XRF Analysis of Low Level Cation Concentration of Sodium Silicate Solutions

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 487-490
Author(s):  
E. H. Sabino ◽  
M. R. Derolf ◽  
J. L. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Plant Site ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ppm Level ◽  
A Current

Sodium silicate solutions have been manufactured commercially for over one hundred years. Such solutions have been used in the past as major constituents in waxes, polishes and adhesives, and in detergents. A current additional use is their application in enhanced oil recovery. In many uses of sodium silicate solutions trace metal levels adversely effect performance. Depending on the source of the raw materials used in the silicate production and on processing conditions iron and vanadium in particular may be found at the 50-200 ppm level. X-ray fluorescence is used as a rapid method for analysis of iron in sand, one of the raw materials used in silicate manufacture. In order to use an instrument already at the plant site, we decided to develop an XRF method for metals analysis in the silicate solutions as well.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Mn3O4/GR Composites Electrode Material in Supercapacitors

2019 ◽  
Vol 807 ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Yun Long Zhou ◽  
Zhi Biao Hu ◽  
Li Mei Wu ◽  
Jiao Hao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Electrochemical Performances ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
A Current ◽  
Discharge Test

Using hydrated manganese sulfate and general type graphene (GR) as raw materials, Mn3O4/GR composite has been successfully prepared by the liquid phase chemical co-precipitation method at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the phase structure of Mn3O4powder and Mn3O4/GR composite; The electrochemical performances of the samples were elucidated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge test in 0.5 mol/L Na2SO4electrolyte. The results show that the Mn3O4/GR composite possesses graphene phase and good reversibility; the composite also displays a specific capacitance of 318.8 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g.

scholarly journals Green criminology and native peoples: The treadmill of production and the killing of indigenous environmental activists

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Lynch ◽  
Paul B Stretesky ◽  
Michael A Long
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
The Past ◽  
Environmental Interest Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Treadmill Of Production ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
News Services

During the development of green criminology, little attention has been paid to how Indigenous/Native Peoples (INP) are victimized by green crime and how they employ environmental activism to resist externally imposed ecological destruction. In the past decade, news services and environmental interest groups have reported on the killing of INP environmental activists who have resisted ecological destruction across the world. Here, we begin to develop a green criminological view of INP victimization and resistance to ecological destruction within the context of the global capitalist treadmill of production, while drawing upon concepts of colonization, imperialism, genocide and ecocide. Our analysis suggests that in the contemporary capitalist world system, expansion of the treadmill of production’s ecological withdrawal process (i.e. the withdrawal of raw materials used in production) not only accelerates ecological disorganization in developing/underdeveloped nations, but may be harmful in nations where INP are dependent on access to nature for survival.

scholarly journals Archaeometric Characterisation of Decorated Pottery from the Archaeological Site of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy): Preliminary Study

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Ricca ◽  
Giuseppe Paladini ◽  
Natalia Rovella ◽  
Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo ◽  
Luciana Randazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Geochemical Study ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Materials Used

This work focused on the study of decorated pottery dated back to the 16th century from the Roman archaeological site of Villa dei Quintili, a monumental complex located in the south-eastern part of Rome (Italy). A minero-petrographic and geochemical study was undertaken to analyse five archaeological samples in order to define textural features and raw materials used for their production, along with the chemical and physical composition of the superficial decorative glazed coatings. For this purpose, different analytical methods were used, such as polarising optical microscope (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), and electron microprobe analysis coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (EMPA-EDS). The results of such a multidisciplinary approach allowed us to achieve important results crucial to recognise the shards as majolica of the Renaissance period, improving knowledge about manufacturing processes of these renowned painted ceramic artefacts.

Fabrication and Properties of Panicum repens Reinforced Cement

2018 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Varinthorn Boonyaroj ◽  
Sirichai Saramanus
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Optimal Ratio ◽  
Panicum Repens ◽  
Reinforced Cement ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Scanning Electron

This research aims to fabrication and evaluation the properties of cement reinforcement made from Panicumrepens. The research is divided into two parts are as follows; to determined the optimal ratio selection, and to compare the properties of Panicumrepens reinforced cement, and without grasses by using the optimal ratio. The raw materials used in this research were cut in length of 2.0-2.5 cm. In this research was determined the properties of Panicumrepens reinforced cement in terms of bulk density, water absorption, and compressive strength. The influence of fibers soaked with 5% of sodium hydroxide concentration was also conducted in this research. The surface structure and chemical characteristics of fibers used to produce reinforced cement were observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS), respectively. Moreover, relationships of information collected from this research were concerned. Furthermore, the addition of Panicumrepens fibers could improve the flexural strength of composite materials.

A Reexamination of the Compositional Affiliations of Formative Period Whiteware from Highland Guatemala

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Neff ◽  
Ronald L. Bishop ◽  
Dean E. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Materials Used

AbstractAn earlier study (Rice 1977, 1978a) purportedly found compositional similarity between raw materials used by modern potters in the northern Valley of Guatemala and Formative period whiteware ceramics from sites in the valley, particularly the major highland center of Kaminaljuyu. The compositional similarity suggested that Formative whiteware was manufactured in the northern valley, and this inference in turn underpinned a model of the development of ceramic craft specialization. Methodological weaknesses in the earlier study cast some doubt on its conclusions. More recent compositional analyses of Formative whiteware indicate that, while whiteware probably was made within the zone from which Kaminaljuyu drew its ceramics, it almost certainly was not made within the northern Valley of Guatemala. The present study highlights some important technical and methodological advances in compositional studies made over the past decade.

