scholarly journals Mapping a Novaculite Quarry in Hot Springs National Park

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary B. Trubitt
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
National Park ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Ouachita Mountains ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lithic Raw Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Novaculite quarries in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma were created through largescale extraction of lithic raw materials, used for stone tools by Caddos and other Native Americans over the past 11,000 years and in recent centuries by Euro-Americans for whetstones. Quarry sites are characterized by surface features like large pits. trenches, battered boulders, and debris piles. This article summarizes the results of an Arkansas Archeological Survey research project that described and mapped surface features at one site (3GA22J to provide a better understanding of the problems and potential of documenting novaculite quarries.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Green criminology and native peoples: The treadmill of production and the killing of indigenous environmental activists

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Lynch ◽  
Paul B Stretesky ◽  
Michael A Long
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
The Past ◽  
Environmental Interest Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Treadmill Of Production ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
News Services

During the development of green criminology, little attention has been paid to how Indigenous/Native Peoples (INP) are victimized by green crime and how they employ environmental activism to resist externally imposed ecological destruction. In the past decade, news services and environmental interest groups have reported on the killing of INP environmental activists who have resisted ecological destruction across the world. Here, we begin to develop a green criminological view of INP victimization and resistance to ecological destruction within the context of the global capitalist treadmill of production, while drawing upon concepts of colonization, imperialism, genocide and ecocide. Our analysis suggests that in the contemporary capitalist world system, expansion of the treadmill of production’s ecological withdrawal process (i.e. the withdrawal of raw materials used in production) not only accelerates ecological disorganization in developing/underdeveloped nations, but may be harmful in nations where INP are dependent on access to nature for survival.

A Preliminary Geoarchaeological Investigation of Ground Stone Tools in and around the Maya Mountains, Toledo District, Belize

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Abramiuk ◽  
William P. Meurer
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Community Relations ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Terminal Classic ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Ground Stone ◽  
Toledo District ◽  
Maya Mountains ◽  
Materials Used

AbstractWe investigate ground stone tools, specifically manos and metates, throughout the Bladen region of the Maya Mountains of Belize and adjacent areas during the Late and Terminal Classic periods. Because of the distinctiveness and relative heterogeneity of rock types in the Bladen region, we can pinpoint the Bladen communities that exploited the raw materials used in manufacturing manos and metates utilized in other communities. Based on mano and metate fragments that were recovered from the Bladen communities, as well as from communities outside the Bladen region, we reconstruct an intercommunity network within the Bladen region and investigate communities outside of the Bladen to which the Bladen communities were directly or indirectly linked. This investigation shows that if enough geo-specific information is available, it is possible to reconstruct a relatively accurate picture of inter-community relations. Moreover, it is shown that the Bladen region was a valuable source of ground stone for the Maya Lowlands and the Bladen communities were integral players in its exploitation.

A Reexamination of the Compositional Affiliations of Formative Period Whiteware from Highland Guatemala

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Neff ◽  
Ronald L. Bishop ◽  
Dean E. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Materials Used

AbstractAn earlier study (Rice 1977, 1978a) purportedly found compositional similarity between raw materials used by modern potters in the northern Valley of Guatemala and Formative period whiteware ceramics from sites in the valley, particularly the major highland center of Kaminaljuyu. The compositional similarity suggested that Formative whiteware was manufactured in the northern valley, and this inference in turn underpinned a model of the development of ceramic craft specialization. Methodological weaknesses in the earlier study cast some doubt on its conclusions. More recent compositional analyses of Formative whiteware indicate that, while whiteware probably was made within the zone from which Kaminaljuyu drew its ceramics, it almost certainly was not made within the northern Valley of Guatemala. The present study highlights some important technical and methodological advances in compositional studies made over the past decade.

XRF Analysis of Low Level Cation Concentration of Sodium Silicate Solutions

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 487-490
Author(s):  
E. H. Sabino ◽  
M. R. Derolf ◽  
J. L. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Plant Site ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ppm Level ◽  
A Current

Sodium silicate solutions have been manufactured commercially for over one hundred years. Such solutions have been used in the past as major constituents in waxes, polishes and adhesives, and in detergents. A current additional use is their application in enhanced oil recovery. In many uses of sodium silicate solutions trace metal levels adversely effect performance. Depending on the source of the raw materials used in the silicate production and on processing conditions iron and vanadium in particular may be found at the 50-200 ppm level. X-ray fluorescence is used as a rapid method for analysis of iron in sand, one of the raw materials used in silicate manufacture. In order to use an instrument already at the plant site, we decided to develop an XRF method for metals analysis in the silicate solutions as well.

The Characterization of Obsidian and its application to the Mediterranean Region

1964 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Cann ◽  
Colin Renfrew
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Characterization Study ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Materials Used

Evidence of contact between cultural groups is of great importance to the study of prehistory. Although the development of absolute dating methods has decreased our dependence on the discovery of such contacts for chronology, they are essential material when the origin and spread of culture is being studied. In the past, cultural contacts have generally been demonstrated by typological similarities of artifacts, but unfortunately many typological comparisons are open to discussion, and it can be exceedingly difficult to be certain of direct contact by this means alone.The importance in this respect of the study of raw materials used in places far from their place of origin and presumably deliberately imported has long been realized. Recently more attention has been paid to the careful characterization of such materials; the detection, that is, of properties of the specimen under study which are characteristic of material from particular sources. By this means it is often possible to assign a source to a given specimen. The petrological identification of British neolithic stone axes is perhaps the most comprehensive archaeological characterization study yet undertaken. Demonstrations of trading links made by such methods, if based on a sure identification and a comprehensive survey of possible sources, are not open to the criticism and doubt which may be directed at typological similarities. The variety of techniques now available for the analysis and identification of materials makes this field a promising one for the archaeologist.

