Transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of wheat seedling resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Liu ◽  
Jing Lu ◽  
Mei Du ◽  
Min Zhou ◽  
Mingxiu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Gene Pyramiding ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Seedling Resistance

Abstract Background: Stripe rust or yellow rust (Yr), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici (Pst), is one of the most globally devastating fungal disease that significantly reduces yield and quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Although some Yr genes have been successfully used in wheat breeding and a little number of them have been cloned, large of the regulating networks and the molecular mechanisms of Pst resistance remains unknown. In this study, a pair of Yr-gene pyramiding line L58 and its background parent cv. Chuanyu12 (CY12) were used to study the transcriptome profiles after inoculated with Pst physiological race CYR34. Results: The results revealed that the different expression genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction and MAPK signaling pathways after Pst-CYR34 inoculation. Compared with CY12, L58 showed greater up-regulated DEGs in those pathways by Pst infection at 24hpi. However, these DEGs became lower expression in L58 and opposite expression in CY12 at 7dpi. Besides, the activities of enzymes (PAL, POD) and products of phenylpropanoid pathway (lignin content) were significantly increased in both CY12 and L58, and the increase was greater and faster in the resistant line L58. Some candidate genes and transcription factors (TFs) associated with Pst resistance were identified, including LRR receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinase, disease resistance protein, MYB, NAC and WRKY transcription factors involved in the fine-tuning of Pst infection responses. Conclusions: Our results give insights into the regulating networks of Pst resistance and pave the way for durable resistant breeding in bread wheat.

scholarly journals Evolution of Physiologic Races and Virulence of Puccinia striiformis on Wheat in Syria and Lebanon

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Yahyaoui ◽  
M. S. Hakim ◽  
M. El Naimi ◽  
N. Rbeiz
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Land Race ◽  
Physiologic Races ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Virulence-avirulence phenotypes of Puccinia striiformis isolates collected in Lebanon and Syria were determined on seedlings of the wheat-yellow rust differential genotypes. We found 25 and 11 physiologic races over 6 years (1994 to 1999) in Syria and Lebanon, respectively. The composition of physiologic races found in Syria and Lebanon differed greatly between 1994 and 1999. Races identified in 1999, such as 230E150 and 230E134, have wider spectra of virulence on resistant genotypes than races collected in 1994. In Lebanon, three races were found in 1994 compared with six races in 1999. Yellow rust differential genotypes were used in a trap nursery to monitor yellow rust populations under natural conditions. Races identified from cultivars in the trap nursery in Syria and Lebanon, and from land race cultivars in Iraq, were recovered among the races identified from farm fields. Yellow rust samples were collected from Yemen, and none of the races identified from Yemen samples were identical to those in Syria and Lebanon. Virulence frequencies in the yellow rust population on the differential genotypes tested in the trap nurseries were above 70% for some resistance genes. Yellow rust populations in Syria and Lebanon have diverse virulence phenotypes. P. striiformis populations appear to be changing over, and this would be an important consideration for wheat breeding programs in the region.

Distribution of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici races and virulence in wheat growing regions of Kenya from 1970 TO 2014

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy Wamalwa ◽  
Ruth Wanyera ◽  
Julian Rodriguez-Algaba ◽  
Lesley Boyd ◽  
James Owuoche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Stripe Rust Resistance ◽  
Scar Markers ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region ◽  
Triticum Spp ◽  
Virulence Diversity

Stripe rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a major threat to wheat (Triticum spp.) production worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the virulence of Pst races prevalent in the main wheat growing regions of Kenya, which includes Mt. Kenya, Eastern Kenya, and the Rift Valley (Central, Southern, and Northern Rift). Fifty Pst isolates collected from 1970 to 1992 and from 2009 to 2014 were virulence phenotyped using stripe rust differential sets, and 45 isolates were genotyped with sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to differentiate among the isolates and identify aggressive strains PstS1 and PstS2. Virulence corresponding to stripe rust resistance genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr3, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, Yr27 and the seedling resistance in genotype Avocet S were detected. Ten races were detected in the Pst samples obtained from 1970 to 1992, and three additional races were detected from 2009 to 2014, with a single race being detected in both periods. The SCAR markers detected both Pst1 and Pst2 strains in the collection. Increasing Pst virulence was found in the Kenyan Pst population, and that diverse Pst race groups dominated different wheat growing regions. Moreover, recent Pst races in east Africa indicated possible migration of some race groups into Kenya from other regions. This study is important in understanding Pst evolution and virulence diversity and useful in breeding wheat cultivars with effective resistance to stripe rust. Keywords: pathogenicity, Puccinia f. sp. tritici stripe (yellow) rust, Triticum aestivum

scholarly journals Wheat Genetic Loci Conferring Resistance to Yellow Rust in the Face of Recent Epidemics of Genetically Diverse Races of the Fungus Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bouvet ◽  
Lawrence Percival-Alwyn ◽  
Simon Berry ◽  
Paul Fenwick ◽  
Camila Campos Mantello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Adult Plant

