scholarly journals The effect of job aids on knowledge retention among Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors trained to administer injectable contraceptives: Longitudinal results from implementation science in Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Chace Dwyer ◽  
Aparna Jain ◽  
Salisu Ishaku ◽  
Faizah Okunade ◽  
Chiamaka Uzomba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
Drug Shop ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Job Aids ◽  
Injectable Contraceptive ◽  
Good Investment ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Injectable Contraceptives

Abstract Background: To increase access to voluntary family planning (FP) services, policymakers in Nigeria are debating how to task share the provision of injectable contraceptives to drug shop owners known as Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs). Globally, task sharing FP services to drug shops is a promising practice, but more information is needed on how to support PPMVs in providing high quality FP, including injectable services. Methods: 194 PPMVs were trained to provide FP counseling and administration of injectable contraceptive services in Bauchi, Cross River, Ebonyi and Kaduna states. PPMVs were interviewed immediately before, immediately after, and 9 months after the training. Three variables were used to assess injectable contraceptive knowledge: 1) intramuscular depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) knowledge: a combination of three questions related to device type, injection location, and reinjection frequency; 2) subcutaneous DMPA (DMPA-SC) knowledge: a combination of the same three questions but for DMPA-SC; and 3) knowledge of at least 4 of the 7 common side effects of progestin-only injectables. Three separate adjusted logistic regression models were conducted to determine the factors that influence PPMV knowledge of injectable contraceptives 9 months after the training. Results: A little over half of PPMVs (56%) reported using at least two job aids at 9 months. PPMVs’ knowledge of DMPA-IM, DMPA-SC and side effects were low before the training but increased immediately after. Nine months later, knowledge levels remained higher than pre-test levels but generally reduced compared to post-test levels. PPMVs who reported using at least 2 FP job aids were 2.6 (95% CI: 1.4-5.1) times more likely to have complete DMPA-IM knowledge 9 months after the training compared to those who did not use job aids or only used one, while adjusting for PPMV characteristics. Similar results were observed for knowledge of DMPA-SC (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2-4.6) and side effects (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3-4.8). Conclusion: Training PPMVs to use proven FP job aids should be incorporated into routine trainings, as they reinforce knowledge months after a training and can help PPMVs to retain information. When designing scale-up programs, jobs aids are a good investment for larger capacity-building strategies.

scholarly journals The effect of job aids on knowledge retention among Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors trained to administer injectable contraceptives: Longitudinal results from implementation science in Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Chace Dwyer ◽  
Aparna Jain ◽  
Salisu Ishaku ◽  
Faizah Okunade ◽  
Chiamaka Uzomba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
Drug Shop ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Job Aids ◽  
Injectable Contraceptive ◽  
Good Investment ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Injectable Contraceptives

Abstract Background: To increase access to voluntary family planning (FP) services, policymakers in Nigeria are debating how to task share the provision of injectable contraceptives to drug shop owners known as Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs). Globally, task sharing FP services to drug shops is a promising practice, but more information is needed on how to support PPMVs in providing high quality FP, including injectable services. Methods: 194 PPMVs were trained to provide FP counseling and administration of injectable contraceptive services in Bauchi, Cross River, Ebonyi and Kaduna states. PPMVs were interviewed immediately before, immediately after, and 9 months after the training. Three variables were used to assess injectable contraceptive knowledge: 1) intramuscular depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) knowledge: a combination of three questions related to device type, injection location, and reinjection frequency; 2) subcutaneous DMPA (DMPA-SC) knowledge: a combination of the same three questions but for DMPA-SC; and 3) knowledge of at least 4 of the 7 common side effects of progestin-only injectables. Three separate adjusted logistic regression models were conducted to determine the factors that influence PPMV knowledge of injectable contraceptives 9 months after the training. Results: A little over half of PPMVs (56%) reported using at least two job aids at 9 months. PPMVs’ knowledge of DMPA-IM, DMPA-SC and side effects were low before the training but increased immediately after. Nine months later, knowledge levels remained higher than pre-test levels but generally reduced compared to post-test levels. PPMVs who reported using at least 2 FP job aids were 2.6 (95% CI: 1.4-5.1) times more likely to have complete DMPA-IM knowledge 9 months after the training compared to those who did not use job aids or only used one, while adjusting for PPMV characteristics. Similar results were observed for knowledge of DMPA-SC (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2-4.6) and side effects (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3-4.8). Conclusion: Training PPMVs to use proven FP job aids should be incorporated into routine trainings, as they reinforce knowledge months after a training and can help PPMVs to retain information. When designing scale-up programs, jobs aids are a good investment for larger capacity-building strategies.