Characterization and Properties of Lampang Kaolinite Clay for Standard Clay

2019 ◽  
Vol 798 ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Soravich Mulinta ◽  
Sakdiphon Thiansem
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Kaolin Clay ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Materials Used

The aim of this study was to study and characterize the properties of raw material for standard clay, Lampang province. The raw materials used in the study are from local sources. They are Lampang kaolin clay (WC-1) and Lampang kaolin residual (WC-2). The characterization of raw material was analyzed by particle analyzer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mixing ratio of standard clay as an addition Lampang kaolin clay 50-90% and Lampang kaolin residual 10-50% on physical-mechanical properties of standard clay. The properties of standard clay after firing at temperature at 1200°C were studied. The shrinkage, water absorption and bending strength of standard clay were tested. The results showed that the chemical components of 60%lampang kaolinite clay and 40% Lampang kaolin residual included of large amount of 67.47wt% Silicon oxide and 20.92wt%Aluminum oxide. The physical properties of standard clay had a shrinkage of 11.2%, water absorption of 1.9 % and bending strength of 659 kg/cm2. The standard clay produced fulfilled the requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 485-2542).

Study on the Viability of Using Drill Cuttings from the Potiguar Basin in the Production of Ceramic Products: Influence of Concentration and Firing Temperature

2014 ◽  
Vol 798-799 ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Coutinho Medeiros ◽  
Ana P.C. Câmara ◽  
Daniel A. Macedo ◽  
D.M.A. Melo ◽  
Marcus A.F. Melo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Drill Cuttings ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Ceramic Blocks ◽  
Clay Matrix ◽  
Materials Used

Drill cuttings are wastes produced on a large scale during the drilling of oil wells. Although there are several treatment techniques, there is still no consensus on which one are the best for the economy and environmental. On the other hand, one of the alternatives for the reuse of this waste, and purpose of the present study, is the incorporation of drill cuttings in clay matrixes. The raw materials used in this work, a mixture of clays and drill cuttings, were investigated by two basic techniques of characterization. X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. In order to evaluate the effect of the content of drill cuttings on the technological properties of sintered ceramics, different formulations containing from 0 wt.% to 100 wt.% of drill cuttings in a clay matrix were obtained. Ceramic samples were obtained by firing at temperatures ranging from 850 °C to 1050 °C. The fired specimens were characterized by water absorption, firing linear shrinkage, resistance to bending three points and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results indicated that the incorporation of drill cuttings is a viable alternative for the manufacture of several ceramics products, such as solid masonry bricks and ceramic blocks, at certain concentrations and firing temperatures.

The Characterization of Obsidian and its application to the Mediterranean Region

1964 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Cann ◽  
Colin Renfrew
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Characterization Study ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Materials Used

Evidence of contact between cultural groups is of great importance to the study of prehistory. Although the development of absolute dating methods has decreased our dependence on the discovery of such contacts for chronology, they are essential material when the origin and spread of culture is being studied. In the past, cultural contacts have generally been demonstrated by typological similarities of artifacts, but unfortunately many typological comparisons are open to discussion, and it can be exceedingly difficult to be certain of direct contact by this means alone.The importance in this respect of the study of raw materials used in places far from their place of origin and presumably deliberately imported has long been realized. Recently more attention has been paid to the careful characterization of such materials; the detection, that is, of properties of the specimen under study which are characteristic of material from particular sources. By this means it is often possible to assign a source to a given specimen. The petrological identification of British neolithic stone axes is perhaps the most comprehensive archaeological characterization study yet undertaken. Demonstrations of trading links made by such methods, if based on a sure identification and a comprehensive survey of possible sources, are not open to the criticism and doubt which may be directed at typological similarities. The variety of techniques now available for the analysis and identification of materials makes this field a promising one for the archaeologist.

Reassessing Bronze Age Manufacturing Technologies at Nuzi

2007 ◽  
Vol 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Shortland ◽  
Katherine Eremin ◽  
Susanna Kirk ◽  
James Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Metal Artifacts ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Important Site

AbstractThe Hurrian city of Nuzi, in modern Iraq, was an important site during the Mesopotamian Bronze Age. Excavations in the late 20s and early 30s yielded a large and important assemblage of glass and other vitreous materials and smaller but significant assemblages of metals and ceramics. Although the vitreous materials have been widely studied in the past, the other assemblages have received little attention. However a recent study of some metal artifacts indicated the presence of brass and dirty copper rather than the expected bronze. This study was, however, limited to a few objects and the proportions of the different alloys was not investigated. Recent analytical studies on the glass beads have highlighted compositional differences between Egyptian and Mesopotamian glass and attempted to link these to the raw materials used. The lack of significant tin or zinc in glasses colored with copper is interesting given the presence of brass and the apparent scarcity of bronze in the copper alloys. The current study involves reassessment of the entire assemblage, concentrating initially on the vitreous materials, glazes and metals. Variations in preservation across the site and within individual buildings are currently being examined. Full characterization of the assemblages will allow relationships between different manufacturing technologies and the raw materials needed to be investigated.

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