scholarly journals Inventarisasi potensi emisi metana (CH4) pada peternakan sapi perah di Kecamatan Pujon, Kabupaten Malang

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Ali Mahmud ◽  
Ari Prima
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
The Government

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>The methane emissions in ruminants such as dairy cows was one of the causes of climate change. The aimed of this study was to make an inventory of methane emissions from dairy farms in Pujon District. The methane emission data inventory was expected to assist the government in making policies as an effort to mitigation of methane emissions.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The secondary data used in this study were obtained from journals, books, literature related to research, and data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Methane emissions was calculated using the Tier 1 method according to IPCC reference. The reason for the inventory using the tier 1 method was caused that the specific data related to emissions on dairy cows in Malang Regency were not available. The data obtained were processed descriptively.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results</strong><strong>: </strong>The data obtained shown that the population of dairy cows in Pujon District from 2013-2015 has increased, in 2016 it experienced a significant decline, namely 14.2%, then from 2017-2019 it continued to decline. Methane emissions from enteric fermentation from 2013-2019 averaged 23.13 Gg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq / year. Methane emissions from manure management in dairy cows in Pujon District from 2013-2019 were an average of 11.75 Gg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq / year. The highest methane emissions were in 2015, and the lowest was in 2019.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that methane emissions from dairy cows in Pujon District increased from 2013-2015, there was a significant reduction in emissions in 2016 – 2019. Feeding with balanced nutrients, using ingredients of concentrated and forage containing good nutrients quality is an effort to mitigate methane that can applied by farmers.

scholarly journals Adaptasi Industri Perjalanan Wisata Bali Ditengah Anomali Kebijakan Menyambut Era Kenormalan Baru

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Gowinda ◽  
Dyah Mutiarin ◽  
Janianton Damanik
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Industry Sector ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
The Government ◽  
Travel Industry

According to UNWTO (2020), during the pandemic period there was a significant decline in the tourism sector, such as travel and hospitality. This condition occurs throughout the country, including on the island of Bali as a world tourist destination. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bali's economic dependence on the tourism industry was felt. Coupled with policies that continue to change along with scientific developments related to COVID-19 and efforts to deal with it, the tourism industry inevitably has to 'adapt' more quickly. This article attempts to describe government policies that have had an impact on the travel industry, especially in Bali. The government policy that is being studied is the policy published in the first and second quarters of 2020. The data collection method is carried out only by literature review. The discussion is presented in a descriptive-qualitative nature, and is critically reviewed on the phenomena depicted from secondary data and documentations of pre-existing research on the same topic. The results found that the Indonesian government's policy is absolute to be used as a reference for the travel industry sector to clean up and adapt to developments in handling COVID-19 even though the related policies always change from time to time with dynamism.

scholarly journals Opportunities for reducing environmental emissions from forage-based dairy farms

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Misselbrook ◽  
Agustin Del Prado ◽  
David Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Enteric Fermentation

Modern dairy production is inevitably associated with impacts to the environment and the challenge for the industry today is to increase production to meet growing global demand while minimising emissions to the environment. Negative environmental impacts include gaseous emissions to the atmosphere, of ammonia from livestock manure and fertiliser use, of methane from enteric fermentation and manure management, and of nitrous oxide from nitrogen applications to soils and from manure management. Emissions to water include nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, sediment, pathogens and organic matter, deriving from nutrient applications to forage crops and/or the management of grazing livestock. This paper reviews the sources and impacts of such emissions in the context of a forage-based dairy farm and considers a number of potential mitigation strategies, giving some examples using the farm-scale model SIMSDAIRY. Most of the mitigation measures discussed are associated with systemic improvements in the efficiency of production in dairy systems. Important examples of mitigations include: improvements to dairy herd fertility, that can reduce methane and ammonia emissions by up to 24 and 17%, respectively; diet modification such as the use of high sugar grasses for grazing, which are associated with reductions in cattle N excretion of up to 20% (and therefore lower N losses to the environment) and potentially lower methane emissions, or reducing the crude protein content of the dairy cow diet through use of maize silage to reduce N excretion and methane emissions; the use of nitrification inhibitors with fertiliser and slurry applications to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching by up to 50%. Much can also be achieved through attention to the quantity, timing and method of application of nutrients to forage crops and utilising advances made through genetic improvements.

