scholarly journals A daf-7-related TGF-β ligand (Hc-tgh-2) shows important regulations on the development of Haemonchus contortus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li He ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Biying Zhang ◽  
Fangfang Li ◽  
Wenda Di ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Developmental Transition ◽  
Third Stage

Abstract Background In most multicellular organisms, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway is involved in regulating the growth and stem cell differentiation. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of three key molecules in this pathway in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus , including one TGF-β type I receptor ( Hc-tgfbr1 ), one TGF-β type II receptor ( Hc-tgfbr2 ), and one co-Smad ( Hc-daf-3 ), which regulated the developmental transition from the free-living to the parasitic stages of this parasite. However, almost nothing is known about the function of the TGF-β ligand ( Hc-tgh-2 ) of H. contortus . Methods Here, the temporal transcription profiles of Hc-tgh-2 at eight different developmental stages and spacial expression patterns of Hc- TGH-2 in adult female and male worms of H. contortus have been examined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) by feeding was employed to assess the importance of Hc-tgh-2 in the development from exsheathed third-stage larvae (xL3s) to fourth-stage larvae (L4s) in H. contortus . Results Hc-tgh-2 was continuously transcribed in all eight developmental stages of H. contortus studied with the highest level in the infective third-stage larvae (iL3) and Hc -TGH-2 was located in the muscle of the body wall, intestine, ovary of adult females and testes of adult males. Silencing Hc-tgh-2 by the specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), decreased the transcript level of Hc-tgh-2 and resulted in fewer xL3s developing to L4s in vitro. Conclusions These results suggested that the TGF-β ligand, Hc -TGH-2, could play important roles in the developmental transition from the free-living (L3s) to the parasitic stage (L4s). Furthermore, it may also take part in the processes such as digestion, absorption, host immune response and reproductive development in H. contortus adults.

scholarly journals A daf-7-related TGF-β ligand (Hc-tgh-2) shows important regulations on the development of Haemonchus contortus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li He ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Biying Zhang ◽  
Fangfang Li ◽  
Wenda Di ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Developmental Transition ◽  
Third Stage

Abstract Background In most multicellular organisms, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway is involved in regulating the growth and stem cell differentiation. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of three key molecules in this pathway in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus , including one TGF-β type I receptor ( Hc-tgfbr1 ), one TGF-β type II receptor ( Hc-tgfbr2 ), and one co-Smad ( Hc-daf-3 ), which regulated the developmental transition from the free-living to the parasitic stages of this parasite. However, almost nothing is known about the function of the TGF-β ligand ( Hc-tgh-2 ) of H. contortus . Methods Here, the temporal transcription profiles of Hc-tgh-2 at eight different developmental stages and spacial expression patterns of Hc- TGH-2 in adult female and male worms of H. contortus have been examined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) by soaking was employed to assess the importance of Hc-tgh-2 in the development from exsheathed third-stage larvae (xL3s) to fourth-stage larvae (L4s) in H. contortus . Results Hc-tgh-2 was continuously transcribed in all eight developmental stages of H. contortus studied with the highest level in the infective third-stage larvae (iL3) and Hc -TGH-2 was located in the muscle of the body wall, intestine, ovary of adult females and testes of adult males. Silencing Hc-tgh-2 by the specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), decreased the transcript level of Hc-tgh-2 and resulted in fewer xL3s developing to L4s in vitro. Conclusions These results suggested that the TGF-β ligand, Hc -TGH-2, could play important roles in the developmental transition from the free-living (L3s) to the parasitic stage (L4s). Furthermore, it may also take part in the processes such as digestion, absorption, host immune response and reproductive development in H. contortus adults.

scholarly journals In vitro characterization of Haemonchus contortus trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase and its immunomodulatory effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ZhaoHai Wen ◽  
XinRan Xie ◽  
Muhammad Tahir Aleem ◽  
Kalibixiati Aimulajiang ◽  
Cheng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Transcript Levels

