Common Spring Types in the Valley and Ridge Province: There Is More than Karst

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Vesper ◽  
Ellen K. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Classification Systems ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Karst Springs ◽  
General Classification ◽  
Central Appalachians ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature ◽  
Critical Resources ◽  
Valley And Ridge Province

ABSTRACT The Valley and Ridge Province (V&R) of the central Appalachians is rich in springs that support ecosystems, provide local water resources, and export water from the region. Although there has been extensive research on springs in the province, the focus has been on chemically variable karst springs. The purpose of this work is to identify common spring types found in the V&R based on an analysis of three regions. Three types of V&R springs are included in this comparison, and their relationship to more general classification systems is included. Headwater springs, located near ridge tops and along ridge flanks, are typically small, may be ephemeral, have localized flow paths, and are associated with siliciclastic units. Karst springs, generally located in the valleys, include both the more chemically variable limestone springs and the more stable dolomite springs. Thermal warm springs, with temperatures higher than the mean annual air temperature, are less common than the other spring types; they may be large and are typically associated with major thrust faults. The temperature, chemistry, and locations of the springs are controlled by the structural geology and topography as well as the formations and lithologies through which the recharge water travels. There is overlap in the water chemistry and storm responses of the spring groups, but some general trends can be identified, such as lower pH in the headwater springs. The V&R springs are critical resources, but their sustainability, chemistry, and hydrology need to be considered within the local geologic framework.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variability in isotope composition of recent snow in the vicinity of Vostok station, Antarctica: implications for ice-core record interpretation

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey A. Ekaykin ◽  
Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov ◽  
Narcisse I. Barkov ◽  
Jean Robert Petit ◽  
Valerie Masson-Delmotte
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Ice Core Record ◽  
Vostok Station ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Samples

AbstractContinuous, detailed isotope (δD and δ18O) profiles were obtained from eight snow pits dug in the vicinity of Vostok station, Antarctica, during the period 1984– 2000. In addition, snow samples taken along the 1km long accumulation-stake profile were measured to determine spatial variability in isotope composition of recent snow. the stacked δD time series spanning the last 55 years shows only weak correlation with the mean annual air temperature recorded at Vostok station. Significant oscillations of both snow accumulation and snow isotope composition with the periods 2.5, 5, 20 and, possibly, ~102 years observed at single points are interpreted in terms of drift of snow-accumulation waves of various scales on the surface of the ice sheet.

scholarly journals Soil temperature study in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 93 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 149-171
Author(s):  
Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho ◽  
Miguel A. Muñoz ◽  
Juan Pérez-Bolívar ◽  
Gregory R. Brannon
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Soil Temperature Regime ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

Soil temperature measurements from a climate monitoring network in Puerto Rico were evaluated and the difference between mean summer and mean winter soil temperature, known as isotivity value, was calculated. Air and soil temperature was collected from five weather stations of the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service from sea level to 1,019 m above sea level and from different soil moisture regimes. Isotivity values ranged from 1.2 to 3.9° C with an average of 2.6° C. The 750-m elevation was identified as the limit between the isohyperthermic and isothermic soil temperature regimes in the perudic soil moisture regime in Puerto Rico. The greatest differences between mean annual soil temperature and mean annual air temperature were observed at Guánica, Combate and Guilarte (2.1 ° C) stations. The smallest differences were observed at Maricao (0.8° C) and Isabela (1.8° C) stations. The study also indicated that the mean annual soil temperature in Puerto Rico can be estimated by adding 1.8° C to the mean annual air temperature or by the equation y = -0.007x + 28.0° C. The equation indicates that 97 percent of the time the behavior of the mean annual soil temperature is a function of elevation. According to the updated soil temperature regime boundaries, eight soil series were established in the Soil Survey of San Germán Area. In an area under the isothermic soil temperature regime, four soil series were classified as Oxisols (Haploperox), two soil series as Inceptisols (Eutrudepts) and two soil series as Mollisols (Argiudolls). This is the first field recognition of the Haploperox soil great group in the United States and its territories.

