COVID-19 and Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Clinic Based Study

Abstract Background: Patients with dementia are more prone to acquire COVID-19 infection. Patients with COVID-19 showed a tendency to develop cognitive impairment. Objectives: We aimed to study the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection among adult Sudanese demented patients and the prevalence of cognitive impairment among adult Sudanese non demented patients. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which took place in Sudan, Khartoum state in the period (September-December 2021) in a private neurology/psychiatry clinic. 135 adult Sudanese patients were included in this study and were divided into two groups. The first group consists of 100 patients with a known history of dementia that got infected recently with COVID-19, while the second group consists of 35 patients who developed some sort of cognitive impairment after recovering from COVID-19 infection. Regarding the second group, cognitive functions were assessed by senior consultant neurologist and senior consultant psychiatrist using a well validated neuropsychological measure. Results: Out of 100 patients in the first group, females were 60 and males were 40. Age distribution is between 63 -98. The common presenting symptoms of COVID-19 among this group were: Cough and fever (90 patients), diarrhea and vomiting (5 patients), breathlessness (4 patients), coughing of blood (5 patients), convulsions (1 patient), paraplegia (1 patient) and hemiplegia (1 patient). Regarding the second group, Age distribution varied from 30 to 80 years. Cognitive functions impairment was noticed as follows: Memory recall (22%), memory recognition (23%), memory encoding (24%), processing speed (16%), executive functioning (19%), phonemic fluency (17%) and category fluency (17%). Conclusion: Patients with dementia are more susceptible to develop COVID-19 infection. Patients with COVID-19 Infection are at risk of developing some sort of cognitive impairment after recovery.

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Diagnosis Based on Detection of CXCL10 in Urine as Biomarker for The Determining Diagnosis of Active Lung Tuberculosis

Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease ◽

10.20473/ijtid.v9i1.22160 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 57

Author(s):

Ni Made Mertaniasih ◽

I Gede Yogi Prema Ananda ◽

Soedarsono Soedarsono ◽

Deby Kusumaningrum

Keyword(s):

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Future Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pulmonary Tb ◽

Lung Tuberculosis ◽

History Of ◽

Tuberculosis Diagnosis

Tuberculosis diagnosis is an important component in decreasing TB incidence and prevalence. Because of the difficulty to collect sputum in some cases, urine specimens are used as it is easier to garner. One of the biomarkers in urine that can be used to diagnose pulmonary TB is IP-10, which can be represented by the CXCL10 gene. The study aims to determine the accuracy of diagnosis based on detection of the CXCL10 gene in urine as a biomarker for the patients with suspected pulmonary TB in Dr. Soetomo Hospital in Surabaya from November 2019 until March 2020. Thus, this is an observative laboratory research with a cross-sectional study. CXCL10 gene was examined using PCR for 36 urine samples, and then, the data, together with the medical records of clinical manifestations of pulmonary TB, GeneXpert MTB /RIF, blood count, and thorax radiograph, were processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The results of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF and thorax radiograph criteria show positive results of pulmonary TB, which were 44.4% and 69.4% respectively. CXCL10 gene was not found in all urine of healthy people (negative), while 2.8% (1/36 samples) positive CXCL10 gene was found in a patient with positive GeneXpert, also with negative clinical manifestations and urine culture. In this study, the accuracy of diagnosis based on detection of the CXCL10 gene in urine for diagnosis of active pulmonary TB was 2.8%. Future research is needed to improve the methods, among them are bigger size of urine samples and clearer medical history of patients.

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PENGARUH PENYAKIT KRONIS DAN GAYA HIDUP TERHADAP KINERJA VERBAL FLUENCY KATEGORIK PADA LANSIA

Majalah Kedokteran Neurosains Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia ◽

10.52386/neurona.v37i1.97 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Alysia ◽

Yvonne Suzy Handajani ◽

Nelly Tina Widjaja ◽

Yuda Turana

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Chronic Illness ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Verbal Fluency ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Education Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of

