scholarly journals Barriers for Full Immunization Coverage among under Five Years Children in  Mogadishu, Somalia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hayir Tahlil Mohamud ◽  
Lul Mohamud Mohamed ◽  
Mohamed Ali Magan ◽  
Mohamed Abdulkadir Mohamud ◽  
Abdishakur Abdukadir Muse
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five

Abstract Background: Immunization is amongst the most cost effective public health interventions for reducing global childhood morbidity and mortality. However globally 9 million deaths of children occur as a result of vaccine-preventable disease, a bigger proportion occurred in sub-Saharan Africa which was 4.4 million. Therefore, this study aimed to assess barriers for complete vaccination coverage among under five years children in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A community based Cross-sectional study was conducted in between April to July, 2019 in Mogadishu-Somalia. Two-stage cluster sampling with systematic random sampling was used to select a sample of 820 households. Data was collected through structured, interviewer administrator questionnaire. In case more eligible children found at single selected household, one child was randomly selected and the information related to immunization was interviewed from his/her caregiver. Results: the overall, fully vaccinated under five years children was found to be 45.2%. Immunization was found to be increased by being a younger caregiver (β = -0.019, P-value=0.042), being married caregiver, being Father with Secondary & above education (AOR=1.755, 95% CI=1.161-2.655, P-value =0.008), being a young child (β = -0.018, P-value=0.011), being children from birth order of fifth & above (AOR=1.539, 95% CI=1.011-2.343, P-value=0.044), Married caregiver (AOR=0.244, 95% CI= 0.063-0.94, P-value=0.041), increased Household monthly family income= (β = 0.003, P-value=0.000), Availability of vaccine at the time of visit (AOR =6.147, 95% CI=1.943-19.441, P-value=0.002), Cost affordability of vaccine =( AOR =1.951, 95% CI=1.238-3.076, P-value=0.004), Being born at health facility (AOR =1.517, 95% CI=1.104-2.086, P-value=0.010), having good Knowledge on immunization (AOR =1.125, 95% CI=1.070-1.181, P-value=0.001), having good Practice on immunization (AOR =2.756, 95% CI=2.233-3.402, P-value=0.001) and having good Perception on vaccine (AOR =4.976, 95% CI=2.183-11.340, P-value =0.001).Conclusion: In conclusion, the result of this study has revealed that the proportion of fully vaccinated under five children in Mogadishu is very low. Steps to promote Health education and vaccine availability should be lounged.

scholarly journals Assessment of immunization coverage and associated factors among children in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam district, Kerala

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3594
Author(s):  
Anuradha Kizhatil ◽  
Reshma . ◽  
Harsha Chollankil Hariharan ◽  
Alexander John ◽  
Ann Mary Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group 5

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions averting countless childhood deaths and protecting millions of children from disability and illness. The objective of the current study was to assess the immunization coverage and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months and 5-7 years in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam district, Kerala.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done. Cluster sampling method of WHO was used for evaluation of immunization coverage.300 children in the age group of 12–23 months and 300 children in the age group 5-7 years were selected from each of the 30 clusters. Crude coverage details for each vaccine were estimated using percentages. Bivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of immunization coverage.Results: Among the children 12-23 months old, eleven (3.7%) children were partially immunized, while everybody had received at least one vaccine. The proportion of children fully immunized was 96.3%. Among the children 5-7 years old 55 (18.3%) were partially immunized. Belonging to Muslim religion, fathers’ occupation i.e. who were labourers/unskilled workers, mother’s education less than 12th standard and not possessing the mother and child protection card were found to be factors associated with partial immunization.Conclusions: This study shows that full immunization has not reached all children.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Malaria among Children under Five Years in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
I. L. Oboro ◽  
M. Bob-Manuel ◽  
I. N. Chijioke-Nwauche ◽  
O. Maduka ◽  
T. Kasso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
P Value ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Niger Delta Region

