E-cigarette Tobacco Retail Licensing Laws: Variance Across US States as of January 1, 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (9) ◽  
pp. 1380-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minal Patel ◽  
Emily M. Donovan ◽  
Siobhan N. Perks ◽  
Darlene Huang ◽  
Lauren Czaplicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
District Of Columbia ◽  
State Level ◽  
Local State ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Us States ◽  
Term Length ◽  
Licensing Laws

Objectives. To describe how US states and the District of Columbia regulate e-cigarette sales by examining e-cigarette–specific tobacco retail licensing (TRL) laws. Methods. We coded 25 state-level e-cigarette TRL laws (effective as of January 1, 2020) for provisions we labeled as either “core” (e.g., presence of license terms, fees, and penalties) or “descriptive” (e.g., license fee amount and term length). Results. Overall, 23 laws clearly defined a license term, 23 laws required a license fee, and 19 laws identified penalties for violations that included both license suspension and revocation. Fees widely ranged ($5–$1000 annually), and 8 laws did not explicitly direct fees toward TRL administration or enforcement. No law required that retailers comply with all local, state, and federal tobacco or e-cigarette laws. Conclusions. Most laws contained core TRL provisions. Several laws, however, had minimal license fees and did not direct fees toward administration or enforcement. As youth e-cigarette use increases, more states should consider establishing e-cigarette TRL laws or incorporating provisions into existing TRL laws.

Youth in Foster Care and the Reasonable and Prudent Parenting Standard

2020 ◽  
pp. 107755952095774
Author(s):  
Amanda Stafford McRell ◽  
Christian E. Holmes ◽  
Akanksha Singh ◽  
Sue E. Levkoff ◽  
Benjamin Schooley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foster Care ◽  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Foster Parents ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
State Level ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Us States ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Children In Foster Care

Children in foster care face disproportionate rates of biopsychosocial challenges but social and extracurricular activities (SEAs) may support their healthy development. The Reasonable and Prudent Parenting Standard (RPPS), a 2014 federal policy, aims to increase access to these opportunities for children in foster care. Analyses of statutes from 50 US states and the District of Columbia (n = 51) revealed similarities and differences in state-level RPPS policy implementation. Building on these findings, researchers conducted semi-structured retrospective telephone interviews with foster parents across one southeastern state (n = 20) to identify local retrospective perspectives on RPPS implementation. Using thematic inductive coding two unique themes emerged about SEAs prior to RPPS: 1) negative social impacts and 2) complicated activity approval processes. Three unique themes emerged after RPPS: 1) empowerment, 2) implementation disparities and 3) resource recommendations. Policy implications include the need to support foster parents by increasing resources (funding, transportation, access), clarifying liability and clarifying motivation expectations.

scholarly journals Estimation of State-Level Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection, US States and District of Columbia, 2010

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1573-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli S. Rosenberg ◽  
Eric W. Hall ◽  
Patrick S. Sullivan ◽  
Travis H. Sanchez ◽  
Kimberly A. Workowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
State Level ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus Infection ◽  
Us States

scholarly journals Modeling the Covid-19 Pandemic Response of the US States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Neofotistos ◽  
Efthimios Kaxiras
Keyword(s):  
District Of Columbia ◽  
State Level ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Multiple Wave ◽  
Us States ◽  
Response Index ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
The Waves

AbstractBackgroundThe United States of America (USA) has been the country worst affected, in absolute terms, by the Covid-19 pandemic. The country comprises 50 states under a federal system. The impact of the pandemic has resulted in different responses at the state level, which are driven by differing intervention policies, demographics, connectedness and other factors. Understanding the dynamics of the Covid-19 pandemic at the state level is essential in predicting its future evolution.ObjectiveOur objective is to identify and characterize multiple waves of the pandemic by analyzing the reported infected population curve in each of the 50 US states. Based on the intensity of the waves, characterized by declining, stationary, or increasing strengths, each state’s response can be inferred and quantified.MethodsWe apply a recently proposed multiple-wave model to fit the infected population data for each state in USA, and use the proposed Pandemic Response Index to quantify their response to the Covid-19 pandemic.ResultsWe have analyzed reported infected cases from each one of the 50 USA states and the District of Columbia, based on the multiple-wave model, and present the relevant parameters. Multiple waves have been identified and this model is found to describe the data better. Each of the states can be classified into one of three distinct classes characterized by declining, increasing, or stationary strength of the waves following the initial one. The effectiveness of intervention measures can be inferred by the peak intensities of the waves, and states with similar population characteristics can be directly compared. We estimate how much lower the number of infections might have been, if early and strict intervention measures had been imposed to stop the disease spread at the first wave, as was the case for certain states. Based on our model’s results, we compute the value of the Pandemic Response Index, a recently introduced metric for quantifying in an objective manner the response to the pandemic.ConclusionsOur results reveal a series of epidemic waves, characterizing USA’s pandemic response at the state level, and also infer to what extent the imposition of early intervention measures could have had on the spread and impact of the disease. As of June 11, 2020, only 19 states and the District of Columbia (40% of the total) clearly exhibit declining trends in the numbers of reported infected cases, while 13 states exhibit stationary and 18 states increasing trends in the numbers of reported cases.