Estimates of enteric methane emissions from cattle in Canada using the IPCC Tier-2 methodology

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Ominski ◽  
D. A. Boadi ◽  
K. M. Wittenberg ◽  
D. L. Fulawka ◽  
J. A. Basarab
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Enteric Methane

The objective of this study was to estimate enteric methane (CH4) emissions of the Canadian cattle population using the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier-2 methodology. Estimates were then compared with IPCC Tier-1 methodology and data from Canadian research studies (CRS). Animal inventory data for the Canadian beef and dairy cattle herd was obtained from Statistics Canada. Information on cattle performance and feeding practices were obtained from provincial cattle specialists via a survey, as well as various published reports. Methane emissions from dairy and beef cattle in Canada for 2001 were 173 030 t yr-1 or 3.6 Mt CO2 eq. and 763 852 t yr-1 or 16.0 Mt CO2 eq., respectively, using Tier-2 methodology. Emissions for dairy cattle ranged from 708 t yr-1 in Newfoundland to 62 184 t yr-1 in Ontario. Emissions for beef cattle ranged from 191 t yr-1 in Newfoundland to 356 345 t yr-1 in Alberta. The national emission factors (kg CH4 yr-1) using IPCC Tier-2 were 73, 126, 90, 94, 40, 75, 63 and 56 for dairy heifers, dairy cows, beef cows, bulls, calves < 1yr, beef heifer replacements, heifers > 1 yr, and steers > 1yr, respectively. Emission factors (kg CH4 yr-1) for the above classes of cattle using IPCC Tier-1 were 56, 118, 72, 75, 47, 56, 47 and 47, respectively. The values were 15.1% higher to 25.3% lower than those obtained using IPCC Tier-2 methodology. When IPCC Tier-2 emission factors were compared with CRS, they were 12.3% lower to 32.6% higher than those obtained using the Tier-2 methodology. In conclusion, national estimates of enteric emissions from the Canadian cattle industry using Tier-1 and Tier-2 methodologies, as well as CRS, differ depending on the methodology used. Tier-2 methodology does allow for the inclusion of information other than population data, including feeding strategies, as well as duration of time in a given production environment. Additional research is required to establish the extent to which feed energy is converted to methane for those production scenarios for which there is no published data. Key words: IPCC Tier-2, IPCC Tier-1, enteric fermentation, cattle, methane, emission factor, methane conversion rate

scholarly journals Agricultural methane emissions and the potential formitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 379 (2210) ◽  
pp. 20200451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Smith ◽  
Dave Reay ◽  
Jo Smith
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Agriculture is the largest anthropogenic source of methane (CH 4 ), emitting 145 Tg CH 4  y −1 to the atmosphere in 2017. The main sources are enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation and residue burning. There is significant potential to reduce CH 4 from these sources, with bottom-up mitigation potentials of approximately 10.6, 10, 2 and 1 Tg CH 4  y −1 from rice management, enteric fermentation, manure management and residue burning. Other system-wide studies have assumed even higher potentials of 4.8–47.2 Tg CH 4  y −1 from reduced enteric fermentation, and 4–36 Tg CH 4  y −1 from improved rice management. Biogas (a methane-rich gas mixture generated from the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and used for energy) also has the potential to reduce unabated CH 4 emissions from animal manures and human waste. In addition to these supply side measures, interventions on the demand-side (shift to a plant-based diet and a reduction in total food loss and waste by 2050) would also significantly reduce methane emissions, perhaps in the order of greater than 50 Tg CH 4  y −1 . While there is a pressing need to reduce emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (CO 2 and N 2 O) due to their persistence in the atmosphere, despite CH 4 being a short-lived greenhouse gas, the urgency of reducing warming means we must reduce any GHG emissions we can as soon as possible. Because of this, mitigation actions should focus on reducing emissions of all the three main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, including CH 4 . This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part1)'.

