scholarly journals Irrigation Schedules and Crop Water Requirements for Some Main Crops in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waseem Khan ◽  
Mogtaba Y. ◽  
Jamshaid Rahman ◽  
Murtada Elbashir ◽  
Ziyad AlHussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Standard Software

Abstract The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) CROPWAT 8.0 standard software and the CLIMWAT 2.0 tool affixed to it have been utilized in this study for Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia to find CWRs and irrigation plans for numerous extremely valuable crops of KSA. We were used CROPWAT P. M. method for find out the ETo and (USAD) S. C. method utilized to determine roughly effective rainfall. The analysis demonstrated that ETo change over from 2.84 mm/day in January to reach maximum 9.61 mm/day in July due to high temperature in summer with annual mean was 6.33 mm/day, effective rainfall changes from 0 mm to 53.4 mm. The total IWRs were 308.3 mm/dec, 335.9 mm/dec, 343.6 mm/dec, 853 mm/dec and 1479.6 mm/dec for Barley, Wheat, Maize, Rice and Citrus, respectively. Due to low demand in winter and high demand in summer, the total net irrigation and total gross irrigations are 210.6 mm and 147.4 mm, 176.6 mm and 123.6 mm, 204.5 mm and 143.2 mm, 163.9 mm and 114.7mm for Wheat, Barley, Citrus, and Maize respectively except rice crop. These results showed that Wheat, Barley, Citrus, Maize and Rice crops have 4, 4, 12, 4 and 12 irrigation schedules respectively in a year.

scholarly journals Topological Sustainability of Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Scheduling of Some Main Crops Based on the Penman-Monteith Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Waseem Asghar Khan ◽  
Jamshaid Ul Rahman ◽  
Mogtaba Mohammed ◽  
Ziyad Ali AlHussain ◽  
Murtada K. Elbashir
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Topological Indices ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Variable Topology ◽  
Rain Fall ◽  
Standard Software

The following method was used to apply the topology of the current study of evapotranspiration ETo, net irrigation demand, irrigation schedules, and total effective rain fall of different crop models: using the Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) CROPWAT 8.0 standard software and the CLIMWAT 2.0 tool and the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith approach to examine the variable topology of evapotranspiration ETo. Due to high temperatures in summer with an annual mean of 6.33 mm/day, the topological demonstration of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) increases from 2.84 mm/day in January to a maximum of 9.61 mm/day in July. Effective rainfall fluctuates from 0 mm to 53.4 mm. Total irrigation topological indices requirements were 308.3 mm/dec, 335.9 mm/dec, 343.6 mm/dec, 853 mm/dec, and 1479.6 mm/dec for barley, wheat, maize, rice, and citrus, respectively. The physical topological indices due to low demand in winter and high demand in summer, the total net irrigation, and gross irrigation for clay loamy soils for wheat (210.6 mm and 147.4 mm), barley (176.6 mm and 123.6 mm), citrus (204.5 mm and 143.2 mm), and maize (163.9 mm and 114.7 mm), but not for rice. This topology demonstrates that wheat has 4, barley has 4, citrus has 12, maize has 4, and rice crop has 12 irrigation schedules in a year.

Aufbereitung meteorologischer Daten zur Unterstützung einer globalen agrarmeteorologischen Beratung

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Namyslo
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cascade Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Applied Meteorology ◽  
Hermite Spline ◽  
Agricultural Meteorology

