Industrial Vicissitudes and Commercialization of Technology in Japan

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 416-419
Author(s):  
Kihachiro Nishikawa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Technical Design ◽  
Industrial Expansion ◽  
Difficult Challenge ◽  
The Cost

Through my forty years of experience as an electromechanical engineer, I have realized that the development of technical design has been one of the most important elements necessary for Japanese industrial expansion. The cost reduction of the products, along with quality assurance and functional improvements, is one of the main purposes of the technological progress; and it is a difficult challenge. To achieve this purpose, engineers are requested to design smaller, lighter products with fewer parts. In other words, engineering designers must adopt the new technologies in order to reach their target. This demand stimulates Research and Development (R&D) activity in many related fields.

Blockbusters and Bombs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kinch
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Products ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Generic Competition ◽  
The Cost

The first indications of future trouble are identified. For most of history, new medicines arise from nature but this approach came into question as evidenced by the development of the cancer drug Taxol. As understanding of biology and chemistry incraesed, a degree of over-confidence arose as researchers assumed that new technologies would allow them to predict the most effective medicines. These changes were a response to an environment confronting twin pressures in the form of rising generic medicines coupled with ever more costly research and development activities needed to develop new products to replace those devastated by generic competition. These issues were exacerbated by a rising dependence upon “blockbuster” products, which conveyed short-term revenues but inevitably needed to be replaced by even more profitable products once generic competition intervened. Dependence on blockbusters was exemplified by the story of ulcer medicines, which was disrupted by an audacious study by an investigator who used himself as a Guinea pig to make his point. As such risks increased, the industry became more cautious and the race was on to make incremental improvements upon competitors’ products. All the while the cost of developing new medicines continued to escalate.

scholarly journals Benchtop Semi-Automated Solid State Photolithography Tool

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoulikha Mouffak ◽  
A. Olaivar ◽  
A. N. Vang
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Uv Led ◽  
Mask Aligner ◽  
Led Array ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Photolithography Process

The cost of a lab-grade photolithography tool is typically of the order of tens of thousands of dollars, a prohibitive price for many organizations that wish to prototype the fabrication of nanostructures. The availability of a more cost-friendly implementation of photolithography is crucial to the research and development of new technologies in nanoscale devices. In this work, we built a scaled down simplified version of a patterning system, the benchtop photolithography tool, which is expected to replicate certain nanopatterning techniques for under $300 —a tiny fraction of the cost of a typical mask aligner. A semi-automated benchtop photolithography tool is designed, fabricated, and programmed for prototyping and for research purposes. We use a USB 32-Bit Whacker PIC32MX795 Development Board that drives a programmable touchscreen, a UV LED array, a shutter, and a UV sensor, allowing us to have the desired high precision UV exposure. The integration of a microcontroller to operate the peripheral components of the tool allows to automate the small-scale photolithography process.

scholarly journals The Cost of Using Cash and Checks in Uruguay

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-129
Author(s):  
Marcelo Álvez ◽  
Rodrigo Lluberas ◽  
Jorge Ponce
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Electronic Payment ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Payment Instruments ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe incorporation of new technologies to financial activities implies challenges and opportunities to financial authorities. They are reacting to the unavoidable trend towards digitalization of financial activities with the objective of preserving stable and efficient payment and financial systems. Uruguay, for instance, has promoted the use of electronic payment instruments and tested in the real economy a central bank digital currency called e-Peso. Digitalization of payment systems would reduce transaction costs by (partially) replacing less efficient means of payment, e.g. paper-cash and checks. In this paper we find that the cost of using cash in Uruguay is approximately 0.61% of GDP. Interestingly, 98.1% of this cost is borne by the private sector: banks and retailers 77.1% and households 21.0%. The cost of using checks is equivalent to 0.04% of GDP. Overall, replacing paper-cash and checks by other (electronic) means of payment would imply a transaction cost reduction for the private sector of the equivalent of up to 0.65% of GDP.

