CO2-Soluble, Nonionic, Water-Soluble Surfactants That Stabilize CO2-in-Brine Foams

SPE Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 1172-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.. Xing ◽  
B.. Wei ◽  
W.. McLendon ◽  
R.. Enick ◽  
S.. McNulty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Surfactant Solution ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates ◽  
Berea Sandstone ◽  
Nonylphenol Ethoxylate ◽  
The Core ◽  
Soluble Surfactants

Summary Several commercially available and a few experimental, nonionic surfactants were identified that are capable of dissolving in carbon dioxide (CO2) in dilute concentration at typical minimum- miscibility-pressure (MMP) conditions and, upon mixing with brine in a high-pressure windowed cell, stabilizing CO2-in-brine foams. These slightly CO2-soluble, water-soluble surfactants include branched alkylphenol ethoxylates, branched alkyl ethoxylates, a fatty-acid-based surfactant, and a predominantly linear ethoxylated alcohol. Many of the surfactants were between 0.02 to 0.06 wt% soluble in CO2 at 1,500 psia and 25°C, and most demonstrated some capacity to stabilize foam. The most- stable foams observed in a high-pressure windowed cell were attained with branched alkylphenol ethoxylates, several of which were studied in high-pressure small-angle-neutron-scattering (HP SANS) tests, transient mobility tests using Berea sandstone cores, and high-pressure computed-tomography (CT)-imaging tests using polystyrene cores. HP SANS analysis of foams residing in a small windowed cell demonstrated that the nonylphenol ethoxylate SURFONIC® N-150 [15 ethylene oxide (EO) groups] generated emulsions with a greater concentration of droplets and a broader distribution of droplet sizes than the shorter-chain analogs with 9–12 ethoxylates. The in-situ formation of weak foams was verified during transient mobility tests by measuring the pressure drop across a Berea sandstone core as a CO2/surfactant solution was injected into a Berea sandstone core initially saturated with brine; the pressure-drop values when surfactant was dissolved in the CO2 were at least twice those attained when pure CO2 was injected into the same brine-saturated core. The greatest mobility reduction was achieved when surfactant was added both to the brine initially in the core and to the injected CO2. CT imaging of CO2 invading a polystyrene core initially saturated with 5 wt% KI brine indicated that despite the oil-wet nature of this medium, a sharp foam front propagated through the core, and CO2 fingers that formed in the absence of a surfactant were completely suppressed by foams formed because of the addition of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactant to the CO2 or the brine.

A Rapid Accurate Unsteady-State Klinkenberg Permeameter

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 383-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Unsteady State ◽  
The Core ◽  
Turbulence Factor

Abstract A simple, unsteady-state apparatus and appropriate theory have been developed for measuring the Klinkenberg permeability, Klinkenberg slip factor, and Forchheimer turbulence factor of core plugs. The technique is last and accurate and bas replaced nearly all steady-state gas permeability determinations made in our laboratory. The theory of operation, capabilities and limitations of the apparatus are discussed. New data are presented for more than 100 cores, correlating slip and turbulence factor vs permeability. Introduction Permeability is usually measured with air at mean pressures just above 1 atm. This steady-state determination is rapid, but it can lead to serious errors. For example, the low-pressure air permeability of tight core often differs from its permeability of tight core often differs from its permeability to liquid or high-pressure gas by 30 permeability to liquid or high-pressure gas by 30 to 100 percent or more. Correction factors (Klinkenberg slip factors) from correlations are available, but still, the corrected, low-pressure measurement can exhibit considerable error. These errors are avoided by determining gas permeabilities at two or three mean pressures such permeabilities at two or three mean pressures such as 25, 50 and 100 psi, and then extrapolating to infinite pressure to obtain the equivalent liquid or Klinkenberg permeability. This method is generally reliable, but has two drawbacks it requires tedious rate measurements with a soap bubbler or other device, and the back-pressured flow system requires several minutes to reach steady state. Typical throughputs are 8 to 12 cores per day. The desire to estimate accurately the injectivity into secondary and tertiary oil recovery prospects and to find the deliverability of very tight gas reservoirs has created a growing demand for reliable Klinkenberg permeability determinations in our laboratory. This demand made clear the need for a more rapid, yet accurate permeameter. On the premise that pressure measurements are made more premise that pressure measurements are made more conveniently and accurately than rate determinations, we developed a permeameter in which both rate and pressure drop across a core can be derived from pressure drop across a core can be derived from pressure measurements alone. The resulting pressure measurements alone. The resulting unsteady-state instrument is fast and accurate. Transient permeability techniques have been discussed and other unsteady-state permeameters have been built and reported, but to our knowledge the instrument described herein is the only practical one for routine measurement of Klinkenberg permeability that does not require an empirical permeability that does not require an empirical correlation using cores of known permeability to construct calibration curves. It is also the only one from which Klinkenberg permeability, Klinkenberg slip factor and Forchheimer turbulence factor can be determined from a single run. THEORY OF OPERATION Fig. 1 shows the essentials of the unsteady-state permeameter. It consists of a tank and pressure permeameter. It consists of a tank and pressure transducer that can be pressurized with nitrogen. A core holder is attached to the tank, separated by a quick opening valve. To perform a run, the tank is charged with nitrogen to an initial pressure of about 100 psig. If the valve at the bottom of the tank is opened, nitrogen will flow through the core and the pressure in the tank will decline as illustrated in the inset of Fig. 1 rapidly at first, then more and more slowly. The volumetric rate of nitrogen flow at the inlet face of be core, qo(t) can be derived (see Appendix A) from the ideal gas law, since the compressibility factor (deviation factor) is unity for nitrogen at low pressure and room temperature. The volumetric flow rate at any position, x, downstream from the inlet face of the position, x, downstream from the inlet face of the core, at time t, is (Eq. A-30): .............................(1) where delta and f(c, g) axe correction factors that account for variable mass flow rate with position at any instant in time. The constant delta is given by:(2) from Eq. 2, delta is equal to two-thirds of the ratio of the pore volume of the core to the volume of the tank. Normally it is a small correction. SPEJ P. 383