Reassessing Bronze Age Manufacturing Technologies at Nuzi

2007 ◽  
Vol 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Shortland ◽  
Katherine Eremin ◽  
Susanna Kirk ◽  
James Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Metal Artifacts ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Important Site

AbstractThe Hurrian city of Nuzi, in modern Iraq, was an important site during the Mesopotamian Bronze Age. Excavations in the late 20s and early 30s yielded a large and important assemblage of glass and other vitreous materials and smaller but significant assemblages of metals and ceramics. Although the vitreous materials have been widely studied in the past, the other assemblages have received little attention. However a recent study of some metal artifacts indicated the presence of brass and dirty copper rather than the expected bronze. This study was, however, limited to a few objects and the proportions of the different alloys was not investigated. Recent analytical studies on the glass beads have highlighted compositional differences between Egyptian and Mesopotamian glass and attempted to link these to the raw materials used. The lack of significant tin or zinc in glasses colored with copper is interesting given the presence of brass and the apparent scarcity of bronze in the copper alloys. The current study involves reassessment of the entire assemblage, concentrating initially on the vitreous materials, glazes and metals. Variations in preservation across the site and within individual buildings are currently being examined. Full characterization of the assemblages will allow relationships between different manufacturing technologies and the raw materials needed to be investigated.

scholarly journals A review of Occurrence of Glycoalkaloids in Potato and potato products

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duke Omayio ◽  
George Abong ◽  
Michael Okoth
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Potato Products

There has been increasing consumption of potato products such as French fries and crisps in most countries as a result of lifestyle change in both developed and developing countries. Due to their generally pleasurable taste and texture, they are appreciated by a high number of consumers across the world, with the younger members of the population mostly those in the urban areas having a higher preference. The hard economic situations have also driven many people to their consumption as they are affordable. Moreover, these products are convenient for the younger generation who do not prepare their own food. However, there have been food safety concerns that have been linked in the past to glycoalkaloids in the raw potatoes that are used for processing. Potatoes are known to accumulate glycoalkaloids (GAs) during growth and postharvest storage. Some potato varieties have been shown to have high glycoalkaloids. These toxicants have been found to bioaccumulate in the body especially if daily consumption of foods containing the glycoalkaloids are consumed. Glycoalkaloids lead to intestinal discomfort, vomiting, fever, diarrhea and neurological problems and can lead to human or animal deaths in cases of acute toxicity. Transportation, handling, poor storage and exposure to sunlight during marketing of potatoes exposes consumers to potential risk of glycoalkaloids due to injury and greening which lead to increased levels of glycoalkaloids. Glycoalkaloids are quite stable and therefore, freeze-drying, boiling, dehydration or microwaving have got limited effect and thus persist through the processing conditions into the final products with the levels being proportional to the concentrations in the raw materials used. This current review focuses on the occurrence of glycoalkakloids in potato and potato products that are commonly consumed.

‘Sparta before Sparta’: report on the intensive survey at Kouphovouno 1999–2000

2004 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 49-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Cavanagh ◽  
C. Mee ◽  
J. Renard ◽  
N. Brodie ◽  
F. Froehlich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Studies ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Materials Used

This is the final report on the intensive survey at Kouphovouno, the prehistoric settlement just south of Sparta, in 1999–2000. As well as a total collection of the artefacts on the surface, there was a magnetometer survey of the site and a programme of environmental studies, for which a series of cores was taken. The site was first occupied in the 6th millennium and covered 4–5 ha in the Middle, Late/Final Neolithic and Early Helladic periods. Occupation continued in the Middle and Late Helladic periods and there is also evidence of Classical-Hellenistic and Roman activity. As well as pottery, the artefacts included chipped and polished stone tools. An analytical programme has investigated the source of the raw materials used for the latter.

scholarly journals Petrology and Provenance of Lithic Raw Materials used to knap stone: A Case Study From the Inner Ionian Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Magganas ◽  
Nena Galanidou ◽  
Petros Chatzimpaloglou ◽  
Marianna Kati ◽  
Giorgos Iliopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ionian Sea ◽  
Silica Diagenesis ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Material Provenance ◽  
Pure Sio2

This paper examines the lithology and raw material provenance of knapped stone artifacts recovered from prehistoric sites on Meganisi in the course of the Inner Ionian Sea Archipelago survey. Research was twofold: in the field to map the geology of the island and collect raw material samples, and in the laboratory to conduct a petrological study using LM, XRD, SEM and ICP-MS techniques. The greater part of the materials used to produce stone tools consists of almost pure SiO2, bedded or nodular cherts mainly of Malm–Turonian and Eocene ages. The cherts were collected by prehistoric knappers from local sources. Patinas present on the artifacts are relatively enriched in calcite material of incomplete silica diagenesis and subsequently a product of late weathering and alteration.

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