<p>Im Rahmen einer agrarmeteorologischen Beratung ist die Berechnung der Verdunstung für spezifische Agrarkulturen mit geeigneten Modellen möglichst auf einer stündlichen Zeitskala erforderlich. Im DWD ist hierzu das Modell AMBAV (Agrarmeteorologisches Modell zur Berechnung der aktuellen Verdunstung) entwickelt worden und wird für die nationale agrarmeteorologische Beratung operationell mit Vorhersagedaten und für Wirkanalysen auch mit Klimadaten verwendet. Insbesondere hinsichtlich globaler Anwendungen liegen gemessene oder mit Klimamodellen berechnete meteorologische Datenzeitreihen häufig nur für eine tägliche Zeitskala, oder als Modelldaten für ausgewählte Elemente bestenfalls in einer 6-stündigen Zeitskala, vor. Dies sind Tagesmittel oder Tagessummen (z.B. Wind bzw. Globalstrahlung und Niederschlag) sowie gegebenenfalls tägliche Extremwerte (Minimum und Maximum der Lufttemperatur, stärkste Tagesböe).</p> <p>Zur Bereitstellung stündlicher Daten aus Tagesdaten wurde daher ein Präprozessor entwickelt, der gemessene Stationsdaten (Modus „Station“) oder modellierte Daten globaler Modelle (Modus „Gitter“) verwendet. Dabei wurde vorausgesetzt, dass im Vorfeld einer Erarbeitung von zeitlichen Disaggregierungsverfahren keine umfangreichen Klimaanalysen durchgeführt werden müssen sondern weitestgehend auf Erfahrung zurückgegriffen werden kann. Vorhandene Programme (z.B. MELODIST) konnten jedoch wegen teilweise anderer Zielstellung oder Datenanforderungen nicht ohne weiteres verwendet werden. So wurde z.B. für die Tagessumme der Globalstrahlung auf das Angström-Verfahren (FAO, 1998), für den Niederschlag auf das Kaskadenverfahren nach Olsson (1998), für die Lufttemperatur auf den „sin-exp-Ansatz“ nach Parton und Logan (1981) und für den Wind auf die „normierte Böen­geschwindigkeit“ (Verkaik, 2000) zurückgegriffen. Für erforderliche Interpolationen werden das Newton-Verfahren und das „cubic hermite spline“ verwendet.</p> <p>Die vorgestellten Verfahren werden mit Stationsdaten des ZAMF und beispielhaft mit Modelldaten des GFCS für Madagaskar angewendet.</p> <p><strong>Literatur</strong></p> <p>FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 1998: Crop evaporation – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, 300 p.</p> <p>Olsson, J., 1998: Evaluation of a scaling cascade model for temporal rainfall disaggregation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2, p.19-30.</p> <p>Parton, W.J. and J.A. Logan, 1981: A model for diurnal variation in soil and air temperature. Agricultural Meteorology, 23, p.205-216.</p> <p>Verkaik, J.W., 2000: Evaluation of two gustiness models for exposure correction calculations. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 39, p.1613-1626.</p>

scholarly journals Estimation of the Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients of Bell Pepper Using a Removable Weighing Lysimeter: A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Laura Ávila-Dávila ◽  
José Miguel Molina-Martínez ◽  
Carlos Bautista-Capetillo ◽  
Manuel Soler-Méndez ◽  
Cruz Octavio Robles Rovelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Water Requirements ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Weighing Lysimeter

Water use efficiency is essential in semiarid regions of Spain, and it can be achieved through a precise knowledge of the real crop water requirements (CWR). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the CWR. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. In this work, the evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were obtained with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons (2019 and 2020). ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the crop evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The KClys average values for the bell pepper in the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and in the final stages and larger in the middle stage in comparison with the FAO-56 values and other research works values in semiarid conditions. The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with a minimum water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve the system efficiency in semiarid locations with similar conditions to those in the study.

scholarly journals Comment on "Technical Note: On the Matt–Shuttleworth approach to estimate crop water requirements" by Lhomme et al. (2014)

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 5367-5375
Author(s):  
W. J. Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Water Requirements ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations Food ◽  
Simple Equations

Abstract. It is clear from Lhomme et al. (2014) that aspects of the explanation of the Matt–Shuttleworth approach can generate confusion. Presumably this is because the description in Shuttleworth (2006) was not sufficiently explicit and simple. This paper explains the logic behind the Matt–Shuttleworth approach clearly, simply and concisely. It shows how the Matt–Shuttleworth can be implemented using a few simple equations and provides access to ancillary calculation resources that can be used for such implementation. If the crop water requirement community decided that it is preferable to use the Penman–Monteith equation to estimate crop water requirements directly for all crops, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization could now update Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56 using the Matt–Shuttleworth approach by deriving tabulated values of surface resistance from Table 12 of Allen et al. (1998), with the estimation of crop evaporation then being directly made in a one-step calculation using an equation similar to that already recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization for calculating reference crop evaporation.

scholarly journals Comment on "Technical Note: On the Matt–Shuttleworth approach to estimate crop water requirements" by Lhomme et al. (2014)

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 4403-4406 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Water Requirements ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations Food ◽  
Simple Equations

Abstract. It is clear from Lhomme et al. (2014) that aspects of the explanation of the Matt–Shuttleworth approach can generate confusion. Presumably this is because the description in Shuttleworth (2006) was not sufficiently explicit and simple. This paper explains the logic behind the Matt–Shuttleworth approach clearly, simply and concisely. It shows how the Matt–Shuttleworth can be implemented using a few simple equations and provides access to ancillary calculation resources that can be used for such implementation. If the crop water requirement community decided that it is preferable to use the Penman–Monteith equation to estimate crop water requirements directly for all crops, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization could now update Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56 using the Matt–Shuttleworth approach by deriving tabulated values of surface resistance from Table 12 of Allen et al. (1998), with the estimation of crop evaporation then being directly made in a one-step calculation using an equation similar to that already recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization for calculating reference crop evaporation.