The EVALI outbreak and tobacco sales in the USA, 2014–2020

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056807
Author(s):  
Alex C Liber ◽  
Zachary Cahn ◽  
Megan C Diaz ◽  
Emily Donovan ◽  
Donna Vallone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
State Level ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Us States ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Panel Regressions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Sales

BackgroundThe E-cigarette, or Vaping Product-Use Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) Outbreak of 2019 hospitalised thousands and killed dozens of people in the USA and raised perceptions of the dangers posed to health by electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). These illnesses along with continued increases in youth vaping rates lead to the passage of many state and federal laws intended to curtail the sale of flavoured e-cigarettes. Little is known about the impact of these events on US e-cigarette and cigarette retail sales.MethodsUsing Nielsen Scantrack sales data from January 2014 to January 2020 for 23 US states, we evaluate the effect of the EVALI outbreak. First-differenced state-panel regressions tracking unit sales of total-level and category-level e-cigarettes and cigarette sales controlling for price, Tobacco 21 policy coverage, product distribution, seasonality, EVALI-attributable deaths, and state-level e-cigarette policies affecting the availability of e-cigarettes (non-tobacco flavoured and total) were employed.ResultsDollar sales of e-cigarettes declined 29% from their pre-EVALI peak by January 2020. Total sales of e-cigarettes declined in response to EVALI deaths and the total e-cigarette sales ban put in place in Massachusetts adopted in its wake. Cigarette sales were largely unchanged by either the direct or indirect policy effects of the EVALI outbreak, except for in Massachusetts, where cigarette sales—particularly those smoked by young people—rose temporarily after a total ban on e-cigarette sales.ConclusionSales of e-cigarettes declined in response to the EVALI outbreak and from the most restrictive regulatory policies that were adopted in response, while sales of cigarettes were affected less.

Statewide vaping product excise tax policy and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems among US young adults, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056653
Author(s):  
Dae-Hee Han ◽  
Dong-Chul Seo ◽  
Hsien-Chang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
State Level ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Us States ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
State Changes

ObjectivesAn increasing number of US states have required a tax on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in the past few years. This study evaluated the effect of statewide vaping product excise tax policy on ENDS use among young adults.MethodsWe used the two recent waves (2014–2019) of the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. A total of 17 896 US young adults were analysed. Difference-in-differences approach along with weighted multilevel logistic regressions were used to evaluate the association of vaping product excise tax policy adoption with current ENDS use, accounting for the clustering of respondents within the same states.ResultsThere was an increase in current ENDS use prevalence from 2014–2015 (3.4%) to 2018–2019 (5.4%). The presence of a tax on ENDS products was significantly associated with reduced current ENDS use (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.64, 95% CI=0.43 to 0.95). Importantly, respondents living in states with the policy showed significantly lower increase in ENDS use prevalence during the study period (interaction between within-state changes and between-state differences: AOR=0.57, 95% CI=0.35 to 0.91), controlling for other state-level policies and sociodemographic characteristics.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that adopting a vaping product excise tax policy may help reduce ENDS use and suppress the increase of ENDS use prevalence among young adults. Considering that there are still a number of US states that have not implemented vaping product excise tax policy, wider adoption of such policy across the nation would likely help mitigate ENDS use prevalence.

scholarly journals When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Engeman
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Event History ◽  
Policy Adoption ◽  
Us States ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
Leave Policy

Abstract Trade union institutions are historically and comparatively weak in the United States, and union membership has been in steady decline over several decades. Scholars thus question the contemporary relevance of organized labor to social policy. Yet, there is considerable state-level variation in social policy and union institutional strength that remains underexamined. Focusing on variability across US states, this paper uses mixed-methods analysis to examine relationships between organized labor and parental and family leave legislation under varying political conditions. Event history analysis of state-level leave policy adoption from 1983 to 2016 shows that union institutional strength, particularly in the public sector, is positively associated with the timing of leave policy adoption. These findings are robust to the inclusion of other factors, including Democratic control of state houses, which is also shown to facilitate leave policy adoption. Comparative case studies support event history findings and illustrate how state house partisanship informs the level of government that leave advocates target for policy change. The paper concludes by suggesting further attention to subnational policies and investigation into the social movement practice of target-shifting and its effects. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates the operation of power resources at the subnational level within a liberal market national context.