CHRONIC DISEASES AND LIFESTYLE IMPACT TO CATEGORY VERBAL FLUENCY PERFORMANCE IN ELDERLYABSTRACTIntroduction: In recent studies, chronic illness and sedentary lifestyle were found to bea risk factors for cognitive impairment. Verbal fluency (VF) is one of the most used instruments.Aim: To determine cognitive impairment using VF and its correlation with risk factors (chronic illness and lifestyle) in elderly.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted toward 121 elderly respondents in August–September 2017 at Pusaka, West Jakarta. Cognitive impariment was assessesed using VF. VF otherwise disturbed if the value <16.03. Heart disease and stroke were determined by anamnesis. Blood pressure was determined using Riester tensimeter. that has been calibrated. Cholesterol and blood sugar were determined using laboratory result by CHOD-PAP method. Smoking was determined by asking the history of smoking. Physical activity was determined by 24-hour activity recall. Nutrition Intake was determined by food record.Results: There were 63.6% subjects wno had VF impairment. Most respondent were over 65 years old (71.9%), female (66.1%) and education level more than 6 years (72.7%). VF had a significant assosiation with education level (p=0.020; OR=3.792), and without cardiovascular disease (p=0.023; OR=0.111).Discussion: The mayority of respondents had VF impairment, lower education was consistenly as a risk factors while no history of cardiovascular disease as a protective factors of language impairment.Keywords: Chronic diseases, cognitive impairment, lifestyle, verbal fluencyABSTRAKPendahuluan: Pada beberapa penelitian terbaru ditemukan bahwa faktor risiko seperti penyakit kronis dan gaya hidup buruk meningkatkan risiko terkena gangguan fungsi kognitif. Salah satu instrumen yang sering digunakan adalah verbal fluency (VF).Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif dengan instrumen VF dan hubungannya dengan faktor risiko (penyakit kronis dan gaya hidup) pada lansia.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang ini dilaksanakan pada 121 responden lansia pada bulan Agustus-September 2017 di Pusaka Jakarta Barat. Gangguan fungsi kognitif dinilai menggunakan instrumen VF. Verbal fluency dikatakan terganggu dengan nilai <16,03. Penyakit jantung dan stroke didapatkan dari anamnesis. Tekanan darah dari hasil pengukuran menggunakan tensimeter yang telah dikalibrasi sebelumnya. Pengukuran kolesterol dan gula darah didapatkan dari hasil laboratorium dengan metode CHOD-PAP. Merokok didapat dari anamnesis. Aktivitas fisik dinilai dari 24-hour activity recall. Asupan nutrisi dinilai dari kuisioner food record.Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan subjek dengan gangguan VF sebanyak 63,6%. Mayoritas responden berusia diatas 65 tahun (71,9%), dengan jenis kelamin wanita (66,1%) dan tingkat pendidikan diatas 6 tahun (72,7%). Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa instrumen VF memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah (p=0,020; RO=3,792), dan tidak berpenyakit jantung (p=0,023; RO=0,111).Diskusi: Mayoritas responden memiliki gangguan bahasa, pendidikan rendah diketahui secara konsisten sebagai faktor risiko sementara tidak ada riwayat penyakit jantung sebagai faktor protektif untuk gangguan fungsi bahasa.Kata kunci: Gangguan fungsi kognitif, gaya hidup, penyakit kronis, verbal fluency

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Identification of Cognitive Impairment in Cardiovascular Rehabilitation: A Cross-Sectional Study Protocol

10.1101/2021.01.01.21249114 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qutub Jamali ◽

Salman Karim ◽

Mirza Najiullah Beg ◽

Muhammad Shoaib Raja ◽

Kalpesh Solanki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽

Cardiac Event ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Adverse Cardiac Event ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Memory Problems ◽

Before And After ◽

History Of

AbstractIntroductionCardiac Rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary intervention for people after an adverse cardiac event to improve their physical, psychological and social functioning. The risk factors of cardiac disease and dementia are similar. This cross sectional study aims to determine whether adding memory assessment to a cardiac rehabilitation program would improve early detection of cognitive impairment.Methods and AnalysisParticipants will undergo cognitive assessment by using Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE-III). The data obtained will be divided into: - 1- Participants who had a history of memory problems before and after the adverse cardiac event. 2-Participants with no history of memory problems before and currently presents with cognitive impairment. 3-Participants with no memory problems before and after the adverse cardiac event.Ethics and disseminationStudy ethical approval has been granted by Sheffield Research Ethics Committee (reference 20/YH/0146) and the NHS Health Research Authority (project reference 273763).