Background: Malaria still remains an overwhelming cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium parasitemia among children below 5 years of age in Akwa-Ibom, Delta and Rivers States, located in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Methodology: A cross sectional study of 2630 children, selected by multistage sampling from Akwa-Ibom, Delta and Rivers States of Nigeria between April and June 2019. Parasitological diagnosis was by Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2-based malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopy of giemsa-stained blood smears. Demographic information was collected using soft copies of pretested interviewer-administered questionnaires via the Open Data Kit application installed on android phones. Data analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS version 25. Frequency, percentages, and Chi-square test were used to interpret data at a confidence interval of 95% and a p-value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: A total of 2630 children less than 5 years old were included in the study, 1016 from Akwa-Ibom and 807 each from Delta and Rivers states respectively. Malaria parasitaemia was detected in 230 (8.6%) and 198 (7.4%) children by RDT and microscopy, respectively. RDT used in this survey has high diagnostic accuracy (98.8%) compared to microscopy. Conclusion: The study shows a decline in the prevalence of malaria in children under 5 years. It also demonstrates the reliability of the RDTs in the diagnosis of malaria. The use of RDTs is thus further recommended especially in peripheral centers where the access to skilled microscopists and laboratory infrastructure may be lacking.

scholarly journals Immunization coverage under universal immunization programme in Kozhikode district, Kerala

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3667
Author(s):  
Sreedevi C.
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Multi Stage

Background: Immunization is an important cost effective tool for preventing the morbidities and mortalities caused by vaccine preventable diseases. The objectives of this study were to assess the universal immunization programme coverage of children of 12–23 months of age in Kozhikode district and to study the factors associated with immunization coverage.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 30 randomly selected electoral wards of Kozhikode district which were selected using multi stage cluster sampling technique during April 2013 to May 2014.Results: 469 children were studied from 30 clusters. 75.5% was fully immunized while 1.5% was unimmunized. Dropout rate for DPT 3 to Measles was the highest accounting to 20.2%. Most common reason for failure of immunization among unimmunized was that the parents didn’t feel the need (57.1%) and for partially immunized was the illness of the child (27.8%) followed by lack of awareness of the time of immunization (22.2%). Religion, early age of the mother at marriage and first delivery and high birth order were significantly associated with a higher proportion of partially immunized while higher education of the parents (>12th standard), health worker’s home visit in the first year of the child and presence of immunization card were significantly associated with a high full immunization coverage (p<0.05).Conclusions: Immunization coverage of 75.5% is far behind the target to be achieved. 1.5% of the children didn’t get any of the vaccinations. It is very important to increases the coverage to prevent the re-emergence of vaccine preventable diseases.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on determinants of immunization coverage in urban area Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2309
Author(s):  
D. P. Lakshmi Priya ◽  
P. Kalyani ◽  
B. Sindhu Bala
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children

Background: Immunization is one of the cost effective measures preventing approximately 2 to 3 million deaths in young children every year. Inspite of the progress in vaccination coverage challenges still remain for underserved and inaccessible children. It is therefore essential to evaluate the immunization coverage at periodic intervals and improve coverage in vulnerable areas.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 children aged 12 to 42 months in urban Chidambaram from September to October 2018. We collected details regarding immunization from vaccination card or mother’s recall. A pretested semi-structured proforma was used to collect sociodemographic variables. Data were collected, compiled and tabulated using microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 version.Results: Complete immunization coverage was 80.3% and 19.7% were partially immunized. Lack of awareness is the major reason for failure of full immunization (63.3%). Immunization coverage was higher when parents studied up to higher secondary or graduates (mother 91.3%, father 87.5%, p value 0.01), father do skilled jobs (91.9%, p value 0.02), among first birth ordered children (88.3%, p value 0.01), children born in healthcare facility and among mothers who received antenatal care during pregnancy (80.8% each, p value 0.04).Conclusions: Lack of awareness, parents’ literacy and occupation, place of birth, antenatal services and number of children in the family are important determinants of immunisation coverage. Apart from strengthening of infrastructure for better delivery of mother and child health services other issues also need to be addressed for better immunization practices.

scholarly journals CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION AMONG INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPS) OF UNDER FIVE-YEARS FROM NORTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY, PAKISTAN: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Shezina Sultan Ali ◽  
Ejaz Ahmad Khan ◽  
Mudassar Mushtaq ◽  
Mujib Ur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Under Five

