A study on service capacity of primary medical and health institutions for cervical cancer screening in urban and rural areas in China

Background: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women especially India. The mainstay of prevention rests on early detection of cases through screening. So, this study aims to determine the knowledge of cervical cancer screening, Human papilloma virus & its vaccination status. Methods: This was an observational study of cross-sectional design conducted among the adult reproductive aged women (18-45 years) visiting Gynaecology OPD at ESI-PGIMSR and ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Joka. A pre-designed and pre-tested interview schedule was prepared. Face to face interview was conducted in local language. Data was compiled & computed in SPSS software version 20. Results: Total respondents were 97. Majority of the respondents (62.9%) belong to the age group of 21-30 years. 8 in 10 participants follow Hinduism. Almost equal percentages of participants were from urban & rural areas (51.5% & 48.5% respectively). 6 in 10 participants had heard about cervical cancer. Majority of the respondents (55%) mentioned friends & family as a source of information. 48.3% of the respondents knew poor genital hygiene as a predisposing risk factor for cervical cancer. Very few knew about other factors like multiple sexual partner (20%), early marriage (33.3%), young age (20%), repeated childbirth (35%), OCP usage (26.7%) as risk factors for cervical cancer. Only one participant had undergone screening test for cervical cancer (1.7%). 46.7% of the respondents were aware about association of HPV infection with cervical cancer. But none of the participants had received vaccine against cervical cancer & they cited lack of awareness as a reason for not receiving the vaccine. Conclusions: A well-designed health education program focusing on effective multipronged IEC strategies utilizing pictorials, audio-visual and personal communication on cervical cancer could yield beneficial results.

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Organised Versus Opportunistic Cervical Cancer Screening in Urban and Rural Regions of Lithuania

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55090570 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 570 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Justina Paulauskiene ◽

Rugile Ivanauskiene ◽

Erika Skrodeniene ◽

Janina Petkeviciene

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Screening Program ◽

Rural Regions ◽

Reminder Letter ◽

Invitation Letter ◽

Personal Invitation

Background and Objectives: In 2004, Lithuania started the Nationwide Cervical Cancer Screening Programme. However, screening is more opportunistic than population-wide and the programme’s coverage is insufficient. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of systematic personal invitation on coverage of cervical cancer (CC) screening in urban and rural regions of Lithuania. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in an urban primary healthcare centre (PHCC) and in a rural PHCC, where prevailing CC screening practice was highly opportunistic. Over the first year, all women aged 25–60 who had not received a Pap smear test within the last three years in urban (n = 1591) and rural (n = 1843) PHCCs received a personal invitation letter to participate in the screening. Over the second year, the reminder letter was sent to the non-attendees (n = 1042 in urban and n = 929 in rural PHCCs). A random sample of women (n = 93), who did not attend for screening after two letters, was contacted by phone in order to identify the barriers of non-attendance. Results: Before the study, only 9.6% of the target population in urban and 14.7% in rural PHCCs participated in CC screening. After the first invitation letter, the participation in CC screening increased up to 24.6% in urban and 30.8% in rural areas (p < 0.001). After the reminder letter, the attendance was 16.4% in urban and 22.2% in rural PHCCs (p < 0.001). The most common barriers for the non-attendance were lack of time, long waiting time for family doctor’s appointment, worries that a Pap test might be unpleasant and preventive gynaecological examination outside of the screening program. Conclusions: A systematic personal invitation with one reminder letter significantly increased the coverage of CC screening and was more effective in rural regions than in urban regions. The assessed barriers for non-attendance can be used to improve the coverage of screening.

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A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention among Women in Rural Areas in Trichy

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development ◽

10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00466.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

S. Shankar ◽

V. Raghuram ◽

Elango ◽

S Sowndarya ◽

R R Sharumathi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Cancer Screening And Prevention ◽

Screening And Prevention

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"This Screening Cannot Be Done For Virgins Because They Have Not Had any Sexual Intercourse " Knowledge on Cervical Cancer Screening and Vaccination Among Females at Oyibi Community.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-146122/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Evans Osei ◽

Stella Appiah ◽

Judith Gaogli ◽

Ezekiel Oti-Boadi

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Cancer Vaccination ◽

Screening Cost

Abstract BackgroundAwareness about cervical cancer screening and vaccination in the developed countries are high as compared to the developing countries. Sixty to eighty percent (60 - 80%) of the women who develop cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa live in the rural areas with inadequate awareness on cervical cancer screening. However, cervical cancer knowledge remained a significant direct predictor of screening behaviors. The study therefore aim to explore the Knowledge on Cervical Cancer Screening and Vaccination among females at Oyibi Community. A qualitative exploratory design was employed to purposively recruit 35 participants who were made up of 7 members in a group forming 5 Focus Group discussions in all. Data was retrieved using a semi-structured interview guide. ResultsThe study revealed two main themes with 7 subthemes. The two main themes were Cervical cancer screening and vaccination knowledge and Cervical cancer vaccination effectiveness and cost. The subthemes were; knowledge on cervical cancer screening types, knowledge about cervical cancer screening and vaccination centers, knowledge about how cancer screening is performed, knowledge about cervical cancer vaccination, cervical cancer screening and vaccination sources of information, knowledge about the effectiveness of cervical cancer vaccination and awareness about cervical cancer screening cost and vaccination cost. ConclusionThe study revealed low knowledge on screening and vaccination of cervical cancer, and effectiveness of cervical cancer vaccination but high awareness about the centers. There is therefore the need for heightened sensitization regarding cervical cancer screening and vaccination in rural communities to help reduce misconceptions and increase patronage rate.

