scholarly journals Bacterial Meningitis among Adult Patients at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital: Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abiye Tigabu ◽  
Abiyot Jember ◽  
Temesgen Nega ◽  
Getachew Wubishet ◽  
Hana Misganaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
P Value ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Background: Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The most frequent causes of bacterial meningitis are N. meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Listeria monocytogenes, and Homophiles influenza. This study aimed to determine bacterial meningitis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns among adult patients.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,683 patients to determine bacterial meningitis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns from 2011 to 2020. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected and inoculated on blood and chocolate agar plates, and then incubated at 37oc for 24 hours. Bacterial identification performed using morphological characters, gram stain, and standardized biochemical tests. Records of 3,683 culture results were collected and reviewed using a checklist from the registration book. Finally, data was entered, cleared, and checked using Epi-info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression used for statistical association. The results were displayed using tables and figures. P-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant.Results: Of the 3,683 patients, the overall prevalence of bacterial meningitis was 1.28% (47/3683). Of them, bacterial meningitis in males was 0.9% (33/3683) whereas, it was 0.38% (14/3683) in females. Bacterial meningitis among inpatients, 1.16% (43/3683) was higher than their outpatient counterparts, 0.12% (4/3683). Ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, clindamycin, and erythromycin were the most effective antibiotics whereas penicillin, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole were the least effective antibiotics for isolates. Being male in sex (P = 0.048, AOR = 0.53, CI = 0.283-0.993) was significantly associated with bacterial meningitis.Conclusions: The prevalence of bacterial meningitis among adult patients was 1.28%, which is considerably high. Being male in gender is a risk factor for bacterial meningitis. Therefore, infection preventive measures are required with a particular focus on adult patients. Further research is needed to explore the epidemiology and risk factors of meningitis.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns, Biofilm Formation and esp Gene among Clinical Enterococci: Is There Any Association?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poh Leng Weng ◽  
Ramliza Ramli ◽  
Rukman Awang Hamat
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Enterococci are commonly found in humans, animals and environments. Their highly adaptive mechanisms are related to several virulent determinants and their ability to resist antibiotics. Data on the relationship between the esp gene, biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility profiles may differ between countries. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the proportion of esp gene and biofilm formation among Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates. We also investigated the possible association between the esp gene with antibiotic susceptibility patterns and biofilm formation. The isolates were collected from clinical samples and identified using biochemical tests and 16SRNA. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns and a biofilm assay were conducted according to the established guidelines. Molecular detection by PCR was used to identify the esp gene using established primers. In total, 52 and 28 of E. faecalis and E. faecium were identified, respectively. E. faecium exhibited higher resistance rates compared to E. faecalis as follows: piperacillin/tazobactam (100% versus 1.9%), ampicillin (92.8% versus 1.9%), high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) (89.3% versus 25.0%) and penicillin (82.1% versus 7.7%). E. faecium produced more biofilms than E. faecalis (59.3% versus 49.0%). E. faecium acquired the esp gene more frequently than E. faecalis (78.6% versus 46.2%). Interestingly, the associations between ampicillin and tazobactam/piperacillin resistance with the esp gene were statistically significant (X2 = 4.581, p = 0.027; and X2 = 6.276, p = 0.012, respectively). Our results demonstrate that E. faecium exhibits high rates of antimicrobial resistance, esp gene acquisition and biofilm formation. These peculiar traits of E. faecium may have implications for the management of enterococcal infections in hospitals. Thus, concerted efforts by all parties in establishing appropriate treatment and effective control measures are warranted in future.

scholarly journals The Relative Frequency of Bacterial Colonization on the Surfaces of Toys in Kindergartens of Yazd

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh Zarei Mahmodabadi ◽  
Mahbobeh Shiranian ◽  
Seyedhossein Hekmatimoghaddan ◽  
Mohamad Hassan Ehrampoush ◽  
Farimah Shamsi
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Yazd City

Introduction: Kindergartens are the first social environments where children are directly exposed to possible contaminations from other children. Factors such as having uncontrolled urination, putting hand, toys, and different objects into the mouth, and sharing objects with other children facilitate the spread of bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bacterial contamination of toys in kindergartens of Yazd city, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 324 samples of toys made of either cloth, wood, or plastic were collected from kindergartens at three regions of Yazd, Iran. The swab samples obtained from toys' surface were cultured directly on the bacteriologic culture media blood agar and eosin methylene blue. Specific culture medium with biochemical tests and diagnostic disks were used to determine the genus and species of bacteria. Chi-square test was run for statistical analysis of data. The  p value of < 0.05 was considered as the level of significant difference. Results: The most common bacterial colonization of toys found in the kindergartens was Staphylococcus epidermidis (48.3%). Toys made from cloth (with 3914 CFU/cm2) and the municipality region 3 (with 4645 CFU/cm2) showed the highest amount of contamination among the toy materials and different regions, respectively. Conclusion: Assessment of common contaminations in kindergartens may help the authorities to determine the possible causes of pediatric infections and provide them with a more comprehensive knowledge about the personal as well as environmental hygiene. So, by identification of these contaminations, we can modify the underlying factors, reduce the pollutions, and improve the health of children.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas cepacia strains isolated from water reservoirs of unheated nebulizers

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
S M Gelbart ◽  
G F Reinhardt ◽  
H B Greenlee
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Pseudomonas Cepacia ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Pseudomonas cepacia strains were isolated from the water reservoirs of unheated nebulizers in a hospital setting. The isolates were characterized by morphology, biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. An interesting feature of these organisms was their capacity for sustained multiplication in either doubly deionized or doubly distilled water as well as 5% dextrose or 0.9% saline. They could not multiply in doubly deionized and then doubly distilled water or in any of several parenteral nutrition solutions studied. Isolation of Pseudomonas cepacia from the water reservoirs of unheated nebulizers suggests that this equipment may serve as a source of respiratory tract exposure to the organism.

