A New Cationic Shale Inhibitor and Water Blocking Agent for Water-Based Drilling Fluid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al-Heed ◽  
Mobeen Murtaza ◽  
Sayed Hussain ◽  
Rahul Gajbhiye
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Water Penetration ◽  
Water Blocking ◽  
Shale Formation ◽  
Clay Layers

Abstract Drilling a shale formation is one of the challenges faced by the petroleum industry. Designing the drilling fluid, that reduces the interaction with shale, is important for safe and efficient drilling. This study investigates the new cationic surfactant as a shale inhibitor for the drilling fluid. The main objective of this study is to block the water penetration into the clay layers using the new shale inhibitor and evaluate its performance with commercial shale inhibitors. To assess the performance of new cationic surfactant two reliable clay sources were considered. The first source is from unconventional Qusiba (Kaolinite) formation in Saudi Arabia and the second is a commercial Bentonite. The effect of new cationic formulation on preventing clay swelling were tested using API dynamic swelling meter at reservoir condition. Further, X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis were performed to ensure clay stability before exposing it to WBM and after exposure for cation exchange phenomenon, shape and size of the particle and efficacy of water penetration blockage. The results were also compared with commercial shale inhibitor. The results show that the new cationic surfactant can act as a shale inhibitor as well as water blocking agent. It also showed acceptable performance compare with common shale inhibitors used in the industry, the performance can be further improved by optimizing the percentage of surfactant addition to the drilling fluid. This study provides the new cationic surfactant and proved to have good feature for oilfield applications and the cationity which is helping to reduce the water shale interactions.

The Research of the Oil Base Drilling Fluid Hard Brittle Shale Sidewall Instability Mechanism

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Feng Zhen ◽  
Go Lin Jing ◽  
Wei Jie Hu ◽  
Bai Sun Liao
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Instability Mechanism ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mechanism Research ◽  
Shale Formation ◽  
Temperature Time

With the continuous production of the well development, sidewall instability phenomenon has become increasingly serious, mostly occurs in the shale formation, benefit for oilfield produced great harm. Water-based drilling fluid sidewall instability mechanism has been basically clear, the oil-base drilling fluid influence on sidewall stability is not yet concrete. So this paper mainly for oil-based drilling fluid hard brittle shale sidewall instability mechanism research. This article first from the perspective of chemistry, the hard brittle shale borehole wall instability is studied, the experiment tested respectively by the white oil and water treatment of hard brittle shale of cation exchange capacity (CEC) value, so as to analyze the same and the hydration of clay mineral equivalent after processing samples, through analysis of the temperature, time, media's impact on hard brittle shale wellbore stability. Secondly, from the Angle of mechanics, stress and mechanical properties of mud shale formation is analyzed, and the minimum drilling fluid density model, gives a variety of analysis and calculation formula. In addition, this paper adopted the X ray diffraction (XRD)

Study on the Preparation and Performance of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Calcium and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Zinc Composite Materials

2016 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 1319-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Chang Ping Wei ◽  
Feng Ming Wang ◽  
Li Dan Dong ◽  
Shuang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Chloroacetic Acid ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Better Than

In this paper,under alkaline conditions,with chloroacetic acid to modify chitosan,obtained carboxymethyl chitosan. At pH<7 conditions,the obtained carboxymethy chitosan respectively were reacted with calcium chloride solution,zinc chloride solution,after fully reacted,obtained carboxymethyl chitosan calcium and carboxymethyl chitosan zinc .Through infrared spectrum,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (sem) analysis means,the structure of the products were characterized.Through the cutting of mice tail hemostasia test ,study the performance of the product.The results showed that the water solubility of carboxymethyl chitosan is better than that of chitosan and with excellent performance,and the performance of carboxymethyl chitosan calcium and carboxymethyl chitosan zinc was better than that of carboxymethyl chitosan.