scholarly journals The effect of job aids on knowledge retention among Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors trained to administer injectable contraceptives: Longitudinal results from implementation science in Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Chace Dwyer ◽  
Aparna Jain ◽  
Salisu Ishaku ◽  
Faizah Okunade ◽  
Chiamaka Uzomba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
Drug Shop ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Job Aids ◽  
Injectable Contraceptive ◽  
Good Investment ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Injectable Contraceptives

Abstract Background: To increase access to voluntary family planning (FP) services, policymakers in Nigeria are debating how to task share the provision of injectable contraceptives to drug shop owners known as Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs). Globally, task sharing FP services to drug shops is a promising practice, but more information is needed on how to support PPMVs in providing high quality FP, including injectable services. Methods: 194 PPMVs were trained to provide FP counseling and administration of injectable contraceptive services in Bauchi, Cross River, Ebonyi and Kaduna states. PPMVs were interviewed immediately before, immediately after, and 9 months after the training. Three variables were used to assess injectable contraceptive knowledge: 1) intramuscular depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) knowledge: a combination of three questions related to device type, injection location, and reinjection frequency; 2) subcutaneous DMPA (DMPA-SC) knowledge: a combination of the same three questions but for DMPA-SC; and 3) knowledge of at least 4 of the 7 common side effects of progestin-only injectables. Three separate adjusted logistic regression models were conducted to determine the factors that influence PPMV knowledge of injectable contraceptives 9 months after the training. Results: A little over half of PPMVs (56%) reported using at least two job aids at 9 months. PPMVs’ knowledge of DMPA-IM, DMPA-SC and side effects were low before the training but increased immediately after. Nine months later, knowledge levels remained higher than pre-test levels but generally reduced compared to post-test levels. PPMVs who reported using at least 2 FP job aids were 2.6 (95% CI: 1.4-5.1) times more likely to have complete DMPA-IM knowledge 9 months after the training compared to those who did not use job aids or only used one, while adjusting for PPMV characteristics. Similar results were observed for knowledge of DMPA-SC (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2-4.6) and side effects (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3-4.8). Conclusion: Training PPMVs to use proven FP job aids should be incorporated into routine trainings, as they reinforce knowledge months after a training and can help PPMVs to retain information. When designing scale-up programs, jobs aids are a good investment for larger capacity-building strategies.

scholarly journals The effect of job aids on knowledge retention among Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors trained to administer injectable contraceptives: longitudinal results from implementation science in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Chace Dwyer ◽  
Aparna Jain ◽  
Salisu Mohammed Ishaku ◽  
Faizah Tosin Okunade ◽  
Chiamaka Uzomba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
Drug Shop ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Job Aids ◽  
Injectable Contraceptive ◽  
Low Cost Strategy ◽  
Adjusted Logistic Regression ◽  
Injectable Contraceptives