scholarly journals Comparison of Laboratory Profiles of Cerebrospinal Fluid among Bacterial and Viral Meningitis Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Umme Habiba ◽  
Md Akram Hossain ◽  
Md Chand Mahmud ◽  
Md Sirajul Islam Bhuiyan ◽  
Md Ali Abdullah Rafique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
Physical Findings

Background: Laboratory profiles are important markers for the detection of meningitis. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare of laboratory profiles of cerebrospinal fluid among bacterial and viral meningitis patients. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology at Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2010 to January 2012 for around 2 years. Clinically suspected patients with meningitis from paediatrics wards of MMCH, Mymensingh, Bangladesh were included in this study. On the basis of cytological tests and biochemical tests of CSF the study subjects were categorized into three groups, which were identified as bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis and normal CSF. After collection of CSF, physical examination, routine bed side culture and appropriate biochemical tests were performed. Tests for protein and glucose of CSF specimens were performed. Result: A total 115 clinically and laboratory confirmed meningitis patients were enrolled in this study. The most of the cases of study population were in the age group 1 month to 5 years 97(84.3%) cases. Regarding the physical findings of CSF, purulent was found 21(60.0%) cases in bacterial meningitis and 14 (40.0%) cases were slightly turbid. The mean with SD of total count of WBC was higher in bacterial meningitis (1623.1±1708.06/mm3) than viral meningitis (56.0±73.83/mm3) (p=<0.001). Again the mean with SD of glucose was lowest in bacterial meningitis which was 21.0±9.77 mg/dL followed by viral meningitis which was 63.6±20.22 mg/dL. (p<0.001). Considering protein of CSF the mean with SD was highest in bacterial meningitis which was 242.8±188.09 mg/dL followed by viral meningitis which was 69.6±84.67mg/dL (p<0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion the WBC count, CSF glucose and protein are significantly differ in bacterial and viral meningitis. Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, January 2021, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 69-74

scholarly journals Antibiotic susceptibility Patterns against Upper Respiratory Tract Pathogens in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalim Ullah ◽  
Marvi Baloch ◽  
Javeid Iqbal ◽  
Ayaz Ali Khan ◽  
Hamid Saeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospitals ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Backgrounds In Pakistan, despite the surge in antibiotic consumption scanty of literature evidences exist regarding antibiotic susceptibility patterns in URTIs. Thus, we conducted the study to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns in URTIs.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting 259 culture samples from tertiary care hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Using simple random sampling, culture reports of even numbered patient were included as per study inclusion criteria.Results Two hundred sixty samples were processed out of which only 144 (55.4%) samples yielded growth, i-e., 42.7% males and 49% females. In males, the resistance was high against ceftazidime (19.3%), ampicillin (13.1%), ciprofloxacin (11.6%) and gentamicin (10.8%), while in female samples it was significant against cefuroxime (6.9%), ampicillin (5.4%), tobramycin (4.6%) and ciprofloxacin (6.5%). Besides, males were sensitive against imepenem (25.8%), amikacin (22%), ceftazidime (19.3%), ciprofloxacin (19.3%) and piptaz (16.2%), while females were sensitive against amikacin (9.2%), imepenem (9.2%) and ciprofloxacin (6.9%). Overall, carbepenems, imipenem (35%) and meropenem (30.8%), were found highly sensitive followed by aminoglycosides (amikacin; 31.9%), quinolones (ciprofloxacin; 26.3%), piptaz (19.2%) among penicillin and cephalosporin, while resistant was maximum against cephalosporin (ceftazidime; 25.4%) followed by penicillin (ampicillin, 18.5%) and quinolones.Conclusion These data suggested that P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella , were the most frequent bacterial isolates in URTIs of Lahore, Pakistan. These isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime and ceftazidime, but were sensitive to carbapenem and aminoglycoside class of antibiotics. Thus, health care professionals, policy makers and drug regulators must devise policies to overcome the menace of growing antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Depression among Adult HIV/AIDS Patients Attending ART Clinics at Aksum Town, Aksum, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berhe Beyene Gebrezgiabher ◽  
Teklehaymanot Huluf Abraha ◽  
Etsay Hailu ◽  
Hailay Siyum ◽  
Getachew Mebrahtu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background. Depression is consistently associated with increased risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and poor antiretroviral treatment adherence. Though many factors have been reported as determinant factors of depression, site-specific evidence is needed to identify factors associated with depression among adults on antiretroviral treatment. Methods. An institution based cross-sectional study was carried out from March to May 2015 among 411 adults HIV/AIDS patients on ART clinic follow-up. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected using chart review and interviewer- administered techniques. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to compute the statistical test associations by SPSS version-20. Variables with p value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results. Four hundred eleven patients with a mean age ± Standard Deviation of 36.1±9.2 years and with a total response rate of 97.6% were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of depression was 14.6% (95% CI, 10.90-18.2). Factors independently associated with depression were nonadherence to ART, eating two meals per day or less, having side effect of ART medication, being in the WHO Stage II or above of HIV/AIDS, and living alone with AOR (95% CI) of 3.3 (1.436, 7.759), 2.8 (1.382, 5.794), 4.7 (1.317, 16.514), 2.8 (0.142, 0.786), and 2.4 (1.097, 5.429), respectively. Conclusion. Though the magnitude of depression was found relatively low, it was commonly observed as a mental health problem among adult patients with HIV/AIDS on ART. Programs on counseling and close follow-up of adherence to ART, drug side effects, and nutrition should be strengthened. Health facilities should link adult patients with HIV/AIDS who live alone to governmental and nongovernmental social supporter organizations.

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