An isolated Xp deletion is linked to autoimmune diseases in Turner syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Stoklasova ◽  
Jirina Zapletalova ◽  
Zdenek Frysak ◽  
Vaclav Hana ◽  
Jan Cap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Turner Syndrome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Xp Deletion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Estrogen Administration

Abstract Background Females with Turner syndrome (TS) are prone to develop autoimmune diseases (AIDs). The X chromosome contains several immune-related genes. Growth hormone (GH) and estrogens modulate the immune system. We aimed to clarify whether the loss of a specific X chromosome gene locus and the administration of GH and estradiol facilitate the development of AIDs in TS females. Methods Retrospective data on clinical course, AIDs, karyotype and treatment were analyzed from a cohort of 286 Czech females with TS (current age 2.8–43.3 years; median age 18.7 years). The karyotypes were sorted using two different classification systems: a mosaicism-focused and an isochromosome (isoXq)-focused approach. Karyotype subgroups with a significantly higher prevalence of AIDs were further evaluated. Data of common therapies were correlated with the prevalence of AIDs. Results The most frequent AIDs were autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD; 37.4%; n = 107) and celiac disease (CD; 8.7%; n = 25). All karyotype subgroups were prone to develop AIDs. Females with an isolated Xp deletion had a significantly higher prevalence of AITD and CD compared to all other individuals with TS (AITD: 66.0% vs. 31.5%, p < 0.0001; CD: 17.4% vs. 7.2%; p = 0.04, respectively). We observed no link between the mean age at initiation as well as the duration of GH and/or estrogen administration and the occurrence of AIDs. Conclusions Isolated Xp deletion contributes to the development of AIDs in TS patients. The haploinsufficiency of genes located in Xpter-p11.2 may explain this observation. Common therapies used in TS do not modify the risk of AIDs.

Spatial Prediction of Soil Temperature in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3718-3723
Author(s):  
Hui Zhi Zhang ◽  
Xue Zheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ordinary Kriging ◽  
Spatial Prediction ◽  
Regression Kriging ◽  
Auxiliary Variables ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

Temperature affects many soil biochemical and geochemical processes. The growth of plants, seed germination, circulations of carbon and nitrogen are all significantly influenced by soil temperature, thus it is important to estimate the spatial pattern of soil temperature. This paper shows the results of spatial patterns of mean annual soil temperature interpolated from the measurements of 698 meteorological stations in China. Four geostatistical methods, ordinary kriging (OK), regression kriging with mean annual air temperature (RK-1), regression kriging with latitude, longitude and elevation (RK-2) and regression kriging with multi-auxiliary predictors (RK-3), were compared. Ordinary kriging (OK) directly interpolated the mean annual soil temperature data extracted from meteorological stations to obtain the spatial patterns of the mean annual soil temperature. For the three regression kriging methods, intensive auxiliary variables (mean annual air temperature, elevation, latitude and longitude), which were correlated with mean annual soil temperature, were used to increase the accuracy of estimation. The results suggested that RK-3 preformed best, followed by RK-1 and RK-2. The intensive data of auxiliary variables used in the regression kriging significantly improved the accuracy of interpolation results.

Effect of Trapeziectomy on Carpal Stability

Hand ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 155894472093919
Author(s):  
Aaron W. Paul ◽  
Christian M. Athens ◽  
Raahil Patel ◽  
Marco Rizzo ◽  
Peter C. Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Degenerative Change ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Radiographic Outcome ◽  
Carpal Collapse ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability ◽  
Tendon Interposition ◽  
Carpal Height