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Cross-sectional study of cognitive function in women with a history of eating disorders in the UK Biobank cohort

10.31234/osf.io/7rht5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Bracho ◽

Breda Cullen

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Older Age ◽

Uk Biobank ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Small Effect Size ◽

History Of ◽

The Uk

Objective: The present study aimed to compare the cognitive functions of women who reported a history of eating disorders (ED) with women who did not report any such history. Within the group of women who reported a history of ED, it aimed to compare the cognitive functions of those who met anorexia nervosa body mass index (BMI) criteria at the time of assessment with those who did not meet such criteria. Method: The sample in this observational cross-sectional study belonged to the UK Biobank cohort, and consisted of 260,601 women in middle to older age, of whom 347 had a lifetime history of ED. Participants underwent sociodemographic, medical and psychological evaluation, and were assessed with four computerized cognitive tasks. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to take account of covariates. Results: Slower reaction time was found in those with an ED history: differences of small effect size were found across different levels of model adjustment (d=-.096 [95% CI -.201, .009] to -.150 [95% CI -.249, -.052]). Reasoning, visuospatial memory and prospective memory were not significantly different between those with and without a history of ED. A consistent pattern of results was not found when comparing the sub-sample of participants with ED split according to current BMI criteria. Discussion: The findings suggest that an ED history may correlate with slower processing speed in middle to older age, but this may be partly accounted for by clinical covariates. Further research in population-representative cohorts is required.

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Clinical Profile of Patients with Partial Seizure

Journal of Nobel Medical College ◽

10.3126/jonmc.v3i1.10051 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 31-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dilli Ram Kafle

Keyword(s):

Partial Seizure ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Complex Partial Seizure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

University Teaching ◽

Mesial Temporal Sclerosis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

History Of

In partial seizure the epileptic discharge begins in one area of the brain and may or may not spread to other areas of the brain.When the discharge spreads to both the hemisphere it may lead to partial seizure with secondary generalization.It is a descreptive cross sectional study carried out at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital between April 2012 to April 2013. A total of 70 patients with partial seizure attended medical opd and admitted to medical ward. There were 40 males and 30 females. Age distribution of patient’s presentation with partial seizure was as follows. Less then 20 years of age: 27 patients. 20-40:24 Patients. 41-60: 21 Patients. 60-80: 8 patients. 20 patients had simple partial seizure. 20 patients had complex partial seizure: 30 patients had partial seizure with secondary generalization. Age at onset of partial seizure: Less than 20 years:45 Patients. 21-40 years:12 patients 41-60 years:20 patients. More than 60 years: 3 patients. Duration before starting treatment: Less than 6 months:33 Patients. 6 month – 1year: 6 patients. More than 1 year: 31 Patients.Status epilepticus: 3 patients.Drug history: carbamazepine, Phenytoin. EEG : Normal in 36 patients.Abnormal in 34 patients.Neuroimaging: Tuberculoma: 6 patients, Calcifed granuloma:39 patients,Tuberous sclerosis:2 patients,mesial temporal sclerosis:3 Patients,Cerebral infarction:12 Patients.Normal :18 patients.Family history of seizure was present in 10 patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v3i1.10051 Journal of Nobel Medical College Vol.3(1) 2014; 31-34

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Burden and correlates of cognitive impairment among hypertensive patients in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-627006/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pedro Pallangyo ◽

Zabella S Mkojera ◽

Makrina Komba ◽

Lucy R. Mgopa ◽

Smita Bhalia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Renal Dysfunction ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Systemic Hypertension ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hypertensive Patients

