scholarly journals Invasibility and Recoverability of a Native Plant Community Following Invasion Depend on its Successional Stages

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Xu ◽  
Zemin Ai ◽  
Qing Qu ◽  
Minggang Wang ◽  
Guobin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Bothriochloa Ischaemum ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Successional Species ◽  
Microbial Residues

Abstract Background: Exotic species invasions represent important causes of biodiversity loss in ecosystems. Yet, knowledge remains limited on the invasion advantage of exotic species (invasibility of native plants) and the ability of native species to recover following invasions at different stages of succession.Results: We selected three grasses (Setaria viridis, Artemisia gmelinii, and Bothriochloa ischaemum) representing early, middle, and late successional species, respectively, and an exotic species (Panicum virgatum) from a stable grassland community. Four types of field soil were collected to treat the three early, middle, and later successional species, plus the exotic species. We examined the invasion ability of the exotic species on native communities and the recoverability of these communities following invasion across succession. We compared the performance of the four plant species grown in their “own” and “other” soils in a 2-year glasshouse experiment. Here we show that exotic species performed better in soils of early and mid-successional species, owing to higher soil nutrients and microbial residues, than in the soil of later successional species. In the soil of exotic species, early and mid-successional species exhibited poor growth, while that of later successional species was unchanged.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that soil nutrients and microbial residues create a soil legacy regulating the invasibility and recoverability (or resilience) of native plant communities and how it changed with vegetation succession.

Vegetation change in an urban grassy woodland 1974 - 2000

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Species Richness

Few temporal studies document vegetation change in Australian temperate grassy woodlands. Floristic and structural data were collected from 68 randomly located sites in the Queens Domain, an urban grassy woodland remnant, in 1974, 1984, 1994 and 2000 and a search made for rare species. Species of conservation significance were concentrated at highly disturbed sites, whereas vegetation types of conservation significance decreased in area as a result of increases in the numbers of Allocasuarina verticillata, which caused a change in many unmown areas from Eucalyptus viminalis grassy woodland to E. viminalis–A. verticillata woodland/forest or A. verticillata open/closed forest. Structural changes were associated with changes in species composition and an increase in native-species richness. Increases in tree cover occurred where fires were most frequent, possibly as a result of the lack of mammalian herbivores. The frequencies of herbs and annual grasses were strongly affected by precipitation in the month of sampling. Half of the species that showed a consistent rise or fall through time were woody plants, approximately twice the number expected. In the dataset as a whole, species-richness variables were largely explained by varying combinations of variables related to moisture availability, altitude and the incidence of mowing. The strongest influences on species composition were the same, although slope and time since the last fire also contributed to multiple regression and generalised linear models. Compositional stability was positively related to native-species richness, whereas high levels of exotic-species richness occurred at both low and high levels of native-species richness. The maintenance of native-plant biodiversity on the Domain requires such counterintuitive measures as the maintenance of exotic trees and the control of native trees, demonstrating the contingencies of conservation management in fragmented vegetation that consists of a mixture of native and exotic species.

scholarly journals Species richness, phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic structure patterns of exotic and native plants along an elevational gradient in the Himalaya

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumar Manish
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Species Assemblages ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Phylogenetic Overdispersion ◽  
The Himalaya

Abstract Background So far, macroecological studies in the Himalaya have mostly concentrated on spatial variation of overall species richness along the elevational gradient. Very few studies have attempted to document the difference in elevational richness patterns of native and exotic species. In this study, this knowledge gap is addressed by integrating data on phylogeny and elevational distribution of species to identify the variation in species richness, phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic structure of exotic and native plant species along an elevational gradient in the Himalaya. Results Species distribution patterns for exotic and native species differed; exotics tended to show maximum species richness at low elevations while natives tended to predominate at mid-elevations. Native species assemblages showed higher phylogenetic diversity than the exotic species assemblages over the entire elevational gradient in the Himalaya. In terms of phylogenetic structure, exotic species assemblages showed majorly phylogenetic clustering while native species assemblages were characterized by phylogenetic overdispersion over the entire gradient. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that areas with high native species richness and phylogenetic diversity are less receptive to exotic species and vice versa in the Himalaya. Species assemblages with high native phylogenetic overdispersion are less receptive to exotic species than the phylogenetically clustered assemblages. Different ecological processes (ecological filtering in case of exotics and resource and niche competition in case of natives) may govern the distribution of exotic and native species along the elevational gradient in the Himalaya.

scholarly journals Do No Harm: Efficacy of a Single Herbicide Application to Control an Invasive Shrub While Minimizing Collateral Damage to Native Species

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Gibson ◽  
Lindsay A. Shupert ◽  
Xian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Seed Addition ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Native Plant Community