Abstract Background Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP6) is a key enzyme in the trehalose biosynthesis pathway. The accumulation of TPP6 inside the body is harmful to the pathogen, but almost nothing is currently known about the function of TPP6 from Haemonchus contortus (CRE-GOB-1). Methods The H. contortus CRE-GOB-1 (HcGOB) gene was cloned and recombinant protein of GOB (rHcGOB) was expressed; transcription of the HcGOB gene at different developmental stages of H. contortus was then studied. The spatial expression pattern of the HcGOB gene in adult female and male worms was determined by both quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence. The binding of the rHcGOB protein to goat PBMCs was assessed by immunofluorescence assay. The immunomodulatory impacts of rHcGOB on cell proliferation, nitric oxide generation and cytokine secretion were assessed by co-culture of rHcGOB protein with goat PBMCs. Results The HcGOB protein was transcribed in eggs, infective third-stage larvae (iL3s) and adults of H. contortus, with the highest transcript levels found in the egg stage. The transcript levels were significantly elevated in iL3s after manual desheathing. HcGOB was widely distributed in adult worms where it was mainly localized in the gut and gonads. rHcGOB was observed to bind to PBMCs and also to be recognized by sera collected from a goat infected with H. contortus. rHcGOB significantly activated the interleukin-10/transforming growth factor β/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-10/TGF-β/STAT3) pathway in PBMCs while suppressing the transcription and expression of IL-4 and IL-17. Conclusions These results suggest that the HcGOB gene plays an important role in the development, parasitism and reproduction of H. contortus. The rHcGOB protein affected the immunomodulatory function of PBMCs in the in vitro study, suggesting that this protein would be a promising vaccine target. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Genome-wide characterization of 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase family genes in tomato during growth cycle and their roles in metabolism

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Wei ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Rao Fu ◽  
Yang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Tomato Growth

Abstract Background 2-Oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases (2ODDs) belong to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) superfamily and are involved in various vital metabolic pathways of plants at different developmental stages. These proteins have been extensively investigated in multiple model organisms. However, these enzymes have not been systematically analyzed in tomato. In addition, type I flavone synthase (FNSI) belongs to the 2ODD family and contributes to the biosynthesis of flavones, but this protein has not been characterized in tomato. Results A total of 131 2ODDs from tomato were identified and divided into seven clades by phylogenetic classification. The Sl2ODDs in the same clade showed similar intron/exon distributions and conserved motifs. The Sl2ODDs were unevenly distributed across the 12 chromosomes, with different expression patterns among major tissues and at different developmental stages of the tomato growth cycle. We characterized several Sl2ODDs and their expression patterns involved in various metabolic pathways, such as gibberellin biosynthesis and catabolism, ethylene biosynthesis, steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis, and flavonoid metabolism. We found that the Sl2ODD expression patterns were consistent with their functions during the tomato growth cycle. These results indicated the significance of Sl2ODDs in tomato growth and metabolism. Based on this genome-wide analysis of Sl2ODDs, we screened six potential FNSI genes using a phylogenetic tree and coexpression analysis. However, none of them exhibited FNSI activity. Conclusions Our study provided a comprehensive understanding of the tomato 2ODD family and demonstrated the significant roles of these family members in plant metabolism. We also suggest that no FNSI genes in tomato contribute to the biosynthesis of flavones.

scholarly journals Seasonal occurrence of some larval stages of endoparasites in three cyprinids from the Nwanedi-Luphephe dams, the Limpopo River System, South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Mbokane ◽  
J. Theron ◽  
W. J. Luus-Powell
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
River System ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Third Stage

Abstract This study provides information on seasonal occurrence of developmental stages of endoparasites infecting three cyprinids in the Nwanedi-Luphephe dams, Limpopo River System. Labeobarbus marequensis (Smith, 1841), Barbus trimaculatus Peters, 1852 and Barbus radiatus Peters, 1853 were investigated seasonally from January 2008 to October 2008. The following larvae of metazoan parasites were collected: Diplostomum sp. from the eyes of L. marequensis and B. trimaculatus; Ornithodiplostomum sp. from the gills of B. trimaculatus; Posthodiplostomum sp. from muscle, skin and fins of B. trimaculatus and B. radiatus; third-stage Contracaecum larvae (L3) from the mesentery fats and on the liver lobes of L. marequensis and B. trimaculatus and gryporynchid cestode larvae from the outer intestinal wall of B. radiatus. All the flukes encountered were metacercariae. Diplostomum sp. and Contracaecum sp. dominated the parasite communities. Their prevalence exhibited seasonal fluctuations with maxima in summer. Factors likely to influence fish infection such as the body size of fish and their condition factors were also briefly considered in this study.