Abstract Background: The evolution of cognitive impairment of vascular origin is increasingly becoming a prominent health threat particularly in this era where hypertension is the leading contributor of global disease burden and overall health loss. Hypertension is associated with the alteration of the cerebral microcirculation coupled by unfavorable vascular remodeling with consequential slowing of mental processing speed, reduced abstract reasoning, loss of linguistic abilities, and attention and memory deficits. Owing to the rapidly rising burden of hypertension in Tanzania, we sought to assess the prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment among hypertensive patients attending a tertiary cardiovascular hospital in Tanzania.Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, a tertiary care public teaching hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between March 2020 and February 2021. A consecutive sampling method was utilized to recruit consented hypertensive outpatients during their scheduled clinic visit. General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG) Score was utilized in the assessment of cognitive functions. All statistical analyses utilized STATA v11.0 software. Pearson Chi square and Student’s T-test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess for factors associated with cognitive impairment. Odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p-values are reported. All tests were 2-sided and p<0.05 was used to denote a statistical significance. Results: A total of 1201 hypertensive patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 58.1 years and females constituted nearly two-thirds of the study population. About three quarters had excess body weight, 16.6% had diabetes, 7.7% had history of stroke, 5.7% had heart failure, 16.7% had renal dysfunction, 53.7% had anemia, 27.7% had hypertriglyceridemia, 38.5% had elevated LDL, and 2.4% were HIV-infected. Nearly two-thirds of participants had uncontrolled blood pressure and 8.7% had orthostatic hypotension. Overall, 524 (43.6%) of participants had cognitive impairment. During bivariate analysis in a logistic regression model of 16 characteristics, 14 parameters showed association with cognitive functions. However, after controlling for confounders, multivariate analysis revealed ≤primary education (OR 3.5, 95%CI 2.4-5.2, p<0.001), unemployed state (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.2-2.6, p<0.01), rural habitation (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1-2.9, p=0.01) and renal dysfunction (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.0-2.7, p= 0.04) to have independent association with cognitive impairment. Conclusion: This present study underscore that cognitive decline is highly prevalent among individuals with systemic hypertension. Moreover, our observation suggests that low education, rural life, unemployment status and renal dysfunction interactions with elevated blood pressure has the potential to predict cognitive performance over time. As the effective disease-modifying treatments for cognitive impairment are lacking, these findings imply that several modifiable risk factors including hypertension represents a potentially vital mechanism for prevention or delay of cognitive impairment.

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Arthritis in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy: Clinical Features and Autoantibody Associations

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.131223 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 1133-1139 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Martin Klein ◽

Heřman Mann ◽

Lenka Pleštilová ◽

Zoe Betteridge ◽

Neil McHugh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Examination ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Strong Association ◽

Inflammatory Myopathy ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

Autoantibody Status

Objective.To determine the prevalence, distribution, and clinical manifestations of arthritis in a cohort of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Associations with autoantibody status and HLA genetic background were also explored.Methods.Consecutive patients with IIM treated in a single center were included in this cross-sectional study (n = 106). History of arthritis, 68-joint and 66-joint tender and swollen joint index, clinical features of IIM, and autoantibody profiles were obtained by clinical examination, personal interview, and review of patient records. High-resolution genotyping in HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 loci was performed in 71 and 73 patients, respectively.Results.A combination of patients’ medical history and cross-sectional physical examination revealed that arthritis at any time during the disease course had occurred in 56 patients (53%). It was present at the beginning of the disease in 39 patients (37%) including 23 cases (22%) with arthritis preceding the onset of muscle weakness. On physical examination, 29% of patients had at least 1 swollen joint. The most frequently affected areas were wrists, and metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. Twenty-seven out of the 29 anti-Jo1-positive patients had arthritis at any time during the course of their illness; this prevalence was significantly higher compared to patients without the anti-Jo1 autoantibody (p < 0.0001). No association of arthritis with individual HLA alleles was found.Conclusion.Our data suggest that arthritis is a common feature of myositis. It is frequently present at the onset of disease and it may even precede muscular manifestations of IIM. The most common presentation is a symmetrical, nonerosive polyarthritis affecting particularly the wrists, shoulders, and small joints of the hands. We have confirmed a strong association of arthritis with the presence of the anti-Jo1 antibody.