Control of invasive exotic species in restorations without compromising the native plant community is a challenge. Efficacy of exotic species control needs to consider collateral effects on the associated plant community. We asked (1) if short-term control of a dominant exotic invasive, Lespedeza cuneata in grassland restorations allows establishment of a more diverse native plant community, and (2) if control of the exotic and supplemental seed addition allows establishment of native species. A manipulative experiment tested the effects of herbicide treatments (five triclopyr and fluroxypyr formulations plus an untreated control) and seed addition (and unseeded control) on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, and community composition of restored grasslands in three sites over three years. We assessed response of L. cuneata through stem density counts, and response of the plant community through estimates of canopy cover. Herbicide treatments reduced the abundance of the exotic in the first field season leading to a less dispersed community composition compared with untreated controls, with the exotic regaining dominance by the third year. Supplemental seed addition did not provide extra resistance of the native community to reinvasion of the exotic. The communities were phylogenetically over-dispersed, but there was a short-term shift to lower phylogenetic diversity in response to herbicides consistent with a decrease in biotic filtering. Native plant communities in these grassland restorations were resilient to short-term reduction in abundance of a dominant invasive even though it was insufficient to provide an establishment window for native species establishment.

scholarly journals An invasive herbivore structures plant competitive dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 20170374
Author(s):  
Lydia Wong ◽  
Tess Nahanni Grainger ◽  
Denon Start ◽  
Benjamin Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Species Invasions

Species interactions are central to our understanding of ecological communities, but may change rapidly with the introduction of invasive species. Invasive species can alter species interactions and community dynamics directly by having larger detrimental effects on some species than others, or indirectly by changing the ways in which native species compete among themselves. We tested the direct and indirect effects of an invasive aphid herbivore on a native aphid species and two host milkweed species. The invasive aphid caused a 10-fold decrease in native aphid populations, and a 30% increase in plant mortality (direct effects). The invasive aphid also increased the strength of interspecific competition between the two native plant hosts (indirect effects). By investigating the role that indirect effects play in shaping species interactions in native communities, our study highlights an understudied component of species invasions.

scholarly journals Jackfruit trees as seed attractors and nurses of early recruitment of native plant species in a secondary forest in Brazil.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Gomes ◽  
Eliana Cazetta ◽  
Ricardo Bovendorp ◽  
Deborah Faria
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Seed Rain ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Early Recruitment

Abstract The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened tropical forests in the world, being drastically reduced, fragmented and disturbed. The drastic process of anthropic occupation and exploitation of this biome has, in many cases, led to the introduction of exotic species, such as the jackfruits (Artocarpus heterophyllus). However, studies on the influence of jackfruits on the native biota are still scarce. Here we investigated the influence of fruit trees on the seed rain and early recruitment of seedlings in native remnants, comparing these patterns with those observed for a native species tapirira (Tapirira guianensis), which similarly to jackfruits, produces many fruits thruought the year, attracting a variety of frugivore species. Seed rain and seedlings observed under the jackfruits were both more abundant and equally rich to the assemblages reported under the native tapirira trees. In both species, co-specifics comprise a large part of the number of seeds (> 70%) and seedlings (> 45%) individuals and, although they attract similar seed assemblages, seedling composition diverge, particularly when co-specifics are excluded. We reported that jackfruits can attract a diverse seed and seedling assemblages, and we find no evidence that the presence of jackfruits negatively affects the arrival and initial recruitment of native plant species in the study area. These results should be analysed with caution but considered when evaluating costs and benefits of management options to control exotic species.

scholarly journals Tree biodiversity in USU green space: Exotic plant and its risk to native species

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012035
Author(s):  
A Susilowati ◽  
H H Rachmat ◽  
A B Rangkuti ◽  
A H Iswanto ◽  
D Elfiati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Urban Ecosystems ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
The University ◽  
Harmful Effects

Abstract Globally, urban ecosystems provide important green spaces for biodiversity conservation. Many exotic species are grown in tropical urban ecosystems, and their harmful effects on native species and pollinator communities have been widely documented. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the origin (native or exotic to Indonesia, sexual and reproductive system) of tree species on the University of Sumatera’s (USU) campus. Field inventory methods were used in this study for observed tree species on the USU campus. All tree species were observed, their flowering observed if any. According to our research, the USU green area comprises a collection of 121 tree species. Seventy species (57.85 %) are native to Indonesia, while 51 species (42.15 %) are exotics from other tropical regions. In terms of individual abundance, these values are 37.28% native and 62.72% exotic. The exotic trees on the USU campus show monoecious and dioecious flower sexuality; 19 species are hermaphrodite, two species have self-incompatibility characters, seven species are dioecious, and 23 species are monoecious. Together with the results from the few other experimental studies, it concluded that the increase of exotic species plantation in USU campus might indicate risk for animal interactions (e.g., pollination; dispersal), threaten reproduction of native plant species, pollination specialization, habitat, and other life-history properties. Therefore, the use of these exotic species needs special attention for stakeholders at USU.

