PEMBUATAN BIOFLOKULAN DARI PATI TALAS (COLOCASIA ESCULENTA L. SCHOOTT) DAN POLYACRILAMIDE DENGAN METODE PENCANGKOKAN (GRAFTING)

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujtahid Kaavessina
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Polymer Backbone ◽  
Chain Polymer ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Termination Time ◽  
Flocculation Process

<p>Abstract: Clean water is the basic needs. One of the way to get clean water is using<br />flocculation process. The flocculant copolymer is the combination of natural polymers and<br />synthetic polymers that is more effective than the straight-chain polymer flocculants. Starchgraft-polyacrylamide</p><p>(St-g-PAM) is the copolymer flocculant. This flocculant is synthesized by<br />the grafting to separate into two phases. The first stage is the synthesis of non-terminated<br />polyacrylamide (nt-PAM) and then the grafting of the non-terminated polyacrylamide (nt-PAM)on taro starch polymer backbone. This study aims to determine the effect of initiator<br />concentration ratio, the concentration of the terminator, and the termination time of %GE, %GY,<br />intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight. Polymerization was carried out in a glass reactor<br />equipped with a stirrer and isothermal conditions. The resulting products were analyzed by FTIR.</p><p>The analysis shows the existence bonds of starch and acrylamide, the presence of these<br />groups proves that St-g-PAM was formed. The increase in the initiator concentration leads to an<br />increase % GY, intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight but subsequently decreased. The<br />increase in the concentration of terminator and the length time of termination cause % GY,<br />intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight decreased. In this study, the concentration of acrylamide<br />is smaller than the concentration of starch, it makes not all of the starch backbone can join the<br />acrylamide chain so %GE can not be calculated. Thus it can not explain the effect of the initiator<br />concentration, the concentration of the terminator, and the termination time of %GE<br />Keywords: Starch-graft-Polyacrylamide, grafting to, bioflocculant</p>

Mechanochemical Transformation and Synthesis of Polymers

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Specific Viscosity ◽  
Mechanical Breakdown

Abstract The mechanical grinding, milling, mixing, homogenization, freezing and other processes of the physico-mechanical processing of high polymers are widely used in the industries of plastics, rubbers, synthetic fibers, food products, silicates and many other branches of technology. Some of these processes have a great significance in biochemistry, medicine and biology. An analysis of the available experimental data permits one to reach the conclusion that in the intensive grinding of natural polymers (cellulose, starch, proteins or synthetics (polystyrene, rubber, polyisobutylene, etc.) a mechanical scission (cracking) of the macromolecules is observed. The possibility of macromoleeular scission under the grinding of high molecular weight substances is due to the high probability of a localization of mechanical energy at different sections of the polymer chain, which under certain conditions causes internal stresses exceeding the strength of covalent or ionic bonds. Mechanical breakdown of macromolecules is possible not only with dry or wet grinding, but also by mechanical action on polymer solutions. Thus, for instance, Staudinger has shown that the high speeds and forces of friction developed in forcing a 0.005 molar tetralin solution of polystyrene, average molecular weight = Mave=6⋅106, through a platinum capillary bring about a scission of the macromolecules which is revealed in a decrease of about 30% in the specific viscosity of the solution. Forcing a solution of polyisobutylene (Mave=3.9×104–23×104) in dichlorobenzene through a capillary with a diameter of 0.2 mm causes a decrease in the intrinsic viscosity and an increase in the constant of the Huggins equation. An increase in the Mave of the polymer structure formation (cross-linking) and a repeated forcing through is conducive to the mechanical breakdown of the macromolecules. It has been established that in mixing together solutions of polymeric substances (starch, gelatine, polyvinyl alcohol, etc.) with high-speed mixers having a rotation speed of over 4000 rpm, a sharp decrease in the intrinsic viscosity [ν] is observed, while the degree of scission increases, with an increase in the rotation speed of the mixer, and also with a decrease in the concentration of the solution.

scholarly journals Performance Test of Starch-g-Polyacrylamide Synthesized through Grafting as a Flocculant in Artificial Wastewater Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujtahid Kaavessina ◽  
Ina Fatimah ◽  
Suci Soraya
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Polymerization Time ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Two Stages

<p>Flocculation is one of the steps to get clean water. Grafted flocculant was successfully synthesized by combining the benefits of synthetic polymers (polyacrylamide) and natural polymers (cassava starch). This synthesis used “grafting to” method and passed through two stages, i.e. (i) the synthesis of non-terminated polyacrylamide (nt-PAM) and followed by (ii) grafting of non-terminated polyacrylamide (nt-PAM) on the cassava starch. The obtained flocculants were analyzed their molecular structure to determine the success of grafting. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectra were verifying that polyacrylamide can be attached in the starch molecules. Both neat starch and modified starch were studied as a backbone. The molecular weight of the flocculant is increasing as the increase of acrylamide concentration and polymerization time. The effectiveness of flocculation is relating with the molecular weight. However, the longer chains of attached polyacrylamide show better performance during flocculation than that of shorter chains although the molecular weight was same. The best performance was showed for the flocculant that using: (i) modified starch of cassava as a backbone, (ii) acrylamide concentration of 0.02 M and (iii) polymerization time of 90 minutes. As monitored, it could reduce the turbidity of artificial wastewater about 87,81 %</p>

Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship for chitosan

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (19) ◽  
pp. 2591-2598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad R. Kasaai ◽  
Joseph Arul ◽  
G�rard Charlet
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Weight Relationship

Effect on Polymer Chain Structure Caused by the Molar Fraction of 4-Hydroxybutyrate in Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co -4-hydroxybutyrate)

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 776-780
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Li ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Wei Jia Fan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Polymer Chain ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Polarizing Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)copolymer [P(3HB-co-4HB)] is a kind of biodegradable high molecular polymer produced by bioaccumulation. Because of the good biodegradability and biocompatibility, P(3HB-co-4HB)s have attracted wide attention . At first, the intrinsic viscosity[η] in good solvent of P(3HB-co-4HB) s with varying contents of 4HB was investigated in different temperature. Second, observed the changes of crystallization gathered state caused by the varying contents of 4HB by polarizing microscope. The results show that to the P(3HB-co-4HB)s in same molecular weight, the intrinsic viscosity[η] in good solvent barely changes when the mole fractions of 4HB increase. On the other hand, the mean square end to end distances[0] of macromolecular flexible chains increase with the mole fractions of 4HB. At the same time, the states of aggregation change from spherulites to dendrites. In this investigation, we discuss the reasons of the differences in depth.

Sorption of GR-S Type of Polymer on Carbon Black. III. Sorption by Commercial Blacks

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Kolthoff ◽  
R. G. Gutmacher
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Benzene Solution ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Peculiar Behavior

Abstract The sorption capacities toward GR-S five commercial carbon blacks are in decreasing order: Spheron-6, Vulcan-1, Philblack-0, Sterling-105, Philblack-A. Apparently, the sorption is not related to surface area. The sorption on Vulcan-1 of GR-S from its solutions in seven different solvents or mixtures of solvents increases with decreasing solvent power for the rubber. The sorption curves of two “cold rubbers,” polymerized at −10 and +5° respectively, showed little difference from that of 50° GR-S. Previous heating of carbon black in nitrogen at 500 or 1100° increased the sorption by about 20 per cent over unheated carbon. Air-heating of carbon black at 425° did not cause a difference in the sorption from benzene solution, but produced an increase in the sorption of rubber from n-heptane solution. In the range 75% butadiene-25% styrene to 5% butadiene-95% styrene, there is practically no effect of the degree of unsaturation on the sorption. Polystyrene of high intrinsic viscosity exhibits a peculiar behavior with furnace blacks. Vulcan-1 sorbed microgel as well as the sol fraction from n-heptane solutions of GR-S containing microgel (conversion 74.7 and 81.5 per cent). There was no appreciable difference in the amount of sorption of rubber fractions having average molecular weights varying from 433,000 to 85,000. There is little change in the amount sorbed after two hours of shaking, but the intrinsic viscosity of the residual rubber decreases with time. The low molecular-weight rubber is sorbed more rapidly, but is slowly replaced by the more tightly sorbed high molecular weight fraction. Partial fractionation of a rubber sample can be achieved by allowing the rubber solution to flow through a column of weakly sorbing carbon black. A large portion of the sorbed rubber can be recovered from the column by washing it with a good solvent such as xylene. Bound rubber is produced by intimate mixing of equal parts of carbon black and rubber swollen in chloroform, when the mixture is dried in vacuum at 80° or at room temperature. Milling is not essential to get bound rubber.

Intrinsic viscosity–molecular weight relationship for low molecular weight nylon 6

1968 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2105-2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hague ◽  
M. B. Huglin ◽  
B. L. Johnson ◽  
J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Nylon 6 ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Weight Relationship

Study on Improving Biodegradability of Straw Pulp Papermaking Wastewater by Coagu-Flocculation and Nuclear-Flocculation

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 4361-4364
Author(s):  
Xiao Qiao Song
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combination Process ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Flocculation Process ◽  
Papermaking Wastewater

When straw pulp papermaking wastewater was treated by the process of coagu-flocculation and nuclear-flocculation, there were still high CODCr. UV254 can reflect organic pollutants and organic pollutants of unsaturated aromatic ring, carbon-carbon double bond. With the decrease of molecular weight of organic pollutants, absorption of ultraviolet light will decrease. Indirectly, it reflectd that the combination process had a good removal effect on high molecular aromatic hydrocarbons difficult to be biodegraded. Meanwhile it can improve the the biodegradability. It used the activated sludge process as subsequent process of coagulation and-flocculation process. The test results showed that the removal rate of CODCr was 24.1%, CODCr was the 88.1mg/L. It reached effluent standard.

New Alfin Rubbers

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Newberg ◽  
H. Greenberg ◽  
T. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Cyclic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Molecular Weight Control ◽  
Heat Build Up ◽  
Polymerization Method ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Abstract Molecular weight control for alfin catalyzed 1,3-diene polymers by 1,4-diene straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbons (and their derivatives) has been demonstrated. The microstructure of these moderated polymers is identical to the polymers obtained without molecular weight control. From the wide series of copolymers preparable with this improved polymerization method four were chosen for their evaluation after laboratory testing for processability, physicals, and economics. Copolymers of butadiene—isoprene (90/10 and 97/3) and butadiene—styrene (85/15 and 95/5) virgin or oil extended have been shown to be economically attractive and to give superior wear, traction, and adequate heat build up.

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