scholarly journals Occurrence of nematodes of the genus Anisakis in Mediterranean and Atlantic fish marketed in Sardinia

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Casti ◽  
Christian Scarano ◽  
Maria Cristina Piras ◽  
Paolo Merella ◽  
Sonia Muglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Merluccius Merluccius ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Scomber Colias ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Mean

Anisakiasis is a gastrointestinal fishborne zoonosis caused by the ingestion of third stage larvae of the genus <em>Anisakis</em>. Between January and December 2013, 1112 specimens of four commercial fish species (<em>Engraulis encrasicolus, Merluccius merluccius, Scomber colias</em> and <em>Trachurus mediterraneus</em>) marketed in Sardinia (Italy) were examined for <em>Anisakis</em> sp. The overall prevalence of <em>Anisakis</em> spp larvae was 39.9%, all morphologically identified as Type I. <em>Scomber colias</em> showed the highest prevalence (100%), followed by <em>M. merluccius</em> (Atlantic 91.0%, Mediterranean 71.2%), <em>T. mediterraneus</em> (32.7%) and <em>E. encrasicolus</em> (25.9%). All the larvae found in Mediterranean hosts were genetically identified as <em>Anisakis pegreffii</em>, whereas 90.0% of the larvae found in the Atlantic <em>M. merluccius</em> belonged to <em>Anisakis simplex sensu stricto</em> and 10.0% to <em>A. pegreffii</em>. The mean abundance of <em>Anisakis</em> sp. larvae was positively correlated with fish size in <em>E. encrasicolus</em>, Atlantic <em>M. merluccius</em> and local <em>M. merluccius</em>. The prevalence of infection was greater in the body cavity (37.9%) than in the edible muscle (9.4%). However, 1.8% of the examined fish were infected exclusively in the muscle. Therefore, the risk associated to the consumption of raw or undercooked fishery products poses the need of measures such as visual inspection and preventive treatments to guarantee consumers’ health.

scholarly journals TGF-β and the Smad Signaling Pathway Support Transcriptomic Reprogramming during Epithelial-Mesenchymal Cell Transition

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1987-2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Valcourt ◽  
Marcin Kowanetz ◽  
Hideki Niimi ◽  
Carl-Henrik Heldin ◽  
Aristidis Moustakas
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Smad Signaling

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to normal tissue patterning and carcinoma invasiveness. We show that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/activin members, but not bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) members, can induce EMT in normal human and mouse epithelial cells. EMT correlates with the ability of these ligands to induce growth arrest. Ectopic expression of all type I receptors of the TGF-β superfamily establishes that TGF-β but not BMP pathways can elicit EMT. Ectopic Smad2 or Smad3 together with Smad4 enhanced, whereas dominant-negative forms of Smad2, Smad3, or Smad4, and wild-type inhibitory Smad7, blocked TGF-β–induced EMT. Transcriptomic analysis of EMT kinetics identified novel TGF-β target genes with ligand-specific responses. Using a TGF-β type I receptor that cannot activate Smads nor induce EMT, we found that Smad signaling is critical for regulation of all tested gene targets during EMT. One such gene, Id2, whose expression is repressed by TGF-β1 but induced by BMP-7 is critical for regulation of at least one important myoepithelial marker, α-smooth muscle actin, during EMT. Thus, based on ligand-specific responsiveness and evolutionary conservation of the gene expression patterns, we begin deciphering a genetic network downstream of TGF-β and predict functional links to the control of cell proliferation and EMT.

scholarly journals Early appearance of key transcription factors influence the spatiotemporal development of the human inner ear

2019 ◽  
Vol 379 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lejo Johnson Chacko ◽  
Consolato Sergi ◽  
Theresa Eberharter ◽  
Jozsef Dudas ◽  
Helge Rask-Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Type I