Background: The scaphoid-trapezoid-trapezium (STT) articulation stabilizes the scaphoid and links the proximal and distal carpal rows. The purpose of the study was to determine whether trapezium excision in the treatment of trapeziometacarpal (TM) arthritis affects carpal stability. Methods: A retrospective chart and radiographic review was performed on all wrists that underwent trapeziectomy with suspensionplasty or ligament reconstruction, and tendon interposition for TM arthritis between 2004 and 2016. Radiographic outcome measures included the modified carpal height ratio (MCHR) and radioscaphoid (RS), radiolunate (RL), and scapholunate (SL) angles. Degenerative change at the TM and STT joints was classified according to the Eaton-Littler, and Knirk and Jupiter classification systems. Radiographic parameters were compared between preoperative and final follow-up time points. Results: A total of 122 wrists were included in the study with a mean follow-up of 3.5 years (range: 1.0-13.0 years). The mean RL (range: −2.2° ± 11.8° to −10.7° ± 16.5°) and RS angles (range: 52.6° ± 13.8° to 44.4° ± 17.8°) decreased significantly (<.001) without significant change in SL angle, indicating progressive lunate and scaphoid extension after trapeziectomy. The mean MCHR decreased significantly (range: 1.6 ± 0.1 to 1.5 ± 0.1) following trapeziectomy, indicating progressive carpal collapse. Progressive scaphoid-trapezoid arthrosis was observed following trapeziectomy. No other preoperative radiographic factors investigated were associated with significant differences in preoperative and postoperative values for radiographic outcome measures. Conclusions: Trapeziectomy can lead to loss of carpal height, coordinated extension of both the lunate and scaphoid, and progressive scaphotrapezoid arthrosis. As such, in wrists with dynamic or static carpal instability, trapeziectomy should be performed with caution due to the risk of carpal collapse with a nondissociative pattern of dorsal intercalated segment instability.

scholarly journals Drill Monitoring for Rock Mass Grouting: Case Study at the Stockholm Bypass

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen van Eldert ◽  
Johan Funehag ◽  
Håkan Schunnesson ◽  
David Saiang
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Water Ingress ◽  
Measurement While Drilling ◽  
Mass Classification ◽  
The Mean

Abstract In tunneling, rock mass grouting is a method applied to reduce water ingress. Grouting is influenced by rock mass conditions, especially apertures, frequency, and continuation of fracturing. These rock mass conditions can partly be determined by rock mass classification systems. At the Stockholm bypass, the Measurement While Drilling (MWD) Fracturing Index was applied to characterize the rock mass for grouting purposes, with a focus on adjusting the grout hole drill plan to minimize environmental impact. This study divided the rock mass in a 1.9 km tunnel into six categories based on rock mass conditions, identifying rock mass quality, apparent fracturing, and grout consumption. These categories were then compared with the mean fracturing index based on the coefficients of penetration rate and rotation pressure variations, as well as grout consumption at each grout umbrella. The fracturing index was 93% successful in assessing favorable and unfavorable rock mass conditions in the studied tunnel and 85% successful in determining grout consumption. Finally, a conceptual method was developed to reduce the grouting activities using the MWD fracturing index and water loss tests. The introduction of this conceptual method for grouting decisions could potentially reduce 59% of the umbrellas found in the case study.

Routine Measurement of Endogenous Thrombin Potential (ETP) To Assess Hemostatic Function in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 4014-4014
Author(s):  
Alain P. Gadisseur ◽  
Jeoffrey Schouten ◽  
Sven Franque ◽  
Marc Van der Planken ◽  
Peter Michielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Endogenous Thrombin Potential ◽  
Automated Assay ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The maintenance of hemostasis through the production of most of the coagulation proteins is a basic liver function. In patients with cirrhosis of the liver the decrease in these proteins is one of the contributory factors to an increased bleeding tendency. Normally the hemostatic capacity of the liver is measured through routine clotting tests as the activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT). In the Child classification for liver cirrhosis the coagulation as expressed by the PT is one of the determinants. Recently a test has become available which will make it possible to routinely measure the endogenous thrombin generation potential (ETP) which may be a better alternative. In this test according to the method first described by Hemker (1993) thrombin generation is continuously measured by use of a chromogenic substrate. Results are calculated as area under the curve and as a percentage of normal. We analysed 110 patients with liver cirrhosis classified according to the Child classification, 79 patients with stage A, 19 stage B and 12 stage C, without known pre-existing coagulation abnormalities like inherited bleeding disorders, or anticoagulant drugs. In these patients ETP, APTT, PT/INR, FV, FVII and FXI were measured. We used a fully automated assay for the determination of the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) on the BCS® System (both Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany). The results for the mean PT were 81% (CI95 77 - 85) for Child A patients, 53% (CI95 44 - 63) for Child B, and 41% (CI95 33 - 50) for Child C. For the mean INR the results were 1.11 (CI95 1.08 - 1.14) for Child A patients, 1.65 (CI95 1.22 - 2.08) for Child B, and 1.82 (CI95 1.34 - 2.31) for Child C. The results for the mean normalized ETP were 0.87 (CI95 0.84 - 0.90) for Child A patients, 0.78 (CI95 0.68 - 0.88) for Child B, and 0.58 (CI95 0.51 - 0.64) for Child C (p&lt;0.001). While the normalized ETP correlated well with both PT and INR for Child B (P&lt;0.05) and C (p&lt;0.01), there were significant differences within the child A patients where no significant correlation could be identified (Pearson correlation 0.203, R2=0.04, p=0.075. We conclude that the fully automated assay for the determination of the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) on the BCS® System (both Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany) is a potentially interesting test to measure the coagulation abilities in patients with liver cirrhosis which in the future may supersede the PT/INR in classification systems for hepatic disease.