The Impact of Nanoparticles Adsorption and Transport on Wettability Alteration of Intermediate Wet Berea Sandstone

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shidong Li ◽  
Ole Torsæter
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Wettability Alteration ◽  
Colloidal Nanoparticles ◽  
Berea Sandstone ◽  
Nano Structure ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Impact

AbstractNanoparticles as part of nanotechnology have drawn the attention for its great potential of increasing oil recovery. From authors' previous studies (Li et al., 2013a), wettability alteration was proposed as one of the main Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) mechanisms for nanoparticles fluid, as adsorption of nanoparticles on pore walls leads to wettability alteration of reservoir. We conducted a series of wettability measurement experiments for aged intermediate-wet Berea sandstone, where the core plugs were treated by different concentration and type of nanoparticles fluid. Nanoparticles transport experiments also were performed for core plugs with injection of varying concentration and type of nanoparticles fluid. Pressure drop across the core plug during injection was recorded to evaluate nanoparticles adsorption and retention inside core, as well as desorption during brine postflush. Both hydrophilic silica nano-structure particles and hydrophilic silica colloidal nanoparticles were utilized in above two experiments.The results of wettability alteration experiments indicated that hydrophilic nanoparticles have ability of making intermediate-wet Berea sandstone to be more water wet, and basically the higher concentration the more water wet will be. And different type of nanoparticles has different effect on the wettability alteration process. For nanoparticles transport experiments, the results showed that the nanoparticles undergo both adsorption and desorption as well as retention during injection. Pressure drop curves showed that absorption and retention of nano-structure particles inside core was significant while colloidal nanoparticles did not adsorb much. Permeability impairment was observed during nano-structure particles fluid injection, but on the contrary colloidal nanoparticles dispersion injection made core more permeable.

scholarly journals Solubilization of Charged Porphyrins in Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes: A Computer Study

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Karel Šindelka ◽  
Zuzana Limpouchová ◽  
Karel Procházka
Keyword(s):  
Dissipative Particle Dynamics ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Computer Study ◽  
Interpolyelectrolyte Complex ◽  
The Core ◽  
Porphyrin Derivatives ◽  
Oppositely Charged ◽  
Positively Charged

Using coarse-grained dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) with explicit electrostatics, we performed (i) an extensive series of simulations of the electrostatic co-assembly of asymmetric oppositely charged copolymers composed of one (either positively or negatively charged) polyelectrolyte (PE) block A and one water-soluble block B and (ii) studied the solubilization of positively charged porphyrin derivatives (P+) in the interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) cores of co-assembled nanoparticles. We studied the stoichiometric mixtures of 137 A10+B25 and 137 A10−B25 chains with moderately hydrophobic A blocks (DPD interaction parameter aAS=35) and hydrophilic B blocks (aBS=25) with 10 to 120 P+ added (aPS=39). The P+ interactions with other components were set to match literature information on their limited solubility and aggregation behavior. The study shows that the moderately soluble P+ molecules easily solubilize in IPEC cores, where they partly replace PE+ and electrostatically crosslink PE− blocks. As the large P+ rings are apt to aggregate, P+ molecules aggregate in IPEC cores. The aggregation, which starts at very low loadings, is promoted by increasing the number of P+ in the mixture. The positively charged copolymers repelled from the central part of IPEC core partially concentrate at the core-shell interface and partially escape into bulk solvent depending on the amount of P+ in the mixture and on their association number, AS. If AS is lower than the ensemble average ⟨AS⟩n, the copolymer chains released from IPEC preferentially concentrate at the core-shell interface, thus increasing AS, which approaches ⟨AS⟩n. If AS>⟨AS⟩n, they escape into the bulk solvent.

scholarly journals O2volumes at high pressure from KClO4decomposition: D″ as a siderophile element pump instead of a lid on the core

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Walker ◽  
S. M. Clark ◽  
L. M. D. Cranswick ◽  
M. C. Johnson ◽  
R. L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
The Core