scholarly journals Performance of Agriculture in Madhya Pradesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-174
Author(s):  
Ashok Gulati ◽  
Pallavi Rajkhowa ◽  
Ranjana Roy ◽  
Pravesh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

AbstractMadhya Pradesh emerged as the state with the highest growth rate in agriculture. Long clubbed with the so-called BIMARU group of poor northern, central and eastern states, MP successfully broke ranks to set a scorching pace of growth, which has been unparalleled in the past quarter-century. Understanding the factors that helped to drive this growth and drawing lessons for other states at similar levels of development is the main objective of this chapter. Madhya Pradesh’s agricultural GDP increased at 8.1% per annum during 2005–06 to 2016–17, surpassing even record holder Gujarat’s 6% agricultural growth in the same period. The last three years have been even more spectacular: agricultural GDP increased at 11.8% per annum. Keeping this background in mind, this chapter has used secondary data published by the government to study the composition, sources and drivers of agriculture growth in Madhya Pradesh and the lessons that can be drawn for developing states. Although MP has recorded a significant decline in poverty rates from 53.6% in 2004–05 to 35.7% in 2011–12, there is still much to be done to improve the livelihood of the rural population. Moreover, MP’s per capita income is low, standing at Rs. 51,798 per annum (FY14 at current prices) as compared to the national annual average income of Rs. 74,380. Although it is much better than that of Bihar (Rs. 31,199) and Uttar Pradesh (Rs. 36,250), it remains way below top-performing states like Sikkim (Rs. 176,491), Maharashtra (Rs. 114,392), Haryana (Rs. 133,427) and Gujarat (Rs. 106,831). Therefore, the study also makes policy suggestions to bolster agricultural growth in MP.

Prediction of methane emissions from dairy cows using multiple regression analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 94-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Yates ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
J. France ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Year 2000

The UK is bound by the UN Framework Convention on climate change to reduce methane emissions to below 1990 levels by the year 2000. The Kyoto protocol requires a further cut of 12.5% by 2010. Ruminants are estimated to produce 74 Tg of methane per year (Benchar et al. 1998) which represents about 15% of total emissions (Crutzen et al., 1986). Therefore any reduction in the release of methane gas by enteric fermentation from the dairy herd is environmentally important. The objective of this study was to use data obtained from calorimetry trials to generate multiple regression equations predicting the levels and variability of methane emissions from dairy cows.

Sources of uncertainty in the IPCC Tier 2 Canadian livestock model

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 556-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. KARIMI-ZINDASHTY ◽  
J. D. MACDONALD ◽  
R. L. DESJARDINS ◽  
D. E. WORTH ◽  
J. J. HUTCHINSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Methane Conversion ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Ipcc Default

SUMMARYEstimates of uncertainties are essential when comparing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a variety of sources. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was applied to estimate the uncertainties in methane emissions and the methane emission intensities from livestock in Canada, calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology. National methane emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management in 2008 were 21·2 and 4·3 Teragram CO2 equivalents (Tg CO2e) with uncertainties of 38 and 73%, respectively. The methane emission intensities (kg of CO2e per kg of live animal weight) were 5·9, 0·9 and 4·9 from Canadian beef, swine and lamb, respectively, with overall uncertainties of 44, 99 and 101%, defined as the 95% confidence interval relative to the mean. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that IPCC default parameters such as the methane conversion rate (Ym), the coefficient for calculating net energy for maintenance (Cfi) and the methane conversion factor (MCF) were the greatest sources of uncertainty. Canadian agricultural methane emissions are usually calculated by province and by animal subcategories. However, the IPCC default parameters can be assumed to be correlated among regions and animal subcategories; therefore values are assigned at the national scale for the main cattle categories (dairy and non-dairy cattle). When it was assumed that these parameters were uncorrelated at the regional scale, the overall uncertainties were reduced to 20 and 48% for enteric fermentation and manure management, respectively, and assuming that parameters were uncorrelated at the animal subcategory scale reduced uncertainties to 13 and 41% for enteric fermentation and manure management, respectively. When the uncertainty is assigned at the most disaggregated level, even doubling the uncertainty of key parameters such as Ym and Cfi, only increased the national uncertainties to 22 and 52% for enteric fermentation and manure management, respectively. The current analysis demonstrated the importance of obtaining parameters specific to regions and animal subcategories in order to estimate GHG emissions more accurately and to reduce the uncertainties in agricultural GHG inventories. It also showed that assumptions made in the calculation of uncertainties can have a large influence on the uncertainty estimates.