Geographic Distribution of Undocumented Immigrants: Estimates of Undocumented Aliens Counted in the 1980 Census by State

1984 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Passel ◽  
Karen A. Woodrow
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
State Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Census Count ◽  
Immigration And Naturalization Service ◽  
Resident Alien ◽  
National Estimates

This article presents estimates of the number of undocumented aliens counted in the 1980 census for each state and the District of Columbia. The estimates, which indicate that 2.06 million undocumented aliens were counted in the 1980 census, are not based on individual records, but are aggregate estimates derived by a residual technique. The census count of aliens (modified somewhat to account for deficiencies in the data) is compared with estimates of the legally resident alien population based on data collected by the Immigration and Naturalization Service in January 1980. The final estimates represent extensions to the state level of national estimates developed by Warren and Passel (1984). Estimates are developed for each of the states for selected countries of birth and for age, sex, and period of entry categories. The article describes the origins of the undocumented alien population, as well as some of their demographic characteristics. Some of the implications of the numbers and distribution of undocumented aliens are also discussed.

scholarly journals State Trends in HIV Testing Among US Adults Aged 18-64 Years, 2011-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-510
Author(s):  
Amy Krueger ◽  
Christopher Johnson ◽  
Janet Heitgerd ◽  
Deesha Patel ◽  
Norma Harris
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
State Level ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
System Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Prevalence

Objectives HIV testing identifies persons living with HIV and can lead to treatment, decreased risk behaviors, and reduced transmission. The objective of our study was to describe state-level trends in HIV testing in the general US adult population aged 18-64 years, for both ever tested for HIV and tested for HIV in the previous 12 months. Methods Using 2011-2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we estimated the percentage of the state population, plus the District of Columbia, aged 18-64 years ever tested for HIV and tested for HIV in the previous 12 months. The 50 states and the District of Columbia were grouped according to the estimated prevalence of HIV in 2011. We used orthogonal contrasts to calculate P values for linear trends. Results The percentage of the population ever tested for HIV increased significantly in 23 states during 2011-2017, whereas the percentage tested for HIV in the previous 12 months increased significantly in 8 states. In 2017, the mean percentage ever tested for HIV in states with a high prevalence of HIV was 8.6 percentage points higher than the mean percentage in states with a low prevalence of HIV (48.5% vs 39.9%); the mean increase in the percentage ever tested was highest (11.4%) in states with a low prevalence of HIV. Conclusion Enhanced efforts by states to make HIV testing simple, accessible, and routine are needed to reduce the number of persons who are not aware of their infection.

scholarly journals Lifestyle characteristics of parental electronic cigarette and marijuana users: healthy or not?

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Dilani Wanasinghe ◽  
Shetal Shah ◽  
Amruta Bamanikar ◽  
David Aboudi ◽  
Soumya Mikkilineni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Products

AbstractObjectiveTo assess lifestyle characteristics among parental electronic cigarette (e-cigarette), marijuana and tobacco users.MethodsA total of 1214 parents (77% mothers and 23% fathers) were surveyed and categorized into five exposure groups: e-cigarette use only (1%), marijuana use only (3%), tobacco products only (10%), multi-exposed [11% (marijuana, e-cigarette and tobacco)], and non-users [75% (no e-cigarette, tobacco or marijuana)].ResultsSimilar to non-users, the e-cigarette group had no illicit drug use. Further, e-cigarette users were more likely, in adjusted models, to self-identify as non-smokers and exercise compared with tobacco and multi-exposed groups. Although marijuana users also had higher odds of self-identifying as non-smokers compared to tobacco and multi-exposed groups, they were more likely than non-users to drink alcohol.ConclusionE-cigarette and marijuana using parents were less likely to identify as smokers. E-cigarette users had healthier lifestyle characteristics than the other exposed groups. Clinicians should consider specifically screening for parental e-cigarette and marijuana use as assessing for only “smoking” may underrepresent first-and second-hand exposure. Additionally, clinicians should be aware that marijuana using parents are more likely to drink alcohol and should counsel accordingly.

scholarly journals The impact of a federal cigarette minimum pack price policy on cigarette use in the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J Doogan ◽  
Mary Ellen Wewers ◽  
Micah Berman
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Us ◽  
Minimum Price ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundIncreasing cigarette prices reduce cigarette use. The US Food and Drug Administration has the authority to regulate the sale and promotion—and therefore the price—of tobacco products.ObjectiveTo examine the potential effect of federal minimum price regulation on the sales of cigarettes in the USA.MethodWe used yearly state-level data from the Tax Burden on Tobacco and other sources to model per capita cigarette sales as a function of price. We used the fitted model to compare the status quo sales with counterfactual scenarios in which a federal minimum price was set. The minimum price scenarios ranged from $0 to $12.ResultsThe estimated price effect in our model was comparable with that found in the literature. Our counterfactual analyses suggested that the impact of a minimum price requirement could range from a minimal effect at the $4 level to a reduction of 5.7 billion packs sold per year and 10 million smokers at the $10 level.ConclusionA federal minimum price policy has the potential to greatly benefit tobacco control and public health by uniformly increasing the price of cigarettes and by eliminating many price-reducing strategies currently available to both sellers and consumers.

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