Impacts of peatland drainage on the properties of typical water flow paths determined from a digital elevation model

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Korkalainen ◽  
Ari Laurén ◽  
Harri Koivusalo ◽  
Teemu Kokkonen
Keyword(s):  
Digital Elevation Model ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Water Flow Paths

Peatland drainage enhances tree growth, changes catchment hydrology and increases export of nutrients and suspended solids to water bodies. In this study, impacts of peatland drainage on the properties of water flow paths in terrestrial parts of catchments were assessed in terms of slope, elevation, length and soil type. Three study catchments (area 31.8–153.5 km2) were delineated using a 25 m × 25 m digital elevation model (DEM). Typical water flow paths were calculated for each catchment to characterize the mean elevation above the receiving water body as a function of distance along water flow paths. The resulting two-dimensional (2D) profile also allowed calculations of horizontally distributed properties of catchments as a function of distance to the water body. Peatland drainage decreased the length and elevation of the typical water flow path, and increased the area near water bodies. Increasing drainage from 10.7% to 55.4% of the total catchment area increased the area residing close to a water body (no farther than 25 m) from 17.1% to 60.7%. This area estimate is useful for assessing the costs of water protection, arising from restricting forestry operations in the vicinity of water bodies.

scholarly journals Discharges of Turbid Water during Mini-Surges of Variegated Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (111) ◽  
pp. 195-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Humphrey ◽  
Charles Raymond ◽  
Will Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Fast Motion ◽  
The Mean

AbstractDischarges of water, sediment, and dissolved impurities from Variegated Glacier, Alaska, were monitored in the early summers of 1980 and 1981 during the occurrence of mini-surges. Seasonal trends, weather-related events, and diurnal variations similar to behavior of other temperate glacier streams were found. The principal effect in the stream associated with mini-surge occurrence was a brief discharge of extremely turbid water. The turbidity is assumed to be introduced into the basal hydraulic system by initiation of the fast motion of a mini-surge at a time and location on the upper glacier known from other measurements. The mean water velocity in the hydraulic system over the intervening distance is thereby determined (0.3 ms−1). The mean water velocity, together with the water discharge (≈16 m3 s−1 at the terminus), places constraints on the distribution of water velocity u and total cross-sectional area AT of the flow paths along the glacier base. This leads to the conclusion that within the zone of mini-surge occurrence in its unperturbed state: u is about 0.1 ms−1 or possibly less; AT is about 102 m 2 or possibly more, and it must be divided into a very large number of small passageways, be blocked by constrictions, or both. The total water cross-section corresponds to a layer 0.1–0.2 m thick when spread uniformly over the glacier width. The water velocity is close to or less than the propagation velocity of the mini-surges. Between the zone affected by mini-surges and the stream, a dynamically less active lower section of the glacier is probably underlain by a small number of conduits, in which the water velocity may be very high (≥ 2 m s−1). Water discharge following the mini-surges puts an upper limit on water-storage changes associated with the anomalous ice motion.

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