Abstract Background To increase access to voluntary family planning (FP) services, Nigerian policymakers are debating how to task share injectable contraceptive services to drug shop owners known as Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs). Task sharing FP services to drug shops is a promising practice, but information is needed on how to ensure high quality FP services. This analysis assesses the effects of job aids on PPMVs’ knowledge of injectable contraceptives 9 months after receiving a standardized training. Methods One hundred ninety-four PPMVs were trained on FP counseling and administration of injectable contraceptives in Bauchi, Cross River, Ebonyi and Kaduna states. PPMVs were interviewed before, after, and 9 months after the training. Three variables were used to assess injectable contraceptive knowledge: 1) intramuscular depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) knowledge: a combination of three questions related to device type, injection location, and reinjection frequency; 2) subcutaneous DMPA (DMPA-SC) knowledge: a combination of the same three questions but for DMPA-SC; and 3) knowledge of at least 4 of the 7 common injectable side effects. Three separate adjusted logistic regression models were conducted to determine the factors that influence PPMV knowledge of injectable contraceptives 9 months after the training. Results Over half of PPMVs (56%) reported using at least two job aids at 9 months. PPMVs’ knowledge of DMPA-IM, DMPA-SC and side effects were low before the training but increased immediately after. Nine months later, knowledge remained higher than pre-test levels but generally reduced compared to posttest levels. PPMVs who reported using at least two FP job aids were 2.6 (95% CI: 1.4–5.1) times more likely to have DMPA-IM knowledge 9 months after the training compared to those who used one or no job aids, while adjusting for PPMV characteristics. Similar results were observed for knowledge of DMPA-SC (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2–4.6) and side effects (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3–4.8). Conclusion PPMVs who used at least two FP job aids were more likely to correctly answer key injectable contraceptive questions 9 months after training. Incorporating proven job aids into routine trainings is a low-cost strategy that can reinforce knowledge and help PPMVs to retain information.

scholarly journals The positive effect of job aids on Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendor injectable contraceptive knowledge 9 months after training: Longitudinal results from implementation science research in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Chace Dwyer ◽  
Aparna Jain ◽  
Salisu Ishaku ◽  
Faizah Okunade ◽  
Chiamaka Uzomba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Task Sharing ◽  
Family Planning Services ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Job Aids ◽  
Injectable Contraceptive ◽  
Drug Shops ◽  
Injectable Contraceptives

Abstract Background To increase access to voluntary family planning services, policymakers in Nigeria are debating how to task share the provision of injectable contraceptives to drug shop owners known as Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs). Globally, task sharing family planning services to drug shops has been identified as a promising practice, but more evidence is needed on how to support PPMVs in providing family planning, such as injectable services, if policy were changed. Methods Data were collected from 194 PPMVs in Bauchi, Cross River, Ebonyi and Kaduna states at three time points. PPMVs were trained to provide family planning counseling and injectable contraceptive services, including administration. PPMVs were interviewed immediately before, immediately after, and 9 months after the training. Three outcome variables were used to represent knowledge of injectable contraceptives: intramuscular deo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) knowledge, subcutaneous DMPA knowledge, and knowledge of 4 or more of 7 common side effects of progestin-only injectables. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were conducted for each outcome variable to determine which factors affect PPMV knowledge of injectable contraceptives 9 months after the training. Results PPMVs’ intramuscular and subcutaneous DMPA knowledge and side effect knowledge was low before the training and then increased immediately afterwards. Nine months following the training, intramuscular and subcutaneous DMPA knowledge decreased and side effect knowledge remained relatively the same compared to the post-training results. Results from three logistic regression models found that PPMVs who reported using at least 2 of the 3 family planning job aids provided during the training had significantly higher knowledge compared to those who reported using one or no job aids. Conclusion Providing PPMVs with family planning job aids as part of a larger capacity-building strategy should be considered as they may help PPMVs retain knowledge after training. These results contribute to the literature on task sharing family planning services to private sector drug shops and implications for scale-up.

DESCRIPTION OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE DISORDERS IN 3 MONTHS INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVE USERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Amellia Mardhika ◽  
Yolanda Dwi Safitri ◽  
Lailatul Fadliyah ◽  
Riris Medawati
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Injectable Contraceptive ◽  
Cycle Disorders ◽  
Injectable Contraceptives