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Clinical and paraclinical characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in infants less than 6 months of age at National Children’s Hospital

Tạp chí Nghiên Cứu Và Thực Hành Nhi Khoa ◽

10.25073/jprp.v4i3.190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Hien Pham Thu

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Children's Hospital ◽

Persistent Cough ◽

Children’S Hospital ◽

History Of ◽

Eosinophil Counts

SUMMARY Objectives: The study aim was to describe clinical and paraclinical characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in children under 6 months of age at National Children’s Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 71 cases of C. trachomatis pneumonia in Respiratory Department, National Children’s Hospital between 1 September 2017 and 31 August 2018. Results: Important features of C. trachomatis pneumonia in children under 6 months of age include persistent cough, nasopharyngitis, conjunctivitis, history of vaginal birth, mother’s history of vaginosis during pregnancy. Absolute eosinophil counts greater than 300/mm3 may suggest C. trachomatis pneumonia. Conclusion: Clinical manifestations of pneumonia due to C. trachomatis pneumonia are persistent cough, nasopharyngitis, conjunctivitis, mother’s history of vaginosis during pregnancy. A higher than 300 eosinophils/mm3 is strongly associated with C. trachomatis pneumonia.

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PROFIL PENURUNAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF PADA LANSIA DI YAYASAN-YAYASAN MANULA DI KECAMATAN KAWANGKOAN

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.1.1.2013.3297 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rachel Mongisidi ◽

Rizal Tumewah ◽

Mieke A. H. N. Kembuan

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Decline ◽

Elderly People ◽

Sex Education ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Number Of Children ◽

History Of ◽

Descriptive Survey

Background: The cognitive impairment in elderly people is the major cause of the inability to execute the daily activity and of the major reason of the happening of care-dependence. There has not been any research about the profile of cognitive functions impairment in the District of Kawangkoan. Thus, the purpose of this research was to obtain the profile of cognitive functions impairment in the District of Kawangkoan. Methods: This was a descriptive survey with the design of cross-sectional study, which rolls out, the results of MMSE, TMT A, TMT B and CDT; the age, sex, education, occupations, family history of cognitive decline, marital status, the number of children, and the history of stroke and DM, and also the smoking profile of the participants. The subjects of this research were the elderly people that were the members of the old people foundations in the District of Kawangkoan. Results: There were 61 participants of this research, consisting of four males (6.6%) and 57 (94.4%) females participants. The result of this research shows that the MMSE scores were mostly normal (72.1%), the TMT A and the TMT B scores were both mostly abnormal (95.1% and the latter 72.1%), the CDT scores mostly normal (67.2%). In all these three instruments have the absolute result that was, the elderly people with older age has more numbers of participants with cognitive functions impairment than the younger age. The result also shows that the group of subjects with higher education has less numbers of cognitive decline subjects than the group of subjects with lower education. The subjects that had a former occupation as a teacher have the normal cognitive functions as the results of all the tests. Subjects that were married and have children, and do not have a history of stroke, DM and smoking got the score of normal cognitive functions. Conclusions: The cognitive functions of elderly people based on the MMSE and CDT scores, show that most of them have a normal cognitive functions where as the result of the TMT part A and the TMT part B show the opposite result that is most of the participants have an abnormal score. Key words: Cognitive functions impairment – Elderly peopleLatar Belakang: Penurunan fungsi kognitif pada lansia merupakan penyebab terbesar terjadinya ketidakmampuan dalam melakukan aktifitas normal sehari-hari, dan juga merupakan alasan tersering yang menyebabkan terjadinya ketergantungan terhadap orang lain untuk merawat diri sendiri. Belum pernah ada penelitian tentang profil penurunan fungsi kogntif di Kec. Kawangkoan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui profil penurunan fungsi kognitif pada lansia di Kecamatan Kawangkoan. Metode: Penelitian survey deskriptif dengan rancangan penelitian potong lintang, yang memaparkan data hasil pemeriksaan MMSE, TMT A, TMT B, CDT, umur, jenis kelamin; riwayat pendidikan, pekerjaan, keluarga dengan penurunan fungsi kognitif, status pernikahan dan jumlah anak, riwayat penyakit stroke, diabetes mellitus dan merokok. Subjek penelitian adalah para lansia yang menjadi anggota dari yayasan-yayasan manula yang ada di Kec. Kawangkoan. Hasil: Terdapat 61 sampel dari total 65 subjek penelitian. Sampel terdiri dari 4 orang berjenis kelamin laki-laki (6.6%) dan 57 perempuan (94.4%). Penelitian menunjukkan hasil pemeriksaan MMSE menunjukkan 72.1% normal, TMT A 95.1% tidak normal, pemeriksaan TMT B 72.1% tidak normal dan CDT67.2% normal. Pada hasil pemeriksaan ditemukan hasil absolut pada ketiga jenis pemeriksaan ini yaitu lebih banyak terdapat penurunan fungsi kognitif pada lansia dengan umur yang lebih tua. Profil fungsi kognitif berdasarkan riwayat pendidikan menunjukkan bahwa sampel dengan pendidikan kurang dari sembilan tahun sebagian besar mengalami penurunan fungsi kogntif. Riwayat pekerjaan guru seluruhnya memiliki hasil fungsi kognitif yang normal sedangkan sampel yang riwayat pekerjaannya petani lebih banyak mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif. Sampel yang tidak menikah dan tidak memiliki anak memiliki hasil penurunan fungsi kognitif yang dominan daripada yang menikah dan memiliki anak. Pada hasil ditemukan bahwa sampel yang memiliki riwayat stroke, DM dan merokok positif memiliki hasil penurunan fungsi kognitif yang dominan disbanding yang tidak memiliki riwayat stroke, DM dan merokok. Kesimpulan: Hasil pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif berdasarkan pemeriksaan MMSE dan CDT menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar lansia masih memiliki fungsi kogntif yang normal sedangkan pada TMT A dan TMT B ditemukan hasil sebaliknya di mana ditemukan hasil sebagian besar mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif. Kata Kunci: Penurunan fungsi kognitif – Lansia