Development of Ternary Concrete Utilizing Agricultural Waste Material

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita Kumari ◽  
Dhirendra Singhal ◽  
Rinku Walia ◽  
Ajay Rathee
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Maize Cob

Abstract The present project proposes to utilize rice husk and maize cob husk ash in the cement to mitigate the adverse impact of cement on environment and to enhance the disposal of waste in a sustainable manner. Ternary concrete / MR concrete was prepared by using rise husk and maize cob ash with cement. For the present project, five concrete mixes MR-0 (Control mix), MR-1 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-2 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-5%), MR-3 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-4 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%) were prepared. M35 concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262:2009 for low slump values 0-25mm. The purpose is to find the optimum replacement level of cement in M35 grade ternary concrete for I – Shaped paver blocks.In order to study the effects of these additions, micro-structural and structural properties test of concretes have been conducted. The crystalline properties of control mix and modified concrete are analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that 10% Rice husk ash and 5% maize cob ash replaced with cement produce a desirable quality of ternary concrete mix having good compressive strength. The results of SEM analysis indicated that the morphology of both concrete were different, showing porous structure at 7 days age and become unsymmetrical with the addition of ashes. After 28 day age, the control mix contained more quantity of ettringite and became denser than ternary concrete. XRD analysis revealed the presence of portlandite in large quantity in controlled mix concrete while MR concrete had the partially hydrated particle of alite.

scholarly journals The increased use value of bamboo leaves as silica source for t-type zeolite synthesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 05003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soni Setiadji ◽  
Citra Deliana Dewi Sundari ◽  
Endang Lala ◽  
Denia Febby Nurbaeti ◽  
Ira Novianti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sem Analysis ◽  
High Price ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Zeolite Synthesis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cost Performance ◽  
Silica Source ◽  
Bamboo Leaves ◽  
Type Zeolite ◽  
The Cost

T-type zeolite can be used as catalyst, adsorbent, and membranes for gas separation. The synthesis of T-type zeolite needs to be optimized in both of the method and source of precursor, because of its relatively high price. In this research, the synthesis is done using silica extracted from bamboo leaves instead of commercial silica. This increases the value of the bamboo leaves and the cost-performance of zeolite synthesis. The silica was extracted from bamboo leaves ash using alkaline solvent. The extracted silica has 81.76% of purity and an amorphous phase. The T-type zeolite was synthesized using the molar composition of 0.15 Na2O : 0.025 Al : 0.15 K2O : 1 SiO2 : 15 H2O : 0.06 TMAOH, under hydrothermal method and heating process for 4 days, 60°C for 2 days and 120°C for the next 2 days. The characterization method using X-Ray Diffraction and Infra-Red Spectroscopy were performed to confirm the formation of T-type zeolite. The results of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis show that the formed T-type zeolite has erionite cylindrical crystal shape.

scholarly journals Temperature Augmented Visual Method for Initial Screening of Hydrate Inhibitors

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinku Saikia ◽  
Vikas Mahto
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Induction Time ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Initial Screening ◽  
Visual Method ◽  
Augmented Method

The formation of gas hydrates in oil & gas pipelines and drilling fluid flow lines is a major issue in the petroleum industry. Gas hydrate inhibitors are normally used to inhibit the formation of gas hydrates in the pipelines/flowlines. Initial screening of hydrate inhibitors and AntiAgglomerants (AA) requires a safe and economical experimental setup/method. Conventional visual method was used for initial screening of hydrate inhibitors in many researches. Some researchers also suggested modified visual methods, but all of them lacks accurate measurement of induction time and found to be inappropriate for experimental solutions like drilling mud, etc. In this work, a temperature augmented visual method was presented which can be used in academic research laboratories for study and initial screening of hydrate inhibitors. This method is capable of parallel screening of inhibitors and determines hydrate induction time precisely. Experiments were conducted to determine the hydrate induction time of different inhibitors using augmented method and compared with conventional visual method. The developed method found to be more precise in determining the induction time of hydrates in all types of experimental solutions.

