scholarly journals Fenton Reaction Facilitates The Fungal Infection On The Unicellular Alga Haematococcus Pluvialis and Discovery of a Biosafe and Environment-Friendly Chemical That Blocks The Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Yan ◽  
Haiyan Ma ◽  
Yanhua Li ◽  
Liang Zhao ◽  
Juan Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Haematococcus Pluvialis ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Butylated Hydroxyanisole ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Effective Measure

Abstract Background The green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is used as cell factories for producing astaxanthin, the high-value natural compound with multiple biological functions. However, H. pluvialis is prone to the infection by a parasitic fungus Paraphysoderma sedebokerense, which is the most devastating threat to the mass culture of H. pluvialis all over the world. Little is known for the mechanisms underlying the infection process, though it is of great essential for developing effective measures to mitigate the pathogen threatening for the natural astaxanthin industry. Results We observed that there were heat-stable substances with small molecular weight produced during the infection process, which significantly stimulated the parasitism process and enhanced the susceptibility of H. pluvialis cells to the pathogen. Systematic approaches including multi-omics, biochemical and imaging analysis were deployed to uncover the identity of the metabolites and the underlying mechanisms. Two metabolites, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and hordenine were identified and proved to stimulate the infection via driving fenton reaction mediated oxidative stress to H. pluvialis. The reaction generated hydroxyl radicals to disrupt the subcellular components of the algal cells and to make the algal cells more susceptible to the infection. Based on these findings, a biosafe and environment-friendly antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole was selected to inhibit the fungal infection, which completely abolished the infection at 12 ppm. Conclusions This study provide for the first time, a framework to dissect the functions of secondary metabolites in the interaction between the unicellular algal H. pluvialis and its fungi parasite, indicating that oxidative degradation is a strategy used for the fungal infest. Eliminating the oxidative burst through adding antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole could be an effective measure to reduce parasitic infection in H. pluvialis mass culture.

scholarly journals Is the Insect Cuticle the only Entry Gate for Fungal Infection? Insights into Alternative Modes of Action of Entomopathogenic Fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Constanza Mannino ◽  
Carla Huarte-Bonnet ◽  
Belén Davyt-Colo ◽  
Nicolás Pedrini
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Integral Approach ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Information Gap ◽  
Infection Processes ◽  
Fungal Genes

Entomopathogenic fungi are the only insect pathogens able to infect their host by adhesion to the surface and penetration through the cuticle. Although the possibility of fungal infection per os was described almost a century ago, there is an information gap of several decades regarding this topic, which was poorly explored due to the continuous elucidation of cuticular infection processes that lead to insect death by mycosis. Recently, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the genomes of the main entomopathogenic fungi became available, and many fungal genes potentially useful for oral infection were described. Among the entomopathogenic Hypocreales that have been sequenced, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Cordycipitaceae) is the main candidate to explore this pathway since it has a major number of shared genes with other non-fungal pathogens that infect orally, such as Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae). This finding gives B. bassiana a potential advantage over other entomopathogenic fungi: the possibility to infect through both routes, oral and cuticular. In this review, we explore all known entry gates for entomopathogenic fungi, with emphasis on the infection per os. We also set out the fungal infection process in a more integral approach, as a need to exploit its full potential for insect control, considering all of its virulence factors and the conditions needed to improve its virulence against insect that might offer some resistance to the common infection through the cuticle.

Neurological infections

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sathiji Nageshwaran ◽  
Heather C Wilson ◽  
Anthony Dickenson ◽  
David Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Brain Abscess ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Chronic Meningitis ◽  
Neurological Infections

This chapter reviews the clinical features and management of meningitis (community-acquired bacterial meningitis and chronic meningitis), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, encephalitis and myelitis, Lyme disease, brain abscess and parameningeal infection, neurological infections in the immunocompromised, fungal infection, parasitic infection, and bacterial neurotoxins.

scholarly journals Pattern of Cutaneous Dermatoses in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Hospital: A Cross Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zubaida Akter ◽  
Homayra Tahseen Hossain ◽  
Syed Ghulam Mogni Mowla
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Female Patients

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to be a major public health problem. Multiple factors have a role in the skin manifestations of DM. Cutaneous manifestations of DM are very important to the clinician. Methods: Current study was carried out in the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Shaheed Suhrawrdy Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, spanning from 1st January 2017 till 30th June 2017 over a period of six months. Adult patients already diagnosed to be suffering from type 2 DM presenting with cutaneous manifestations were included in the study. Results: Majority (68.0%) patients had diabetes >5 years, 16.7% had < 1 year and 15.3% had 1-5 years. Family history of DM was found in 70.7% in this study. In this study bacterial infection and fungal infection were more common in female patients (60.0% vs 62.0% respectively). Regarding types of dermatoses, fungal infection was more common in this study 50(33.3%). Others were bacterial infection 20(13.3%), viral infection 7(4.7%) and parasitic infection 7(4.7%). Papulo squamous disease was found 31(20.7%) patients, other diseases were 32(21.3%).Viral infection was more in male patients (71.4%). Parasitic infection was high in female patients 6(85.7%). Papulo squamous diseases was found 21(67.7%) in female patients. Conclusion: In this study fungal infection, bacterial infection, viral infection and parasitic infections were found to be the more common cutaneous dermatoses among adult diabetic patients. Bacterial infection and fungal infection were more common in female patients. TAJ 2018; 31(1): 21-28

Enhanced astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis using butylated hydroxyanisole

2016 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minmin Shang ◽  
Wei Ding ◽  
Yongteng Zhao ◽  
Jun-Wei Xu ◽  
Peng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haematococcus Pluvialis ◽  
Butylated Hydroxyanisole ◽  
Astaxanthin Production

Secondary Antifungal Prophylaxis with Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmB-L) in Patients Receiving Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT).