Investigation of Micro-Sized Capsules at High Pressure by PALS Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 373 ◽  
pp. 284-287
Author(s):  
Bożena Zgardzińska ◽  
Maciej Tydda ◽  
Jan Wawryszczuk
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
Argon Atmosphere ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Polymer Shell ◽  
Positron Annihilation Lifetime ◽  
The Core ◽  
Phase Pressure

The positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was applied to investigate the properties of capsules composed of n-alkanes (filling material) and polymer (shell) in the broad range of pressures up to 450 MPa. These microcapsules aggregate into the grains having about 200 μm in diameter. Their properties were investigated as a function of pressure (p) at several selected temperatures: when the filling material is in liquid, rotator and solid phase. Pressure experiments were performed without gas access to the sample and in an argon atmosphere. Two o-Ps components were found, the longer-lived correspond to the filler material, and the shorter-lived one – to the shell. These components change with p; even a small pressure (6 MPa) reduces considerably the o-Ps lifetimes (τ). At 303 K the o-Ps lifetime in the core changes non-monotonically, and at 60 MPa τ is higher than at 20 MPa. The increase of pressure induces the phase changes in the filling material, and also produces the deformation of microcapsule aggregates and crash of small capsules at the grain boundary region. Internal structure of the microcapsules was observed by SEM.

scholarly journals Organic Nanoplatforms for Iodinated Contrast Media in CT Imaging

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7063
Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Xinyu Ma ◽  
Ruiwei Guo ◽  
Zhanpeng Ye ◽  
Han Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Media ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Iodinated Contrast Media ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Anatomical Images

X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging can produce three-dimensional and high-resolution anatomical images without invasion, which is extremely useful for disease diagnosis in the clinic. However, its applications are still severely limited by the intrinsic drawbacks of contrast media (mainly iodinated water-soluble molecules), such as rapid clearance, serious toxicity, inefficient targetability and poor sensitivity. Due to their high biocompatibility, flexibility in preparation and modification and simplicity for drug loading, organic nanoparticles (NPs), including liposomes, nanoemulsions, micelles, polymersomes, dendrimers, polymer conjugates and polymeric particles, have demonstrated tremendous potential for use in the efficient delivery of iodinated contrast media (ICMs). Herein, we comprehensively summarized the strategies and applications of organic NPs, especially polymer-based NPs, for the delivery of ICMs in CT imaging. We mainly focused on the use of polymeric nanoplatforms to prolong circulation time, reduce toxicity and enhance the targetability of ICMs. The emergence of some new technologies, such as theragnostic NPs and multimodal imaging and their clinical translations, are also discussed.

scholarly journals Manufacture of Portable Inflatable Kayak Using Ultra High Pressure Drop Stitch

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-557
Author(s):  
Chan-Hong Park ◽  
Byeong-Ho Park ◽  
Jong-Dae Park ◽  
Hyeon-Kyeong Seong ◽  
Lee-Young Lim
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Ultra High Pressure ◽  
High Pressure Drop

scholarly journals Gas-cooled nuclear reactor core shaping using heat exchange intensifiers

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav S. Kuzevanov ◽  
Sergey K. Podgorny
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Cooling Channels ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nuclear Reactor Core

The need to shape reactor cores in terms of coolant flow distributions arises due to the requirements for temperature fields in the core elements (Safety guide No. NS-G-1.12. 2005, IAEA nuclear energy series No. NP-T-2.9. 2014, Specific safety requirements No. SSR-2/1 (Rev.1) 2014). However, any reactor core shaping inevitably leads to an increase in the core pressure drop and power consumption to ensure the primary coolant circulation. This naturally makes it necessary to select a shaping principle (condition) and install heat exchange intensifiers to meet the safety requirements at the lowest power consumption for the coolant pumping. The result of shaping a nuclear reactor core with identical cooling channels can be predicted at a quality level without detailed calculations. Therefore, it is not normally difficult to select a shaping principle in this case, and detailed calculations are required only where local heat exchange intensifiers are installed. The situation is different if a core has cooling channels of different geometries. In this case, it will be unavoidable to make a detailed calculation of the effects of shaping and heat transfer intensifiers on changes in temperature fields. The aim of this paper is to determine changes in the maximum wall temperatures in cooling channels of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors using the combined effects of shaped coolant mass flows and heat exchange intensifiers installed into the channels. Various shaping conditions have been considered. The authors present the calculated dependences and the procedure for determining the thermal coolant parameters and maximum temperatures of heat exchange surface walls in a system of parallel cooling channels. Variant calculations of the GT-MHR core (NRC project No. 716 2002, Vasyaev et al. 2001, Neylan et al. 1994) with cooling channels of different diameters were carried out. Distributions of coolant flows and temperatures in cooling channels under various shaping conditions were determined using local resistances and heat exchange intensifiers. Preferred options were identified that provide the lowest maximum wall temperature of the most heat-stressed channel at the lowest core pressure drop. The calculation procedure was verified by direct comparison of the results calculated by the proposed algorithm with the CFD simulation results (ANSYS Fluent User’s Guide 2016, ANSYS Fluent. Customization Manual 2016, ANSYS Fluent. Theory Guide 2016, Shaw1992, Anderson et al. 2009, Petrila and Trif 2005, Mohammadi and Pironneau 1994).

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