Preparation and Characterization of Ionic Liquild Modified Clay and its Application in Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites

2011 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 1588-1592
Author(s):  
Li Mei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Modified Clay ◽  
Solution Blending ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Poly Propylene

Clay was organically modified with one kind of ionic liquild. Organical clay obtained was used to prepare poly(propylene) (PP)/clay nanocomposites by solution blending. Flourier transform infrared (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the ionic liquild was loaded in the galleries of organically modified clay. TGA result show the thermal stability of organically modified clay was superior to clay. XRD patterns indicated that the d-spacing of clay layers increased to 2.96 nm from 1.22 nm of clay. XRD patterns of PP/clay nanocomposites show that clay layers were dispersed in PP matrix by nanometer size.

scholarly journals Effect of Re and Tm-site on morphology structure and optical band gap of ReTmO3 (Re: La, Ce, Nd, Gd, Dy, Y and Tm: Fe, Cr) prepared by sol-gel method

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tufiq Jamil ◽  
Javed Ahmad ◽  
Syed Hamad Bukhari ◽  
Murtaza Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Band Gap ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Auto Combustion ◽  
Uv Visible

Rare earth nano sized pollycrystalline orthoferrites and orthocromites ReT mO3 (Re = La, Nd, Gd, Dy, Y and T m = Fe, Cr) have been synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion citrate method. The samples have been characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The samples are single phase as confirmed by XRD analysis and correspond to the orthorhombic crystal symmetry with space group pbnm. Debye Scherer formula and Williamson Hall analysis have been used to calculate the average grain size which is consistent with that of determined from SEM analysis and varied between 25-75 nm. The elemental compositions of all samples have been checked by EDX analysis. Different crystallographic parameters are calculated with strong structural correlation among Re and Tm sites. The optical energy band gap has been calculated by using Tauc relation estimated to be in the range of 1.77 - 1.87 eV and 2.77 - 3.14 eV, for ReFeO3 and ReCrO3, respectively.

Hierarchical Nanostructured ZnO-CuO Nanocomposite and its Photocatalytic Activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susmita Das ◽  
Vimal Chandra Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ultra Violet Radiation ◽  
One Step ◽  
Uv Visible

Metal oxide nanocomposite (ZnO-CuO) was successfully synthesized by one step homogeneous coprecipitation method and further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra. XRD analysis exhibited presence of pure copper oxide and zinc oxide within the nanocomposite. SEM analysis indicated that the ZnO-CuO nanocomposite was consisted of flower shaped ZnO along with leaf shaped CuO. Photocatalytic activity of nanocomposite was evaluated in terms of degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye solution under ultra-violet radiation. Results showed that the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO-CuO nanocomposite was higher than its individual pure oxides (ZnO or CuO).

Wear Behavior of TiB2/GNPs and B4C/GNPs Reinforced AA6061 Matrix Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safa Polat ◽  
Yavuz Sun ◽  
Engin C¸evik
Keyword(s):  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pressure Infiltration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Graphene Nanoparticles ◽  
Infiltration Method ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of reinforcements used for improving the thermal properties of AA6061 alloy on wear resistance. For this purpose, AA6061 matrix composites were produced by pressure infiltration method using ceramic microparticles (TiB2 and B4C) and graphene nanoparticles (GNPs). The produced composites were first characterized by porosity measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Then, the wear behavior was examined under three different loads (20–40–60 N) with the reciprocating ball on the flat method in a dry environment. Specific wear-rates were calculated according to the Archard principle by measuring the depth and width of the traces after tests with a profilometer. Wearing mechanisms were determined with the help of optical and microstructure images. According to the obtained results, it was found that B4C + GNPs reinforced samples were more resistant to abrasion at low loads, but TiB2 + GNPs reinforced samples were higher at higher loads.

Antibacterial Activity of Nickel -Doped ZnO\MWCNTs hybrid Prepared by Sol-Gel technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selma M.H. AL-Jawad ◽  
Zahraa S. Shakir ◽  
Duha S. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Doped Zno

ZnO/MWCNTs hybrid and doped with different concentration of Nickel element prepared by using Sol-gel been technique reported. All samples were prepared and characterized by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy have been identified the structural, optical and morphological properties. X-ray diffraction showed the polycrystalline nature with hexagonal wutzite structure of hybrid and doped with Nickel. The crystalline size of the hybrid nanostructure was increasing from 23.73 nm to 34.59 nm. Besides, the UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a significant decrease in the band gap values from 2.97 eV to 2.01 eV. Whereas the FE-SEM analysis confirm the formation spherical shapes of ZnO NPs deposited on cylindrical tubes representing the MWCNTs. The antibacterial activity reveals that the inhibition zone of Ni doped-ZnO/MWCNTs hybrid was 28.5 mm, 26.5 mm toward E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, respectively.

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