3-month injectable contraception is a hormonal contraceptive that is widely used by women of childbearing age (WUS) because it is very effective in preventing pregnancy, and includes the Intermediate-term Method. The use of 3-month injectable contraceptives also has drawbacks or side effects, one of which is menstrual cycle disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of menstrual cycle disorders in users of 3-month injectable contraceptives.This study used a descriptive design. The population in this study was women of childbearing age who used injection contraception for 3 months at the sub-health center of Tanjung Village. The total population in this study was 48 samples. The sampling technique was carried out by the total sampling technique. The analytical method used in this study was descriptive statistics.The results of the study showed that using 3-month injectable contraceptives were found that 29 respondents (60.4%) experienced amenorrhea, 15 respondents (31.3%) spotting, and 4 respondents (8.3%) did not experience menstrual cycle disorders.Most users of 3-month injectable contraceptives experience amenorrhea

scholarly journals Process evaluation of an intervention to improve access to injectable contraceptive services through patent medicine vendors in Nigeria: a mixed methods study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu ◽  
Ayodeji Matthew Adebayo ◽  
Faizah Tosin Okunade ◽  
Olayinka Ajayi ◽  
Akinwumi Oyewole Akindele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Injectable Contraceptive ◽  
Contraceptive Services ◽  
Injectable Contraceptives ◽  
Patent Medicine

Abstract Background The low utilisation of modern contraceptives in many low- and middle-income countries remains a challenge. Patent medicine vendors (PMVs) that operate in the informal health sector, have the potential to address this challenge. Between 2015 and 2018, the Population Council, in collaboration with the Federal and State Ministries of Health and the Pharmacy Council of Nigeria, trained PMVs in six states to deliver injectable contraceptive services. Outcome evaluation demonstrated increased client uptake of injectable contraceptive services; however, there is limited information on how and why the intervention influenced outcomes. This study was conducted to elucidate the processes and mechanism through which the previous intervention influenced women’s utilisation of injectable contraceptive services. Methods The study utilised a mixed methods, convergent parallel design guided by the UK Medical Research Council framework. Quantitative data were obtained from 140 trained PMVs and 145 of their clients in three states and 27 in-depth interviews were conducted among relevant stakeholders. The quantitative data were analysed descriptively, while the qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results The results revealed that even after the completion of the PMV study which had a time-bound government waiver for injectable contraceptive service provision by PMVs, they continued to stock and provide injectables in response to the needs of their clients contrary to the current legislation which prohibits this. The causal mechanism that influenced women’s utilisation of injectable contraceptives were the initial training that the PMV received; the favourable regulatory environment as demonstrated in the approval provided by government for PMVs to provide injectable contraceptives for the duration of the study; and the satisfaction and the confidence the female clients had developed in the ability of the PMVs to serve them. However, there were gaps with regards to the consistent supply of quality injectable contraceptive commodities and in PMVs use of job aids. Referral and linkages to government or private-owned facilities were also sub-optimal. Conclusion PMVs continue to play important roles in family planning service provision; this underscores the need to formalize and scale-up this intervention to aid their integral roles coupled with multi-faceted initiatives to enhance the quality of their services.

Chemistry, Analysis, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Aspects of Lorcaserin, a Selective Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptor Agonist: An Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 768-778
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sharma ◽  
Komal S. Aware ◽  
Ketan Hatware ◽  
Kiran Patil
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Selective Serotonin ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Tissue Matrix ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

This review refers to the all-inclusive details of Lorcaserin Hydrochloride on comprehensive information about the synthesis, analytical methods, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and adverse effects. Lorcaserin Hydrochloride is chemically (R)-8-Chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride. Lorcaserin HCl is a novel, synthetic, centrally-acting selective serotonin C (5-HT2c) receptor, l agonist, which results in increased satiety and decreased food consumption in patients. Headache, dizziness and nausea are the most common side effects associated with this drug. Lorcaserin HCl has two major metabolites, one conjugated with glucuronide called N-carbamoyl glucuronide which is excreted in urine and the second Lorcaserin N-sulfamate, which is circulated in the blood. Lorcaserin HCl is synthesized using four different schemes of which a six-step method that resulted in 92.3% yield with 99.8% of purity is employed for scale-up production. It is analyzed quantitatively in the plasma and brain tissue matrix of rats by Ultra Performance Liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method using MS-MS (Mass Spectrometric) detection.