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“Cervical cancer screening: awareness is not enough”. Understanding barriers to screening among women in West Cameroon—a qualitative study using focus groups.

Reproductive Health ◽

10.1186/s12978-021-01186-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alida Manoëla Datchoua Moukam ◽

Muriel Samartha Embolo Owono ◽

Bruno Kenfack ◽

Pierre Vassilakos ◽

Patrick Petignat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Health Literacy ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

Focus Groups ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Screening Program ◽

Health Concern

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women in sub-Saharan countries, constituting a major public health concern. In Cameroon, cervical cancer ranks as the second most common type of cancer among women and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, mainly due to the lack of prevention. Objectives Our first and main objective was to understand the barriers affecting women’s decision-making process regarding participation in a cervical cancer screening program in the Dschang district (West Cameroon). Second, we aimed to explore the acceptability and perception of a single-visit approach (screen and treat). Methods A qualitative study using focus groups (FGs) was conducted from February to March 2020. Female participants aged between 30 and 49 years and their male partners were invited to participate. Thematic analysis was used, and barriers were classified according to the three-delay model of Thaddeus and Maine. Results In total, six FGs with 43 participants (31 women and 12 men) were conducted. The most important barriers were lack of health literacy, low accessibility of the program (in respect to cost and distance), and disrespectful treatment by healthcare workers. Conclusions Our study identified three needs: (1) enhancing health literacy; (2) improving the delivery of cervical cancer screening in rural areas; and (3) providing training for healthcare providers and community healthcare workers to improve patient-provider-communication. Trial registration Ethical Cantonal Board of Geneva, Switzerland (CCER, N°2017-0110 and CER-amendment n°3) and Cameroonian National Ethics Committee for Human Health Research (N°2018/07/1083/CE/CNERSH/SP). NCT: 03757299

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Factors associated with and socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening among women aged 15–64 years in Botswana

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0255581 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0255581

Author(s):

Mpho Keetile ◽

Kagiso Ndlovu ◽

Gobopamang Letamo ◽

Mpho Disang ◽

Sanni Yaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Breast Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Breast And Cervical Cancer

Background The most commonly diagnosed cancers among women are breast and cervical cancers, with cervical cancer being a relatively bigger problem in low and middle income countries (LMICs) than breast cancer. Methods The main aim of this study was to asses factors associated with and socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening among women aged 15–64 years in Botswana. This study is part of the broad study on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Botswana conducted (NCD survey) in 2016. The NCD survey was conducted across 3 cities and towns, 15 urban villages and 15 rural areas of Botswana. The survey collected information on several NCDs and risk factors including cervical and breast cancer screening. The survey adopted a multistage sampling design and a sample of 1178 participants (males and females) aged 15 years and above was selected in both urban and rural areas of Botswana. For this study, a sub-sample of 813 women aged 15–64 years was selected and included in the analysis. The inequality analysis was conducted using decomposition analysis using ADePT software version 6. Logistic regression models were used to show the association between socioeconomic variables and cervical and breast cancer screening using SPSS version 25. All comparisons were considered statistically significant at 5%. Results Overall, 6% and 62% of women reported that they were screened for breast and cervical cancer, respectively. Women in the poorest (AOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.06–0.45) and poorer (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.14–0.96) wealth quintiles were less likely to report cervical cancer screening compared to women in the richest wealth quintile. Similarly, for breast cancer, the odds of screening were found to be low among women in the poorest (AOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.06–0.68) and the poorer (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.13–0.81)) wealth quintiles. Concentration indices (CI) showed that cervical (CI = 0.2443) and breast cancer (CI = 0.3975) screening were more concentrated among women with high SES than women with low SES. Wealth status was observed to be the leading contributor to socioeconomic inequality observed for both cervical and breast cancer screening. Conclusions Findings in this study indicate the need for concerted efforts to address the health care needs of the poor in order to reduce cervical and breast cancer screening inequalities.

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Exploring an Appropriate Method of Cervical Cancer Screening in Rural China

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1010539519876411 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (7) ◽

pp. 652-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaosong Zhang ◽

Gengli Zhao ◽

Hui Bi ◽

Min Zhou ◽

Xueyin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Detection Rate ◽

Rural China ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Screening Strategy ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Positive Rate

Background. To explore the feasibility of careHPV (human papillomavirus) with cytology triage as a cervical cancer screening in rural areas of China. Methods. A total of 7138 women aged 35 to 64 years were divided into 2 groups. Women in careHPV group (n = 3536) underwent careHPV and 288 positive subjects underwent cytology, of which 65 women were ≥ASC-US (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance). Women in the cytology group (n = 3602) underwent cytology and 111 women were ≥ASC-US. All subjects with ≥ASC-US were referred to colposcopy and biopsy. Results. The average age of subjects was 48.2 ± 7.8 years. In the careHPV group, the HPV-positive rate was 8.1%. The detection rate of ≥ASC-US was 1.8% in the careHPV group and 3.1% in the cytology group ( P = .001). There was no significant difference in detection rate of ≥CINII (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) in the careHPV group (0.7%) and the cytology group (0.6%; P = .416). In addition, to identify 1 case ≥CINII, an average of 2.6 colposcopies were needed in the careHPV group, and 5.3 colposcopies were performed to diagnose 1 case ≥CINII in the cytology group. Conclusions. careHPV with cytology triage offered similar efficiency in identifying abnormalities of CINII and above compared with cytology screening. With the reduced requirement for cytology testing and colposcopy, careHPV may be a more favorable cervical cancer screening strategy in areas of China where there is a lack of cytology services.

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