Long-term Microglial Phase-specific Dynamics During Single Vessel Occlusion and Recanalization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
xiaoke xie ◽  
Xuanting Liu ◽  
Yiwen Chen ◽  
Jiazhu Zhu ◽  
Yongxian Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microglial Cell ◽  
Vascular Occlusion ◽  
Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Single Vessel ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Acute Reaction

Abstract Vascular occlusion leading to brain dysfunctions is usually considered evoking microglia-induced inflammation response. However, it remains unclear how microglia interact with blood vessels in the development of vascular occlusion-related brain disorders. Here, we illuminate long-term spatiotemporal dynamics of microglia and their activation pattern during single vessel occlusion and recanalization. The results show that microglia display remarkable response characteristics in different phases, including acute reaction, rapid diffusion, transition and chronic effect. Microglial cell body represents a unique filament-shape migration and has slower motility compared to the immediate reaction of processes to occlusion. We capture single microglia with few processes moves out of the cluster and redistributes territory with increasing ramified processes. Microglial cluster resolves gradually until microglial number and morphology become stabilized. Therefore, our study offers a comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics of microglia to both vessel occlusion and recanalization. Microglial phase-specific response suggests the morphological feature-oriented phased intervention would be an attractive option for vascular occlusion-related diseases treatments.

scholarly journals Impact of mobile stroke units

2021 ◽  
pp. jnnp-2020-324005
Author(s):  
Klaus Fassbender ◽  
Fatma Merzou ◽  
Martin Lesmeister ◽  
Silke Walter ◽  
Iris Quasar Grunwald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Imaging ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Stroke Units ◽  
Stroke Treatment ◽  
Stroke Research ◽  
Mobile Stroke Unit ◽  
Novel Strategy

Since its first introduction in clinical practice in 2008, the concept of mobile stroke unit enabling prehospital stroke treatment has rapidly expanded worldwide. This review summarises current knowledge in this young field of stroke research, discussing topics such as benefits in reduction of delay before treatment, vascular imaging-based triage of patients with large-vessel occlusion in the field, differential blood pressure management or prehospital antagonisation of anticoagulants. However, before mobile stroke units can become routine, several questions remain to be answered. Current research, therefore, focuses on safety, long-term medical benefit, best setting and cost-efficiency as crucial determinants for the sustainability of this novel strategy of acute stroke management.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: COVID-19 AND STROKE – UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP AND ADAPTING SERVICES. A GLOBAL WORLD STROKE ORGANISATION PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
pp. 174749302110064
Author(s):  
Hugh S Markus ◽  
Sheila Cristina Ouriques Martins
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Stroke Research ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Research Initiatives ◽  
Global World

A year ago the World Stroke Organisation (WSO) highlighted the enormous global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stroke care. In this review we consider a year later where we are now, what the future holds, and what the long term effects of the pandemic will be on stroke. Stroke occurs in about 1.4% of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 infection, who show an excess of large vessel occlusion and increased mortality. Despite this association, stroke presentations fell dramatically during the pandemic, although emerging data suggests that total stroke mortality may have risen with increased stroke deaths at home and in care homes. Strategies and guidelines have been developed to adapt stroke services worldwide, and protect healthcare workers. Adaptations include increasing use of telemedicine for all aspects of stroke care. The pandemic is exacerbating already marked global inequalities in stroke incidence and mortality. Lastly the pandemic has had a major impact on stroke research and funding, although it has also emphasised the importnace of large scale collaborative research initiatives.

scholarly journals Quantitative analysis of the CD8 + T–cell response to readily eliminated and persistent viruses

2000 ◽  
Vol 355 (1400) ◽  
pp. 1093-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Doherty ◽  
J. M. Riberdy ◽  
G. T. Belz
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Turnover Rates