JAMINAN SOSIAL TENAGA KERJA DI INDONESIA SEBAGAI NEGARA KESEJAHTERAAN DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PROGRESIF

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayunita Nur Rohanawati
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Collection Process ◽  
The People ◽  
Document Collection ◽  
The Government ◽  
Security Regulations

AbstractThis study aims to determine the social security system adopted by Indonesia, see Indonesia as a function of the welfare state as mandated by the 1945 Constitution has not done well, and to know the view of progressive legal theory legislation related to social security in providing solutions to the problems of social security the workforce. This research is devoted to the study of normative legal systematics, which is intended to determine the implementation of a theory of the legal conditions that exist in society. Results of this study produces a secondary data. The data obtained from the document collection process or library materials. Of the collection process, the data were analyzed qualitatively, systematically arranged, and presented descriptively. The results showed that Indonesia is still not able to fully administer social security for the people, where social security is still a “black and white” but the State has not been able in practice to assume responsibility for the implementation of social security as a whole. About social security, the Government is still not able to provide significant changes to the equalization gain social security for the workers, but changes in social security regulations on labor is performed repeatedly. Necessary party whom dared to take a policy or decisions that benefit the workers to realize the welfare of the workers. Parties reffered to the law is used as a progressive peeler, is a party that has an important role that enterpreneurs and the Industrial Relations Court Judge.Keywords: Social Security, Labour, Progressive LawIntisariPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem jaminan sosial yang dianut Indonesia, melihat fungsi Indonesia sebagai negara kesejahteraan sesuai amanat Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 belum terlaksana dengan baik, serta untuk mengetahui teori hukum progresif memandang peraturan perundang-undangan terkait jaminan sosial tenaga kerja dalam memberikan solusi atas permasalahan jaminan sosial tenaga kerja tersebut.Penelitian ini bersifat normatif yang dikhususkan pada penelitian sistematika hukum, yang dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui implementasi pelaksanaan suatu teori terhadap kondisi hukum yang ada di masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan suatu data sekunder. Data tersebut diperoleh dari proses pengumpulan dokumen atau bahan pustaka. Dari proses pengumpulan tersebut, data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif disusun secara sistematis dan disajikan secara deskriptif.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia masih belum mampu secara seutuhnya menyelenggarakan jaminan sosial bagi rakyat, dimana jaminan sosial tersebut masih sebatas “hitam diatas putih” namun, negara belum mampu dalam pelaksanaannya untuk mengemban tanggung jawab pelaksanaan jaminan sosial tersebut secara utuh. Tentang jaminan sosial tenaga kerja, pemerintah masih belum mampu memberikan perubahan yang signifikan terhadap pemerataan perolehan jaminan sosial tenaga kerja bagi para pekerja tersebut, padahal perubahan peraturan tentang jaminan sosial tenaga kerja tersebut berulang kali dilakukan. Diperlukan pihak yang berani untuk mengambil suatu kebijakan atau keputusan yang bermanfaat bagi pekerja demi terwujudnya kesejahteraan bagi pekerja. Pihak sebagaimana dimaksud jika hukum progresif yang digunakan sebagai alat pengupas, adalah pihak yang memiliki peran penting yaitu pengusaha dan Hakim Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial.Kata Kunci: Jaminan Sosial, Tenaga Kerja, Hukum Progresif.

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