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Burden and Correlates of Cognitive Impairment Among Hypertensive Patients in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-627006/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pedro Pallangyo ◽

Zabella S Mkojera ◽

Makrina Komba ◽

Lucy R. Mgopa ◽

Smita Bhalia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Renal Dysfunction ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Systemic Hypertension ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hypertensive Patients

Abstract Background The evolution of cognitive impairment of vascular origin is increasingly becoming a prominent health threat particularly in this era where hypertension is the leading contributor of global disease burden and overall health loss. Hypertension is associated with the alteration of the cerebral microcirculation coupled by unfavorable vascular remodeling with consequential slowing of mental processing speed, reduced abstract reasoning, loss of linguistic abilities, and attention and memory deficits. Owing to the rapidly rising burden of hypertension in Tanzania, we sought to assess the prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment among hypertensive patients attending a tertiary cardiovascular hospital in Tanzania. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, a tertiary care public teaching hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between March 2020 and February 2021. A consecutive sampling method was utilized to recruit consented hypertensive outpatients during their scheduled clinic visit. General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG) Score was utilized in the assessment of cognitive functions. All statistical analyses utilized STATA v11.0 software. Pearson Chi square and Student’s T-test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess for factors associated with cognitive impairment. Odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p-values are reported. All tests were 2-sided and p < 0.05 was used to denote a statistical significance. Results A total of 1201 hypertensive patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 58.1 years and females constituted nearly two-thirds of the study population. About three quarters had excess body weight, 16.6% had diabetes, 7.7% had history of stroke, 5.7% had heart failure, 16.7% had renal dysfunction, 53.7% had anemia, 27.7% had hypertriglyceridemia, 38.5% had elevated LDL, and 2.4% were HIV-infected. Nearly two-thirds of participants had uncontrolled blood pressure and 8.7% had orthostatic hypotension. Overall, 524 (43.6%) of participants had cognitive impairment. During bivariate analysis in a logistic regression model of 16 characteristics, 14 parameters showed association with cognitive functions. However, after controlling for confounders, multivariate analysis revealed ≤ primary education (OR 3.5, 95%CI 2.4–5.2, p < 0.001), unemployed state (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.2–2.6, p < 0.01), rural habitation (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1–2.9, p = 0.01) and renal dysfunction (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.0-2.7, p = 0.04) to have independent association with cognitive impairment. Conclusion This present study underscore that cognitive decline is highly prevalent among individuals with systemic hypertension. Moreover, our observation suggests that low education, rural life, unemployment status and renal dysfunction interactions with elevated blood pressure has the potential to predict cognitive performance over time. As the effective disease-modifying treatments for cognitive impairment are lacking, these findings imply that several modifiable risk factors including hypertension represents a potentially vital mechanism for prevention or delay of cognitive impairment.

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