staged, in a kabuki-inflected style. The result of such aestheticizing tactics, in combination with the direction of Mishima’s own life—toward the “final action” as new “form of expression,” toward life as art—in its very Wildean tenor, strikes an “art for art’s sake” tone, suspending moral judgment. This aestheticism tends to bury the real (as opposed to Mishima’s intoned voiceover) final outcome: that this is a failed coup and a deluded act.

scholarly journals PSEUDO-HERMITIAN INTERACTIONS IN DIRAC THEORY: EXAMPLES

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 1723-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
BHABANI PRASAD MANDAl ◽  
SAURABH GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Relativistic Quantum ◽  
Positive Definite ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Arbitrary Parameter ◽  
Scalar Interaction ◽  
Dirac Theory ◽  
Metric Operator ◽  
Dirac Hamiltonian

We consider a couple of examples to study the pseudo-Hermitian interaction in relativistic quantum mechanics. Rasbha interaction, commonly used to study the spin Hall effect, is considered with imaginary coupling. The corresponding Dirac Hamiltonian is shown to be parity pseudo-Hermitian. In the other example we consider parity pseudo-Hermitian scalar interaction with arbitrary parameter in Dirac theory. In both cases we show that the energy spectrum is real and all the other features of nonrelativistic pseudo-Hermitian formulation are present. Using the spectral method, the positive definite metric operator (η) has been calculated explicitly for both the models to ensure positive definite norms for the state vectors.

Sovereign Violence: Temple Destruction in India and Shrine Desecration in Iran and Central Asia

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Azfar Moin
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Form ◽  
Patron Saints

AbstractWas the destruction of Sufi and ‘Alid saint shrines as a rite of conquest in Iran and Central Asia a phenomenon comparable to the desecration of temples in war in India? With this question in mind, this essay examines the changing nature of Islamic kingship in premodern Iran and Central Asia and compares it to developments in Indic kingship. It begins with the thesis that the decline of the caliphate and the rise of Muslim saints and shrines in thirteenth-century Iran and Central Asia led to a new form of “shrine-centered” sovereignty practiced by the rulers of these regions. This development, in turn, gave rise to a notable pattern in which Muslim kings threatened or attacked the shrines of their enemies’ patron saints in times of war. A focus on this ritual violence, which remains neglected in the studies of Islamic iconoclasm and jihad, reveals how the protocols of violence and accommodation that governed these Muslim milieus became analogous to those enacted by Indic kings who also sacked temples of rival sovereigns in times of war. With the spread of Muslim shrines and the related belief that the “real” sovereign was not the caliph but the enshrined saint, Islam and Hinduism developed comparable grammars of “gifting” and “looting.” This argument allows for a new, transcultural perspective to examine the premodern history of India, Iran, and Central Asia, connected by the rise of Muslim saints and their shrines.

INDUCED MASSES AND SPIN SELF-INTERACTION FROM FIVE-DIMENSIONAL EINSTEIN–CARTAN–DIRAC THEORY

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
EVA HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
ALFREDO MACÍAS
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Mass Term ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Dilaton Field ◽  
Dirac Theory ◽  
Field Coupling ◽  
Dirac Particles ◽  
Cartan Theory ◽  
Bundle Structure

The Einstein–Cartan theory with a dilaton field coupling arising from five-dimensional principal fiber bundle structure of the metric is investigated. A Dirac type spinor field is coupled to the metric and to translational gauge fields. After the dimensional reduction, the theory introduces a gravitational spin–spin contact interaction coming from the translational degrees of freedom, which is repulsive between Dirac particles whose spins are aligned and attractive when spins are opposed. A classically stable ground state for the dilaton field exists, which is infinitely degenerate with respect to a rescaling of the metric. The induced mass term in the Dirac equation can be interpreted, e.g. as the bare electron mass, as long as we regard this theory as an effective "medium" energy model coming from finite string field theories.

scholarly journals Living in Virtual and Real Worlds: A Didactic Experience

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Lasala ◽  
Jara ◽  
Alamán
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Real World ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Pilot Experiment ◽  
The Real ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
New Form

During the last decade some technologies have achieved the necessary maturity to allow the widespread emergence of Virtual Worlds; many people are living an alternative life in them. One objective of this paper is to argue that the blending of real and virtual worlds has been happening for centuries, and in fact is the mark of “civilization”. This project presents a proposal to improve student motivation in the classroom, through a new form of recreation of a mixed reality environment. To this end, two applications have been created that work together between the real environment and the virtual environment: these applications are called “Virtual Craft” and “Virtual Touch”. Virtual Craft is related with the real world and Virtual Touch is related with the virtual world. These applications are in constant communication with each other, since both students and teachers carry out actions that influence the real or virtual world. A gamification mechanics was used in the recreated environment, in order to motivate the students to carry out the activities assigned by the teacher. For the evaluation of the proposal, a pilot experiment with Virtual Craft was carried out in a Secondary Educational Center in Valls (Spain).

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