scholarly journals Spatial characteristics of human resources in the context of innovation- and imitation-based economies

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianna Csugány ◽  
Tamás Tánczos
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Spatial Characteristics

Technological progress is a dynamic process that, via the application and the widespread use of new technologies, becomes the engine of growth through the achievement of efficiency gains in productivity. Most countries are unable to create new technologies because they do not have the appropriate resources or their institutional environment does not favour to innovation. However, technological progress can also be observed in these countries, by adapting new technologies developed and applied effectively elsewhere. Thus, technological progress can be achieved through independent research and development activities, that is, an innovation-driven way, and through the adaptation of new technologies which are already in use in other countries, i.e. in an imitation-driven way. Human capital is also essential for the creation and adaptation of technology, so the quantitative and qualitative features of the human resources available in a country determine the conditions of technological progress. Our research aims to illustrate spatial characteristics of human resources conditions by the method of spatial autocorrelation highlighted the differences between innovation-based and imitation-based economies.

scholarly journals Modern cost management approach for development projects

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 104-108
Author(s):  
Jan Lhota
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost

Modern methods of cost management have already undergone considerable development since the early 1960s until today, but there is still the possibility of eliminating the weaknesses of these modern methods, mainly due to the emergence of a new trend in digitization. This is currently on the rise mainly in the automotive and electronics sector and will continue to expand over the next period. Currently and in the years to come, many other new positions and areas will have to be covered by Industry 4.0 as such, not only to improve productivity, flexibility, quality and speed in manufacturing area but within production as a whole. Research and development are areas that are key to increasing the added value of a product, so it is very important to pay maximum attention to them, mainly because of the cost reduction, but also the overall not only economic impact.

Implementasi Analisis Proses Bisnis Sebagai Upaya Pengurangan Biaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Aniek Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Business Process ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Management Activity ◽  
Procurement Process ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
The Cost

Business Process Analysis can be used to eliminate or reduce a waste cost caused by non value added activities that exist in a process. This research aims at evaluating activities carried out in the natural material procurement process in the PT XYZ, calculating the effectiveness of the process cycle, finding a way to improve the process management, and calculating the cost reduction that can achieved by activity management. A case study was the approach of this research. The researcher obtained research data throughout deep interviews with the staff who directly involved in the process, observation, and documentation of natural material procurement. The result of this study show that the effectiveness of the process cycle of natural material procurement in the factory reached as much as 87,1% for the sand material and 72% for the crushed stone. This indicates that the process still carry activities with no added value and still contain ineffective costs. Through the Business Process Mechanism, these non value added activities can be managed so that the process cycle becomes more efficient and cost effectiveness is achieved. The result of the effective cycle calculation after the management activities implementation is 100%. This means that the cost of natural material procurement process has become effective. The result of calculation of the estimated cost reduction as a result of management activity is as much as Rp249.026.635,90 per year.

ANALISIS PENGARUH BIAYA OPERASIONAL PADA PERUSAHAAN PENERBANGAN NASIONAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-107
Author(s):  
Dheny Biantara
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
Oil Pricing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Flexibility ◽  
Airline Maintenance

Summarized Indonesian airline executive views on the reason for the cost problem in mayor airline andon the potential areas and measures of cost reduction in airline operation. Present an introductionsurvey where 3 executives from 3 Indonesian airlines were respondent. In the executive opinion the costproblem in mayor Indonesian airline is primarily due to fuel and oil pricing and money currency. Of thevarious function in airline maintenance was seen as least cost efficiency, whereas flight operation wasseen as an area with most potential for cost reduction. Indonesian airline had made route and fleetchanges after the beginning of 2011 to reduce cost, concludes from the analisys result havingprivatization would be an important step towards more efficient airline operation. Flexibility fromIndonesian airline regulatory would be very much welcome and the value chain concept to improveIndonesian airline having competitive adventage and cost leadership differentiation.