Abstract Yellow rust (YR), or stripe rust, is a major fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Since 2011, the historically clonal European Pst races have been superseded by the rapid incursion of genetically diverse lineages, reducing the resistance of varieties that previously showed durable resistance. Identification of sources of genetic resistance to such races is a high priority for wheat breeding. Here we use a wheat eight-founder multi-parent population genotyped with a 90,000 feature single nucleotide polymorphism array to genetically map adult plant YR resistance to such new Pst races. Analysis of five trials, at three sites in the UK, consistently identified four highly significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) across all test environments, located on chromosomes 1A (QYr.niab-1A.1), 2A (QYr.niab-2A.1), 2B (QYr.niab-2B.1) and 2D (QYr.niab-2D.1). Together these explained ~ 50% of the phenotypic variation, and genetic markers were developed that distinguished resistant and susceptible alleles. Analysis of these QTL in two-way and three-way combinations showed combinations conferred greater resistance than single QTL. Four additional major-effect QTL were detected in two or more trials, together explaining 15–20% of the phenotypic variation, as well as six minor QTL. Genomic analysis found the median physical interval size of these eight QTL to be 19.8 Mbp, and QYr.niab-2A.1 and QYr.niab-2D.1 to be at homoeologous locations on the group-2 chromosomes. Notably, the QYr.niab-2B.1 physical interval contained five nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) candidate genes with integrated BED domains, of which two corresponded to the cloned resistance genes Yr7 and Yr5/YrSp.

scholarly journals The Evolving Battle Between Yellow Rust and Wheat: Implications for Global Food Security

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bouvet ◽  
Sarah Holdgate ◽  
Lucy James ◽  
Jane Thomas ◽  
Ian J. Mackay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Yellow Rust Resistance ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Important Disease

Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a global commodity, and its production is a key component underpinning worldwide food security. Yellow rust, also known as stripe rust, is a wheat disease caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), and results in yield losses in most wheat growing areas. Recently, the rapid global spread of genetically diverse sexually derived Pst races, which have now largely replaced the previous clonally propagated slowly evolving endemic populations, has resulted in further challenges for the protection of global wheat yields. However, advances in the application of genomics approaches, in both the host and pathogen, combined with classical genetic approaches, pathogen and disease monitoring, provide resources to help increase the rate of genetic gain for yellow rust resistance via wheat breeding while reducing the carbon footprint of the crop. Here we review key elements in the evolving battle between the pathogen and host, with a focus on solutions to help protect future wheat production from this globally important disease.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence Resources for the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) and the Barley Stripe Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei)

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1117-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongjing Xia ◽  
Meinan Wang ◽  
Chuntao Yin ◽  
Omar E. Cornejo ◽  
Scot H. Hulbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Rust Pathogen ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Barley Stripe Rust ◽  
Genomic Basis

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici causes devastating stripe (yellow) rust on wheat and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei causes stripe rust on barley. Several P. striiformis f. sp. tritici genomes are available, but no P. striiformis f. sp. hordei genome is available. More genomes of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei are needed to understand the genome evolution and molecular mechanisms of their pathogenicity. We sequenced P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolate 93-210 and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei isolate 93TX-2, using PacBio and Illumina technologies and RNA sequencing. Their genomic sequences were assembled to contigs with high continuity and showed significant structural differences. The circular mitochondria genomes of both were complete. These genomes provide high-quality resources for deciphering the genomic basis of rapid evolution and host adaptation, identifying genes for avirulence and other important traits, and studying host-pathogen interactions.

scholarly journals Field-Based Assessment of Partial Resistance to Yellow Rust in Wheat Germplasm

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ali ◽  
SJA Shah ◽  
K Maqbool
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Slow Rusting ◽  
Progress Curve

Durable resistance based on partial resistance is an important and effective way to combat the problem of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis West. tritici). Field-based assessment of partial resistance is crucial in developing countries for the breeders, dealing with hundreds of lines at a time. The present experiment was carried out during 2005-2006 to reveal variability for field based-partial resistance to yellow rust among 20 wheat breeding lines grown at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, Peshawar, along with ‘Morocco' as susceptible check. Partial resistance was assessed through the infection type, final rust severity (FRS), area under rust progress curve (AURPC), infection rate (IR) and co-efficient of infection (CI). Cluster analysis of the 20 wheat lines revealed two main groups/clusters along Morocco as a separate cluster. Based on overall parameters, these lines were grouped into two clusters. Nine lines were grouped in one cluster, while remaining 11 lines were clustered in another group. Similarly, cluster analysis based on partial resistance parameters also resulted in two groups for the tested lines along with Morocco as a separate line. The first cluster included the lines considered as moderately slow yellow rusting lines while those of later group were marked as better slow rusting lines. Strong association was found between co-efficient of infection (CI) with both FRS and AURPC, while it was too weaker with IR. The present study revealed that the lines were having enough diversity regarding slow rusting behavior and yellow rust resistance, ranging from immunity to partial resistant lines. Similarly, CI, FRS and AURPC are suggested to be useful for assessment of partial resistance to yellow rust. Key words: Wheat, yellow rust, partial resistance, field-based assessment. doi:10.3329/jard.v6i1.1663 J Agric Rural Dev 6(1&2), 99-106, June 2008

Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.) of barley in England, 1960–65

1966 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. F. Macer ◽  
M. Van Den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Cultivated Barley ◽  
Physiologic Races

Yellow rust of barley has been observed more frequently at Cambridge in the period 1960-65 than the previous five years. The disease occurs in most parts of England but appears to be prevalent and more damaging in the south and west of the country. The increased incidence of the disease is probably associated both with the greatly increased acreage of barley now being grown and with the introduction of more susceptible barley varieties.Two isolates of Puccinia striiformis differing in virulence characteristics have been found to be representative of the population of the pathogen in England. These isolates are similar to, if not identical with, physiologic races 23 and 24 which are widespread in continental Europe.A survey of the seedling resistance to P. striiformis of the currently cultivated barley varieties showed that, of the twelve varieties tested, nine were susceptible to both isolates of the pathogen and three were susceptible to one isolate and resistant to the other. No varieties were resistant to both isolates.

scholarly journals Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses to Nitrogen Deficiency in Neolamarckia cadamba

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Lu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Na Yi ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Ammonium Transporter ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
Helix Loop Helix

Nitrogen (N) is one of the abundant and essential elements for plant growth and development, and N deficiency (ND) affects plants at both physiological and transcriptomic levels. Neolamarckia cadamba is a fast-growing woody plant from the Rubiaceae family. However, the physiological and molecular impacts of ND on this species have not been well investigated. Here, we studied how N. cadamba responds to ND under hydroponic conditions. In a physiological aspect, ND led to a reduction in biomass, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic capacity. ND also impaired the assimilation of N as the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and nitrate reductase (NR) were decreased in the root. Interestingly, the lignin content of stem increased progressively during the ND stress. The main transcription factors, the transcription factors that are important to N regulation has been found to be upregulated, including Nodule inception-like protein 7 (NLP7), TGACG motif-binding factor 1 (TGA1), basic helix-loop-helix protein 45 (BHLH45), NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC2 (NAC) transcription factor 43 (NAC43), and basic leucine zipper pattern 44 (bZIP44). The expression of N transporters, such as nitrate transporter 2.4 (NRT2.4), ammonium transporter 3 (AMT3), and amino acid transporter protein 3 (AAP3), was also upregulated. In addition, phosphorus- and calcium-related genes such as phosphate starvation response 2 (PHR2) and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 15 (CNGC15) were expressed more abundantly in response to ND stress. Our results reveal the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which woody plants respond to ND.

scholarly journals Wheat genetic loci conferring resistance to stripe rust in the face of genetically diverse races of the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bouvet ◽  
Lawrence Percival-Alwyn ◽  
Simon Berry ◽  
Paul Fenwick ◽  
Camila Campos Mantello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Haplotype Analysis ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Founder Population ◽  
Wheat Varieties

Abstract Key message Analysis of a wheat multi-founder population identified 14 yellow rust resistance QTL. For three of the four most significant QTL, haplotype analysis indicated resistance alleles were rare in European wheat. Abstract Stripe rust, or yellow rust (YR), is a major fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici (Pst). Since 2011, the historically clonal European Pst races have been superseded by the rapid incursion of genetically diverse lineages, reducing the resistance of varieties previously showing durable resistance. Identification of sources of genetic resistance to such races is a high priority for wheat breeding. Here we use a wheat eight-founder multi-parent population genotyped with a 90,000 feature single nucleotide polymorphism array to genetically map YR resistance to such new Pst races. Genetic analysis of five field trials at three UK sites identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance. Of these, four highly significant loci were consistently identified across all test environments, located on chromosomes 1A (QYr.niab-1A.1), 2A (QYr.niab-2A.1), 2B (QYr.niab-2B.1) and 2D (QYr.niab-2D.1), together explaining ~ 50% of the phenotypic variation. Analysis of these four QTL in two-way and three-way combinations showed combinations conferred greater resistance than single QTL, and genetic markers were developed that distinguished resistant and susceptible alleles. Haplotype analysis in a collection of wheat varieties found that the haplotypes associated with YR resistance at three of these four major loci were rare (≤ 7%) in European wheat, highlighting their potential utility for future targeted improvement of disease resistance. Notably, the physical interval for QTL QYr.niab-2B.1 contained five nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat candidate genes with integrated BED domains, of which two corresponded to the cloned resistance genes Yr7 and Yr5/YrSp. Graphical abstract

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