AbstractExpression patterns of transcription factors leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) in the developing human fetal inner ear were studied between the gestation weeks 9 and 12. Further development of cochlear apex between gestational weeks 11 and 16 (GW11 and GW16) was examined using transmission electron microscopy. LGR5 was evident in the apical poles of the sensory epithelium of the cochlear duct and the vestibular end organs at GW11. Immunostaining was limited to hair cells of the organ of Corti by GW12. TAK1 was immune positive in inner hair cells of the organ of Corti by GW12 and colocalized with p75 neurotrophic receptor expression. Expression for SOX2 was confined primarily to the supporting cells of utricle at the earliest stage examined at GW9. Intense expression for GATA3 was presented in the cochlear sensory epithelium and spiral ganglia at GW9. Expression of GATA3 was present along the midline of both the utricle and saccule in the zone corresponding to the striolar reversal zone where the hair cell phenotype switches from type I to type II. The spatiotemporal gradient of the development of the organ of Corti was also evident with the apex of the cochlea forming by GW16. It seems that highly specific staining patterns of several transcriptions factors are critical in guiding the genesis of the inner ear over development. Our findings suggest that the spatiotemporal gradient in cochlear development extends at least until gestational week 16.

Resistance of chlamydospores of nematophagous fungi to the digestive processes of sheep in Mexico

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Llerandi-Juárez ◽  
P. Mendoza-de Gives
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Corn Meal Agar ◽  
Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Mexican Isolate ◽  
Digestive Processes

AbstractFollowing oral administration to sheep, chlamydospores of a Mexican isolate of Duddingtonia flagrans (FTHO-8) survived passage through the digestive tract and subsequently grew on corn meal agar plates. The fungus was able to catch and destroy free-living nematodes and third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus added to these plates. Chlamydospores of Arthrobotrys sp. showed a poor resistance to the digestive processes of sheep, although conidia of A. superba survived following oral inoculation in one of two animals.

scholarly journals VprBP mitigates TGF-β and Activin signaling by promoting Smurf1-mediated type I receptor degradation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihao Li ◽  
Chao Cui ◽  
Feng Xie ◽  
Szymon Kiełbasa ◽  
Hailiang Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Proteasomal Degradation ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Mesoderm Induction ◽  
Type I ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Β Receptor

Abstract The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family controls embryogenesis, stem cell differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. However, how post-translation modifications contribute to fine-tuning of TGF-β family signaling responses is not well understood. Inhibitory (I)-Smads can antagonize TGF-β/Smad signaling by recruiting Smurf E3 ubiquitin ligases to target the active TGF-β receptor for proteasomal degradation. A proteomic interaction screen identified Vpr binding protein (VprBP) as novel binding partner of Smad7. Mis-expression studies revealed that VprBP negatively controls Smad2 phosphorylation, Smad2–Smad4 interaction, as well as TGF-β target gene expression. VprBP was found to promote Smad7–Smurf1–TβRI complex formation and induce proteasomal degradation of TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI). Moreover, VprBP appears to stabilize Smurf1 by suppressing Smurf1 poly-ubiquitination. In multiple adult and mouse embryonic stem cells, depletion of VprBP promotes TGF-β or Activin-induced responses. In the mouse embryo VprBP expression negatively correlates with mesoderm marker expression, and VprBP attenuated mesoderm induction during zebrafish embryogenesis. Our findings thereby uncover a novel regulatory mechanism by which Smurf1 controls the TGF-β and Activin cascade and identify VprBP as a critical determinant of embryonic mesoderm induction.

scholarly journals The Regulatory Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β on Nerve Regeneration

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiying Li ◽  
Xiaosong Gu ◽  
Sheng Yi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
The Body ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Regulatory Effects

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) belongs to a group of pleiotropic cytokines that are involved in a variety of biological processes, such as inflammation and immune reactions, cellular phenotype transition, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. TGF-β is widely distributed throughout the body, including the nervous system. Following injury to the nervous system, TGF-β regulates the behavior of neurons and glial cells and thus mediates the regenerative process. In the current article, we reviewed the production, activation, as well as the signaling pathway of TGF-β. We also described altered expression patterns of TGF-β in the nervous system after nerve injury and the regulatory effects of TGF-β on nerve repair and regeneration in many aspects, including inflammation and immune response, phenotypic modulation of neural cells, neurite outgrowth, scar formation, and modulation of neurotrophic factors. The diverse biological actions of TGF-β suggest that it may become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of nerve injury and regeneration.

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