Highly Active Modified Variants of Recombinant Phospholipase А2 from Streptomyces violaceoruber for Effective Biosynthesis in Yeasts

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.P. Sannikova ◽  
A.V. Malysheva ◽  
F.A. Klebanov ◽  
D.G. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Pla2 Enzyme ◽  
Streptomyces Violaceoruber ◽  
The Cost

The capacity of yeast to produce the highly active variants of PLA2 has been confirmed. The high-active variants were based on the original enzyme from the strain А-2688 of Streptomyces violaceoruber. To reduce the enzyme toxicity and to increase its expression, various approaches were tested including point mutations, construction of artificial N- and/or C-end pro-regions, hybridization with other proteins and engineering or inactivation of glycosylation sites. As a main result, the modified PLA2 enzymes were obtained which have the same secretion level as their low-active predecessors, but specific activity of which was at least tenfold higher. As the main feature, the selected mutants were characterized by a lower affinity for Ca2+ that probably accounts for their low toxicity (and high expression capacity) at the stage of biosynthesis and their ability to activate under special conditions, e.g. during the egg yolk fermentation. The data obtained can provide a basis for the cost reduction of highly active PLA2 enzyme preparations in industries where the application of high calcium concentrations is allowed. recombinant phospholipase А2, Streptomyces violaceoruber, yeasts, secretion, producer strain The work was initiated by the Innovation Center Biriuch - New Technologies, Ltd., and was supported within the framework of the State Assignment no. 595-00004-18 PR.

scholarly journals Design and Adoption of Low-Cost Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices: Syrian Case

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
M. Munzer Alseed ◽  
Hamzah Syed ◽  
Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli ◽  
Ali K. Yetisen ◽  
Savas Tasoglu
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Humanitarian Crises ◽  
Technology Experience ◽  
The Cost

Civil wars produce immense humanitarian crises, causing millions of individuals to seek refuge in other countries. The rate of disease prevalence has inclined among the refugees, increasing the cost of healthcare. Complex medical conditions and high numbers of patients at healthcare centers overwhelm the healthcare system and delay diagnosis and treatment. Point-of-care (PoC) testing can provide efficient solutions to high equipment cost, late diagnosis, and low accessibility of healthcare services. However, the development of PoC devices in developing countries is challenged by several barriers. Such PoC devices may not be adopted due to prejudices about new technologies and the need for special training to use some of these devices. Here, we investigated the concerns of end users regarding PoC devices by surveying healthcare workers and doctors. The tendency to adopt PoC device changes is based on demographic factors such as work sector, education, and technology experience. The most apparent concern about PoC devices was issues regarding low accuracy, according to the surveyed clinicians.

scholarly journals Embracing Industry 4.0: Empirical Insights from Malaysia

Informatics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Mansoor Ahmed Soomro ◽  
Mohd Hizam-Hanafiah ◽  
Nor Liza Abdullah ◽  
Mohd Helmi Ali ◽  
Muhammad Shahar Jusoh
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Leadership Strategy ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

Industry 4.0 revolution, with its cutting-edge technologies, is an enabler for businesses, particularly in reducing the cost and improving the productivity. However, a large number of organizations are still too in their infancy to leverage the true potential of Industry 4.0 and its technologies. This paper takes a quantitative approach to reveal key insights from the companies that have implemented Industry 4.0 technologies. For this purpose, 238 technology companies in Malaysia were studied through a survey questionnaire. As technology companies are usually the first in line to adopt new technologies, they can be studied better as leaders in adopting the latest technologies. The findings of this descriptive study surfaced an array of insights in terms of Industry 4.0 readiness, Industry 4.0 technologies, leadership, strategy, and innovation. This research paper contributes by providing 10 key empirical insights on Industry 4.0 that can be utilized by managers to pace up their efforts towards digital transformation, and can help the policymakers in drafting the right policy to drive the digital revolution.

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