BACKGROUND: Immunization is an important and cost effective public health tool for controlling Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPDs) among children. Developing countries have low level of immunization coverages. This is further compromised during armed conflicts and disasters with displacement of vulnerable populations leading to VPDs outbreaks. Tribal areas of Pakistan have been subjected to armed conflict for a long time with massive population displacement. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional survey to assess the vaccination status of child under five of the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) of North Waziristan Agency (NWA) of Pakistan. We used a structured questionnaire to collect information from the caregivers in the IDP camp of Bannu, Khyber Pakhtukhwa. RESULTS: Overall immunization coverage was very low. Out of 480 children under 5 years, less than one-third (30.6%) were vaccinated against BCG, about a quarter (27.7%) had received the Pentavalent and measles vaccines. However, OPV coverage was excellent mostly amid to polio mass campaigns. CONCLUSION: Routine immunization coverage among the IDPs of North Waziristan agency in Pakistan is extremely poor. There is a need to improve the coverage to optimum level to avert any potential VPD outbreaks.

The Consumption of Folic Acid During Preconception Period and its Related Knowledge among Iranian Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Roghieh Bayrami ◽  
Alireza Didarloo ◽  
Afsaneh Asadinejad
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Iranian Women ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Background: The use of folic acid in the preconception stage can prevent neural tube defects if taken at the right time. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake of folic acid in the preconception period and its related knowledge among Iranian women. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 230 married women who had decided to become pregnant were selected from health centers using the multistage cluster sampling method in Urmia-Iran, in 2018. The data collection tool was a self-structured, valid, reliable questionnaire consisting of the following parts: women’s demographic data, use of folic acid, and knowledge regarding the use of folic acid and its related benefits. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS v21 software. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In this study, the mean age of the participants was 30.73±6.77 years. About 49 (21.3%) women used folic acid supplements in the correct way. The mean score of women's knowledge was 6.20 ± 2.15. The minimum and maximum scores for knowledge were 1-10. There was a statistically significant relationship between taking folic acid with the subject's knowledge about folic acid (p=0.035), family income (p=0.027), women's job (p=0.046), education level (p=0.001) and the number of children (p=0.026). Conclusion: The study revealed that the status of taking folic acid among women and their knowledge concerning folic acid and its related importance were not satisfactory. This finding suggests that there is a need to give emphasis and deliver health education about preconception folic acid supplementation for women.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude, and utilization of drugs toward COVID-19 pandemic among Bale Zone residents, Southeast Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110343
Author(s):  
Ayele Mamo ◽  
Mesud M Hassen ◽  
Ahmednur Adem ◽  
Zinash Teferu ◽  
Musa Kumbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bale Zone

Background: Coronavirus disease is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which poses therapeutic dilemmas. Some suggestions for drug treatment seem problematic. Beliefs about the causes of health problems are determinants of treatment seeking decisions. Hence, one of the alternatives for the solution of health problems is employing traditional medicine to prevent coronavirus disease 19. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and utilization of drugs toward the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic among Bale zone residents. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the Bale Zone population from May 30 to June 30, 2020. Eight hundred fifty-four participants were selected using a single population formula, and a multistage sampling technique was employed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive and binary logistic regression was used to analyze the outcomes. A p value ⩽ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of the total 854 respondents, about 534 (62.5%) got information about coronavirus disease 19 from TV/radio. More than two-thirds (71.9%) of the respondents have known that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has no curative drugs, and 65.4% had a more appropriate attitude toward overall drug use in coronavirus disease 19. Level of education and, attitude towards drug use were singnificantly associated with knowledge of drugs, source of information about coronavirus disease 19 and having good practice were significantly associated with atittude toward drug utilization. Conclusion: One out of two study participants have good knowledge regarding drugs to the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic. Illiterate people in the community were identified to have poor knowledge about drugs, hence community educuation program is important to improve the knowledge about drugs towards the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Practice, and Associated Factors of Home-Based Management of Diarrhea among Caregivers of Children Attending Under-Five Clinic in Fagita Lekoma District, Awi Zone, Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogale Kassahun Desta ◽  
Nega Tezera Assimamaw ◽  
Tesfaye Demeke Ashenafi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Education ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Knowledge Practice