scholarly journals Bijou: Engaging Young MSM in HIV Care Using a Mobile Health Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 232595822110308
Author(s):  
Tiffany Chenneville ◽  
Hunter Drake ◽  
Kemesha Gabbidon ◽  
Carina Rodriguez ◽  
Lisa Hightow-Weidman
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Retention In Care ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Ehealth Literacy ◽  
Literacy Engagement ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Living With Hiv

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) living with HIV experience challenges with retention in care, which negatively affects viral suppression. To address this, researchers piloted Bijou, a program designed to provide health education through electronically delivered behavior and risk reduction modules. Participants were 29 YMSM aged 19-24 living with HIV from the southeastern US. Participants completed pre, post, and 3-month follow-up (3MFU) surveys assessing knowledge, intervention acceptability, satisfaction, self-efficacy, ehealth literacy, and usability. Findings revealed significant improvement in knowledge and e-health literacy from pre-test to post-test but lost significance at 3MFU. Self-efficacy scores did not show significant differences from pre-test to post-test or 3MFU. Participants who completed all modules considered Bijou usable and acceptable; however, many did not complete the program. Findings suggest a need for adaptations to promote knowledge retention, e-health literacy, engagement over time, and research with a larger, more representative sample.

Do Different Roles of Anesthesia Residents Improve Knowledge Retention after Non-Technical Skills Workshop?

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 1519-1527
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Anesthesia Residents ◽  
Predictors Of Change

Objective: The authors assessed whether anesthesia residents who acted as a scenario creators would have better knowledge retention than their juniors 90 days after participating in a simulation-based anesthetists’ non-technical skills (ANTS) workshop. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study via simulation ANTS workshop was conducted at a university hospital in southern Thailand in November 2017. Seven third-year post-graduate (PGY-3) residents volunteered as scenario creators, while the remaining anesthesia residents were randomly selected to participate in or observe three case scenarios, which were cardiac arrest, hypotension, and difficult ventilation. Resident’s knowledge was assessed before, immediately after, and 90 days after the workshop using a 20-item multiple-choice questionnaire. Predictors of change in knowledge scores were analyzed using multivariate linear regression analysis and presented as beta coefficient (β) and 95% confidence limits (CL). Results: Twenty-four anesthesia residents were recruited in the present study and included eight PGY-1, seven PGY-2, and nine PGY-3. The roles consisted of seven scenario creators, seven participants, and 10 observers. The overall immediate post-test and 90-day post-test scores increased significantly compared to the pre-test scores with a mean of 15.5 and 13.2 versus 11.7 (p<0.001 and p=0.007, respectively). The predictors of change in 90-day scores were PGY-3 versus PGY-1 (β 95% CL 4.0 [0.5 to 7.6], p=0.039), and role of participants and observers versus scenario creator (β 95% CL 5.5 [2.2 to 8.8] and 6.7 [2.8 to 10.6], p=0.004, respectively). Conclusion: Anesthesia residents who were participants or observers could improve their knowledge 90 days after a simulation-based ANTS workshop without necessarily being a scenario creator. Keywords: Anesthetists’ non-technical skill; Knowledge retention; Scenario creator; Simulation workshop

The primary prevention of anxiety disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 948-960
Author(s):  
Aliza Werner-Seidler ◽  
Jennifer L. Hudson ◽  
Helen Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Implementation Barriers ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Programme Content ◽  
The Impact

This chapter describes the nature of primary prevention of anxiety and reports on evidence for its effectiveness. The chapter first defines prevention before reporting results of a systematic review of randomized controlled trials designed to prevent anxiety. A review of existing trials and associated effect sizes suggests that prevention programmes can be effective in preventing anxiety disorder incidence and symptoms in multiple settings (schools, workplaces, community) across the lifespan. The median effect size at post-test across all studies was 0.21, and 0.25 specifically for cognitive behavioural prevention programmes. Key elements common to prevention programmes are then discussed, including a consideration of programme content and personnel delivering the intervention. Key implementation barriers are raised, together with suggestions for how these might be overcome in order to scale up and offer prevention at a population level. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the impact these programmes could have on anxiety disorder incidence.

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