The recent development of techniques for the direct staining of peptide–specific CD8 + T cells has revolutionized the analysis of cell–mediated immunity (CMI) in virus infections. This approach has been used to quantify the acute and long–term consequences of infecting laboratory mice with the readily eliminated influenza A viruses (fluA) and a persistent γherpesvirus (γHV). It is now, for the first time, possible to work with real numbers in the analysis of CD8 + T CMI, and to define various characteristics of the responding lymphocytes both by direct flow cytometric analysis and by sorting for further in vitro manipulation. Relatively little has yet been done from the latter aspect, though we are rapidly accumulating a mass of numerical data. The acute, antigen–driven phases of the fluA and γHV–specific response look rather similar, but CD8 + T–cell numbers are maintained in the long term at a higher ‘set point’ in the persistent infection. Similarly, these ‘memory’ T cells continue to divide at a much greater rate in the γHV–infected mice. New insights have also been generated on the nature of the recall response following secondary challenge in both experimental systems, and the extent of protection conferred by large numbers of virus–specific CD8 + T cells has been determined. However, there are still many parameters that have received little attention, partly because they are difficult to measure. These include the rate of antigen–specific CD8 + T–cell loss, the extent of the lymphocyte ‘diaspora’ to other tissues, and the diversity of functional characteristics, turnover rates, clonal life spans and recirculation profiles. The basic question for immunologists remains how we reconcile the extraordinary plasticity of the immune system with the mechanisms that maintain a stable milieu interieur. This new capacity to quantify CD8 + T–cell responses in readily manipulated mouse models has obvious potential for illuminating homeostatic control, particularly if the experimental approaches to the problem are designed in the context of appropriate predictive models.

Coronary angioplasty in single-vessel complex lesions: Short- and long-term outcome and factors predicting acute coronary occlusion

1991 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Cavallini ◽  
Luigi Giommi ◽  
Enrico Franceschini ◽  
Gabriele Risica ◽  
Zoran Olivari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Angioplasty ◽  
Coronary Occlusion ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Single Vessel ◽  
Acute Coronary Occlusion ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Complex Lesions

Long‐Term Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Factors Associated with Trends in Bare‐Nosed Wombats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Carver ◽  
Michael Charleston ◽  
Gregory Hocking ◽  
Rosemary Gales ◽  
Michael M. Driessen
Keyword(s):  
Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽  
Factors Associated

Revascularization and Aneurysm Surgery: Current Status

Neurosurgery ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Spetzler ◽  
Philip L. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Aneurysm Surgery ◽  
Parent Vessel ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Stump Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow Measurements ◽  
Vessel Ligation

Abstract Unclippable intracranial aneurysms are most effectively treated by hunterian ligation; however, the attendant risk of cerebral ischemia is significant. Many techniques have been used in an attempt to predict the safety of proximal vessel occlusion. Unfortunately, there is none that is risk-free and highly successful. A combination of stump pressure and cerebral blood flow measurements has been shown to be the most accurate in the acute assessment. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that the long term risk of carotid ligation is significant. Extracranial-intracranial bypass grafting (EC-IC) has been shown to improve the safety of parent vessel ligation and is a low risk procedure. Whenever hunterian ligation is planned for the treatment of an intracranial aneurysm, EC-IC should be strongly considered. (Neurosurgery 16:111–116, 1985)

Sex specific response in cholesterol level in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) after long-term exposure of difenoconazole

2015 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 278-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiyan Mu ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Tingting Chai ◽  
Lizhen Zhu ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Level ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Specific Response

Anaerobic digestion of excess activated sludge with ozone pretreatment

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Goel ◽  
T. Tokutomi ◽  
H. Yasui
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Methane Recovery ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Ozone Dose ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Ozone Pretreatment

Source minimization of excess sludge production by economical means can be considered an attractive option to deal with the problem of sludge disposal under strict disposal standards. In this paper long-term operational results for a process that combines the oxidative ozone pretreatment with anaerobic sludge digestion are described. The ozone pretreatment solubilized around 19% and 37% of the solids at 0.015 and 0.05 gO3/gTS ozone dose. The solubilization ratios during ozonation did not show any significant difference for the sludge concentrations ranging from 1.8-2.6%. The TVS concentrations after ozone treatment were observed to be about 3% lower than the feed sludge concentrations suggesting only partial mineralization during ozonation. The ozone pretreatment resulted in improved solid reduction efficiencies during anaerobic digestion leading to higher methane recovery. The TVS removal efficiencies during anaerobic digestion were observed to increase by a maximum of 35-90% depending on the applied ozone dose during ozone pretreatment. The improvement in TVS degradation efficiency at different applied ozone doses correlated well with the extent of solubilization during ozonation. Long-term data also suggested that biomass acclimation to ozonated sludge was necessary before higher degradation efficiencies could be achieved.

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