Effects of a Temporary Suspension of Community-based Health Insurance in Kwara State, Nigeria
Abstract Background: Social health insurance has been widely proposed as a key strategy to improve access to healthcare and provide financial protection. The Kwara Community Health Insurance Programme (KCHIP) in Nigeria was temporarily suspended in 2016 in anticipation of the roll-out of a state-wide health insurance scheme. This article reports the adverse consequences of the scheme’s suspension on enrollees’ healthcare utilization and the associated factors with the ability to pay for care. Methods: A mixed-methods study was carried out in Kwara State, Nigeria, in 2018 using a semi-quantitative cross-sectional survey amongst 600 former KCHIP clients, and in-depth interviews with 24 clients and 29 participating public and private healthcare providers in the program. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22 while qualitative data was analyzed thematically.Results: Most of former enrollees (95.3%) kept utilizing programme facilities after the suspension, mainly because of the high quality of care. However, majority of the enrollees (95.8%) reverted to out-of-pocket (OOP) payment while 67% reported constraints in payment for healthcare services after suspension of the program. In the absence of insurance, the most common coping mechanisms for healthcare payment were personal savings (63.3%), donations from friends and families (34.7%) and loans (11.8%). Being a male enrollee (OR=1.61), living in a rural community (OR=1.77), exclusive usage of KCHIP prior to suspension (OR=1.94) and suffering an acute illness (OR=3.38) increased the odds of being financially constrained in accessing healthcare. Expectedly, the wealthy respondents were less likely (OR = 0.78) to be constrained by the suspension of the programme. All healthcare facilities in the study sample experienced a reduced patient load after suspension of the scheme. Seventeen of 29 healthcare facilities recorded a decrease in revenue, more noticeable among private facilities. Conclusion: After the suspension of the KCHIP, many enrollees and health facilities experienced financial constraints. These underscore the importance of sustainable health insurance schemes as a risk-pooling mechanism to sustain access to good quality health care and financial protection from catastrophic health expenditures. Moreover, the findings highlight the importance of effective processes to smooth the transition policy from community- to state-wide health insurance schemes.