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 4972-4972
Author(s):  
Alessandro Busca ◽  
Stefano D’Ardia ◽  
Elisabetta Terruzzi ◽  
Enrico Pogliani ◽  
Emilio Paolo Alessandrino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Secondary Prophylaxis ◽  
Antifungal Prophylaxis ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Primary Therapy ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Allogeneic Hsct

Abstract Relapse of a preceding invasive fungal infection (IFI) is a remarkable risk during HSCT and the optimal secondary prophylaxis has not been defined so far. The aim of present study was to investigate whether secondary antifungal prophylaxis with AmB-L permitted HSCT without fungal recurrence. A retrospective analysis of 26 leukemic patients (n=20 AML, n=3 ALL, n=2 CML, n=1 CLL) with possible (n=16), probable (n=7) or documented IFI (n=3) prior to HSCT was conducted in 4 centers. Prior IFI was diagnosed at a median of 5 months (range 1–32 months) before HSCT. Site of IFI was pulmonary in 25 cases; one patient had positive blood culture. In the 3 proven IFI, the fungal agent was mucor (n=2) and candida (n=1). All patients received only medical treatment during their primary infection including AmB-L (3 mg/Kg/d) in 17 cases, AmB lipid complex in 5 cases and voriconazole in 4 cases; median duration of primary therapy was 31 days (9–225 days). The median time interval between start of primary antifungal treatment and HSCT was 4,5 months (range 1–22 months). Patients received an allogeneic HSCT from a matched sibling (n=8), from an haploidentical relative (n=4) or from an unrelated donor (n=14); stem cell source was bone marrow in 9 cases, peripheral blood in 15 cases and umbilical cord blood in 2 cases. Conventional regimen was given to 25 and reduced intensity to 1 case. Secondary prophylaxis consisted of AmB-L at a dose of 3 mg/Kg/d in all patients except two who received 1 mg/Kg/d and 2 mg/Kg/d respectively. The median duration of secondary prophylaxis was 33 days (6–80 days). Abnormal liver function test results possibly related to the administration of AmB-L have been observed in 21% of the patients. Seven patients (27%) showed an increase of serum creatinine greater than twice the baseline value, and 1 of these discontinued AmB-L. Four additional patients discontinued AmB-L due to progression of IFI: 2 patients received voriconazole with no response, 1 received voriconazole followed by posaconazole and died of transplant-related complications without evidence of IFI and 1 received voriconazole in combination with caspofungin with complete resolution of IFI. The effect of transplant procedure was evaluated between d+30 and d+120: 8 (31%) patients had stable disease, 10 (38%) improved and 8 (31%) patients progressed. One patient had a late pulmonary fungal reactivation (day +180) due to aspergillus fumigatus and responded to salvage therapy with voriconazole. With a median follow-up of 396 days (range 32–1852 days), the probability of survival of the 26 patients submitted to allogeneic HSCT with a previous IFI was 30%. Overall 19 patients died, 5 of leukemia relapse and 8 due to transplant-related complications without evidence of fungal infection; 6 fungus related deaths (23%) occurred. Two patients with proven mold infections died of fungal progression, 1 patient with candidemia died of bacterial sepsis. In conclusion, this series of patients with a previous history of IFI shows that secondary prophylaxis with AmB-L may be an effective measure to limit reactivation of previous IFI during HSCT even in high-risk patients conditioned with conventional myeloablative regimens.

scholarly journals Interaction of the Mite Aceria mangiferae with Fusarium mangiferae, the Causal Agent of Mango Malformation Disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gamliel-Atinsky ◽  
S. Freeman ◽  
A. Sztejnberg ◽  
M. Maymon ◽  
R. Ochoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Mango Malformation ◽  
Fusarium Mangiferae

The role of the mango bud mite, Aceria mangiferae, in carrying conidia of Fusarium mangiferae, vectoring them into potential infection sites, and assisting fungal infection and dissemination was studied. Following the mite's exposure to a green fluorescent protein-marked isolate, conidia were observed clinging to the mite's body. Agar plugs bearing either bud mites or the pathogen were placed on leaves near the apical buds of potted mango plants. Conidia were found in bud bracts only when both mites and conidia were co-inoculated on the plant, demonstrating that the mite vectored the conidia into the apical bud. Potted mango plants were inoculated with conidia in the presence or absence of mites. Frequency and severity of infected buds were significantly higher in the presence of mites, revealing their significant role in the fungal infection process. Conidia and mite presence were monitored with traps in a diseased orchard over a 2-year period. No windborne bud mites bearing conidia were found; however, high numbers of windborne conidia were detected in the traps. These results suggest that A. mangiferae can carry and vector conidia between buds and assist in fungal penetration but does not play a role in the aerial dissemination of conidia between trees.

scholarly journals Role of plant cell in host-pathogen interactions: Lactuca spp.-Bremia lactucae

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 507-509
Author(s):  
M. Sedlářová ◽  
A. Lebeda ◽  
P. Binarová ◽  
L. Luhová
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Microscopical Study ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bremia Lactucae ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Reactions of Lactuca spp. genotypes with different mechanisms of compatibility/incompatibility to B. lactucae race NL16 were examined. Microscopical study revealed significance of initial stages of infection for establishment of the host-pathogen relation. Incompatibility to the pathogen race is mostly expressed as hypersensitive reaction (HR). Rearrangement of cytoskeleton can participate in blocking of fungus penetration in resistant genotypes as well as support development of fungal infection structures in susceptible ones. During infection process peroxidase is activated, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> released and phenolic compounds deposited. These defence processes well correspond with the expression of resistance. On the other hand, formation of callose attending pathogenesis is not directly related to incompatibility.

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