Research Dry Crop and Irrigation Water Requirement in Environment Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 961-965
Author(s):  
Xin Hua Wang ◽  
Mei Hua Guo ◽  
Hui Mei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Water Requirements ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

According to Kunming 1980-2010 monthly weather data and CROPWAT software and the corresponding crop data, crop water requirements and irrigation water use are calculated. By frequency analysis, irrigation water requirement was get for different guaranteed rate. The results show that: corn, potatoes, tobacco, and soybeans average crop water requirements were 390.7mm, 447.9mm, 361.8mm and 328.4mm, crop water dispersion coefficient is small, period effective rainfall during crop growth in most of the year can meet the crop water requirements, so irrigation water demand is small. While the multi-year average crop water requirements were 400.8mm, 353.5mm, 394.3mm for small spring crops of wheat, beans, rape. Because the effective rainfall for these crops during growth period is relative less, crop irrigation water requirements for small spring crop is much. Vegetables and flowers are plant around the year, so the crop water and irrigation water requirements are the largest.

scholarly journals Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Schedules for Some Major Crops in Southern Iraq

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewaid ◽  
Abed ◽  
Al-Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Water Requirements ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Southern Iraq

The climate of Iraq is of the subtropical semi-dry type; however, the country was rich in water resources until a few decades ago. Climate change and the construction of many dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the neighboring countries have caused water shortages and poor water quality. Now, there is a need to decrease consumption, improve management of water resources, and determine the water requirements of the major crops because agriculture is the first consumer of water in Iraq. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) CROPWAT 8.0 simulation software and the CLIMWAT 2.0 tool attached to it have been used in this research for Dhi-Qar Province in southern Iraq to find the crop water requirements (CWRs) and irrigation schedules for some major crops. The CROPWAT Penman–Monteith method was used to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil conservation (S.C.) method was used to estimate the effective rainfall. The study results showed that ET0 varied from 2.18 to 10.5 mm/day and the effective rainfall varied from 0.0 to 23.1 mm. The irrigation requirements were 1142, 203.2, 844.8, and 1180 mm/dec for wheat, barley, white corn, and tomatoes, respectively. There is a higher water demand for crops during the dry seasons (summer and autumn) and a lower demand during the wet seasons (winter and spring). The total gross irrigation and the total net irrigation were 343.8 mm and 240.7 mm for wheat, 175.2 mm and 122.6 mm for barley, 343.8 mm and 240.7 mm for white corn, and 203.3 mm and 142.3 mm for tomatoes. This study proved that the CROPWAT model is useful for calculating the crop irrigation needs for the proper management of water resources.

scholarly journals Arabian ungulates—their status and future protection

Oryx ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushal Habibi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Northern Province ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Status ◽  
Main Factors

Ungulate populations are at a low ebb in Saudi Arabia. Indiscriminate hunting and habitat degradation are the main factors causing population declines in three of the five endemic species. The author collected information on the status of these animals while working as a wildlife ecologist for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in the northern province of Al-Jouf.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on the Water Requirements of Oat in Northeast and North China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Jia ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Xiaogang Yin ◽  
Mengfei Shang ◽  
Fu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change

Crop water requirements are directly affected by climatic variability, especially for crops grown in the areas which are sensitive to climatic change. Based on the SIMETAW model and a long-term meteorological dataset, we evaluated the spatiotemporal variations of climatic change impacts on water requirement of oat in North and Northeast China. The results indicated that effective rainfall showed an increasing trend, while the crop water requirement and irrigation demand presented decreasing trends over the past decades. The water requirement of oat showed significant longitudinal and latitudinal spatial variations, with a downtrend from north to south and uptrend from east to west. Climatic factors have obviously changed in the growth season of oat, with upward trends in the average temperature and precipitation, and downward trends in the average wind speed, sunshine hours, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Declines in solar radiation and wind speed, accompanied with the increase in effective rainfall, have contributed to the reduced crop water requirement over these decades. Given the complex dynamic of climate change, when studying the impact of climate change on crop water requirements, we should not only consider single factors such as temperature or rainfall, we need to analyze the comprehensive effects of various climatic factors.

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