Introduction. In Ethiopia, it is the second cause for clinical presentation among under five-year child population. Objective. The main aim of this study was to assess knowledge, practice, and associated factors of home-based management of diarrhea among caregivers of children attending the under-five clinic. Methods. Institution based quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out from March 1, 2016, to April 22, 2016. Results. Two hundred eight (56.2%) of them had good knowledge and one hundred thirty-nine (37.6%) of them had the good practice of home management of diarrhea, specifically, primary education (AOR: 5.384, 95% CI: 2.008, 14.438), secondary and above education (AOR: 11.769, 95% CI: 3.527, 39.275), daily laborer (AOR: 0.208, 95% CI: 0.054, 0.810), and no information about diarrhea (AOR: 0.139, 95% CI: 0.054, 0.354). Moreover, age range of 25–35 (AOR: 4.091, 95% CI: 1.741, 9.616) and 36–45 (AOR: 3.639, 95% CI: 1.155, 11.460), being single (AOR: 0.111, 95% CI: 0.013, 0.938), being divorced (AOR: 0.120, 95% CI: 0.024, 0.598), illiteracy (AOR: 0.052, 95% CI: 0.017, 0.518), primary education (AOR: 0.143, CI: 0.046, 0.440), and no information about diarrhea (AOR: 0.197, 95% CI: 0.057, 0.685) were significantly associated variables with the outcome variables in multivariate regression. Conclusion. Caregivers had slightly adequate knowledge but poor practice.

scholarly journals Faktor- Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Antenatal di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Air Tawar Kota Padang

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 661
Author(s):  
Desi Andriani ◽  
Husna Yetti ◽  
Roza Sriyanti
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Independent Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antenatal Services

Antenatal care or antenatal care is a planned program that is observation, education and medical treatment for pregnant women, to obtain a safe and satisfying pregnancy and childbirth process. The indicator used to assess the access of pregnant women to antenatal care is K1 direction (first visit) is the contact of pregnant women to health workers and K4 (perspective visit) is 4 or more times contact with health workers. From the data of the Padang City Health Office, it was found that the Air Tawar Puskesmas with this low level was caused by various factors. The purpose of this study was to determine factors related to the use of antenatal services. This type of research is a quantitative study with cross sectional study design with 110 respondents of third trimester pregnant women with purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed univariate, bivariate with Chi squre test. From the research results obtained from the five factors studied, it was found that the factors related to the use of antenatal services in freshwater health centers were access or distance with pvalue 0.009 = OR 21.676), service availability factors with a p value of 0.001 = OR 9.293, the role factor midwives with a p value of 0.001 = OR 12.302, while the family income factor, disease complaints obtained results have nothing to do with the use of antenatal services. The author's suggestion is that there is a need for good coordination with the Independent Practice Midwife (BPM), revitalize puskesmas to more strategic places and improve better facilities, improve accessibility that can be minimized, strive to reach pregnant women, especially for accessibility that is less affordable.

scholarly journals Supervision and monitoring to assess quality of outreach immunization sessions in a rural area using a checklist

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1950
Author(s):  
Ambika R. Bhaskar ◽  
Mridula Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Assess Quality

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions to prevent the suffering that comes from avoidable sickness, disability and death. Outreach immunization services ensure that immunization is available to children who are unable to access a general practice in a timely fashion for their immunization events. Effective supervision and monitoring will help in improving quality and coverage of immunization.Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in the rural field practice area of a tertiary care hospital. 50 outreach sessions held in various outdoor places including Anganwadi were supervised and monitored using checklist. 110 mothers and 20 stakeholders were interviewed. Immunization records were assessed.Results: Outreach immunization sessions were found to be of good quality. 89% children were fully immunized. ANMs and ASHAs were of the opinion that outreach session has significantly raised immunization coverage. 75.4% mothers had knowledge about services provided by outreach sessions.Conclusions: There was increase in immunization coverage due to outreach sessions. There is need for adequate supervision on safety injection practices and regular timely incentive to ASHA.

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