Recent trends in post-wildfire seeding in western US forests: costs and seed mixes

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna L. Peppin ◽  
Peter Z. Fulé ◽  
Carolyn Hull Sieg ◽  
Jan L. Beyers ◽  
Molly E. Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Usda Forest Service ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Forested Ecosystems ◽  
Over Time

Broadcast seeding is one of the most commonly used post-fire rehabilitation treatments to establish ground cover for erosion control and mitigation of non-native plant species invasions. Little quantitative information is available on overall trends of post-fire seeding expenditures and seed mixes used over time in forested ecosystems in the western USA. We reviewed scientific articles, government publications and unpublished documents as well as USDA Forest Service Burned Area Reports to determine trends in post-fire seeding in forested ecosystems over time. Of 1164 USDA Forest Service Burned Area Reports, 380 contained information on seeding treatments conducted in forested ecosystems. A review of 40 papers and 67 Burned Area Reports reporting species seeded between 1970 and 2007 revealed a trend of increasing use of native species, annual cereal grains and sterile-grass hybrids, with natives dominating seed mixes. According to 380 Burned Area Reports with data on costs and area seeded, total post-fire seeding expenditures have increased substantially, averaging US$3.3 million per year spent on post-fire emergency seeding treatments in forested ecosystems that involved the Forest Service during the period 2000 to 2007 – an increase of 192% compared with the average spent during the previous 30 years. The percentage of the total burned area seeded averaged 21% in the 1970s, compared with only 4% between 2000 and 2007.

scholarly journals Provenance of invaders has scale-dependent impacts in a changing wetland ecosystem

NeoBiota ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 51-72
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Amatangelo ◽  
Lee Stevens ◽  
Douglas A. Wilcox ◽  
Stephen T. Jackson ◽  
Dov F. Sax
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Wetland Complex ◽  
Exotic Grass ◽  
Ecosystem Changes ◽  
Exotic Invaders ◽  
Diversity Gains ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Emergent Species

Exotic species are associated with a variety of impacts on biodiversity, but it is unclear whether impacts of exotic species differ from those of native species with similar growth forms or native species invading disturbed sites. We compared presence and abundance of native and exotic invaders with changes in wetland plant species diversity over a 28-year period by re-surveying 22 ponds to identify factors correlated with observed changes. We also compared communities found within dense patches of native and exotic emergent species with similar habits. Within patches, we found no categorical diversity differences between areas dominated by native or exotic emergent species. At the pond scale, the cover of the exotic grass Phragmitesaustralis best predicted change in diversity and evenness over time, likely owing to its significant increase in coverage over the study period. These changes in diversity and evenness were strongest in younger, less successionally-advanced ponds. Changes associated with cover of P.australis in these ponds were not consistent with expected diversity decreases, but instead with a dampening of diversity gains, such that the least-invaded ponds increased in diversity the most over the study period. There were more mixed effects on evenness, ranging from a reduction in evenness gains to actual losses of evenness in the ponds with highest invader cover. In this wetland complex, the habit, origin and invasiveness of species contribute to diversity responses in a scale- and context-dependent fashion. Future efforts to preserve diversity should focus on preventing the arrival and spread of invaders that have the potential to cover large areas at high densities, regardless of their origin. Future studies should also investigate more thoroughly how changes in diversity associated with species invasions are impacted by other ongoing ecosystem changes.

scholarly journals Hosts of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Native to the Brazilian Amazon

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina A. Gómez-Moya ◽  
Talita P. S. Lima ◽  
Elisângela G. F. Morais ◽  
Manoel G. C. Gondim Jr. ◽  
Gilberto J. De Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Instantaneous Rate ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Raoiella Indica

The expansion of red palm mite (RPM), Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Brazil could impact negatively the native plant species, especially of the family Arecaceae. To determine which species could be at risk, we investigated the development and reproductive potential of R. indica on 19 plant species including 13 native species to the Brazilian Amazon (12 Arecaceae and one Heliconiaceae), and six exotic species, four Arecaceae, a Musaceae and a Zingiberaceae. Values of the instantaneous rate of increase (ri) were initially estimated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after infestation of each species. Higher values of ri (> 0.05) were determined on the Arecaceae Adonidia merrillii, Astrocaryum jauari, Cocos nucifera, Bactris simplicifrons, Mauritia flexuosa, Phoenix dactylifera and Socratea exorrhiza, and on the Heliconiaceae Heliconia psittacorum Sassy; these were classified as “potential primary hosts”. Lower, but still positive values of ri (0-0.05) were determined on the Arecaceae Bactris maraja, Oenocarpus bacaba, Oenocarpus bataua and on the Musaceae Musa × paradisiaca (Prata variety); these were classified as “potential secondary hosts”. Negative values of ri were determined for the remaining plants, i.e., the Arecaceae Astrocaryum aculeatum, Attalea maripa, Bactris gasipaes, Elaeis guineensis, Euterpe oleracea, Euterpe precatoria, and the Zingiberaceae Alpinia rosea; these were considered “non-hosts”. Species with ri < 0.05 were considered not to be threatened by the RPM. Biological parameters of RPM were evaluated on the plant species with positive ri (except B. maraja) and two native species with negative ri (E. oleracea and E. precatoria). Mean developmental time ranged from 14.7 days on C. nucifera to 21.4 days on Musa × paradisiaca, showing a significant influence of the plant substrate. Immature viability, oviposition rate, net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were affected by the plant species.

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