scholarly journals Metabolic Adaptation Delays Time to Reach Weight Loss Goals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catia Martins ◽  
Barbara Gower ◽  
Gary Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Dietary Adherence ◽  
Weight Loss Goal ◽  
Composition Changes

Abstract BackgroundThe clinical relevance of metabolic adaptation remains to be fully determined, but its role as a driver of weight regain has been dismissed. It could be hypothesized that metabolic adaptation increases the length of time needed to reach weight loss goals. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine if metabolic adaptation, at the level of resting metabolic rate (RMR), is associated with time to reach weight loss goals, after adjusting for confounders. Methods65 premenopausal women with overweight (BMI: 28.6±1.5 kg/m2; age: 36.4±5.9 years; 36 Whites and 29 Blacks) followed an 800 kcal/day diet until body mass index ≤25 kg/m2. Body weight and composition (4 compartment model (4CM) and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) and RMR (indirect calorimetry) were measured at baseline and after weight loss (after a 4-week weight stabilization period). Dietary adherence was calculated from total energy expenditure (TEE) determined by double labeled water measures and DXA body composition changes. Metabolic adaptation was defined as a significantly lower measured vs predicted RMR (from own regression model using 4CM data). A regression model to predict time to reach weight loss goals was developed including baseline body weight, baseline TEE, dietary adherence and metabolic adaptation as predictors. ResultsParticipants lost on average 12.5±3.1 kg (16.1±3.4%) over 155.1±49.2 days. Average dietary adherence was 63.6±31.0%. There was significant metabolic adaptation after weight loss (-46±113 kcal/day, P=0.002) and this variable was a significant predictor of time to reach weight loss goal (β=-0.1, P=0.033), even after adjusting for confounders (R2 adjusted = 0.59, P<0.001). ConclusionIn premenopausal women with overweight, metabolic adaptation after a 16% weight loss increases the length of time necessary to achieve weight loss goals. Trial registration ID (JULIET study)NCT00067873

scholarly journals Metabolic adaptation is associated with less weight and fat mass loss in response to low-energy diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catia Martins ◽  
Jessica Roekenes ◽  
Barbara A. Gower ◽  
Gary R. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Dietary Adherence ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography

Abstract Background The practical relevance of metabolic adaptation remains a controversial issue. To the best of our knowledge, no study has properly evaluated the role of metabolic adaptation in modulating weight loss outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between metabolic adaptation, at the level of resting metabolic rate (RMR), and weight and fat mass (FM) loss after low-energy diets (LED), after adjusting for dietary adherence and other confounders. Methods 71 individuals with obesity (BMI: 34.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2; age: 45.4 ± 8.2 years; 33 males) were randomized to one of three 1000 kcal/day diets for 8 weeks. Body weight, FM and fat-free mass (FFM) (air displacement plethysmography), RMR (indirect calorimetry) and physical activity level (PAL) (armbands) were measured at baseline and at week 9. Metabolic adaptation at week 9 was defined as measured RMR minus predicted RMR at week 9. An equation to predict RMR was derived from baseline data of all participants that were part of this analysis and included age, sex, FM and FFM as predictors. Dietary adherence was calculated from RMR, PAL and body composition changes. Linear regression was used to assess the potential role of metabolic adaptation in predicting weight and FM loss after adjusting for dietary adherence, average PAL, sex, baseline FM and FFM and randomization group. Results Participants lost on average 14 ± 4 kg of body weight (13 ± 3%) and presented with metabolic adaptation (−92 ± 110 kcal/day, P < 0.001). Metabolic adaptation was a significant predictor of both weight (β = −0.009, P < 0.001) and FM loss (β = −0.008, P < 0.001), even after adjusting for confounders (R2 = 0.88, 0.93, respectively, P < 0.001 for both). On average, an increase in metabolic adaptation of 50 kcal/day was associated with a 0.5 kg lower weight and FM loss in response to the LED. Conclusion In individuals with obesity, metabolic adaptation at the level of RMR is associated with less weight and FM loss in response to LED. Trial registration ID: NCT02944253.

scholarly journals Usefulness of different techniques for measuring body composition changes during weight loss in overweight and obese women

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia S. Minderico ◽  
Analiza M. Silva ◽  
Kathleen Keller ◽  
Teresa L. Branco ◽  
Sandra S. Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Weight Loss Programme ◽  
Composition Changes

The objective was to compare measures from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry with a reference four-compartment model to estimate fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) changes in overweight and obese women after a weight-loss programme. Forty-eight women (age 39.8 ± 5.8 years; weight 79·2 ± 11·8 kg; BMI 30·7 ± 3·6 kg/m2) were studied in an out-patient weight-loss programme, before and after the 16-month intervention. Women attended weekly meetings for the first 4 months, followed by monthly meetings from 4 to 12 months. Body composition variables were measured by the following techniques: DXA, anthropometry (waist circumference-based model; Antrform), BIA using Tanita (TBF-310) and Omron (BF300) and a reference four-compartment model. Body weight decreased significantly ( − 3·3 (sd3·1) kg) across the intervention. At baseline and after the intervention, FM, percentage FM and FFM assessed by Antrform, Tanita, BF300 and DXA differed significantly from the reference method (P ≤ 0·001), with the exception of FFM assessed by Tanita (baselineP = 0·071 and afterP = 0·007). DXA significantly overestimated the change in FM and percentage FM across weight loss ( − 4·5v. − 3·3 kg;P < 0·001 and − 3·7v. − 2·0 %;P < 0·001, respectively), while Antrform underestimated FM and percentage FM ( − 2·8v. − 3·3 kg;P = 0·043 and − 1·1v. − 2·0 %;P = 0·013) compared with the four-compartment model. Tanita and BF300 did not differ (P>0·05) from the reference model in any body composition variables. We conclude that these methods are widely used in clinical settings, but should not be applied interchangeably to detect changes in body composition. Furthermore, the several clinical methods were not accurate enough for tracking body composition changes in overweight and obese premenopausal women after a weight-loss programme.

scholarly journals Metabolic adaptation is not a major barrier to weight-loss maintenance

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catia Martins ◽  
Barbara A Gower ◽  
James O Hill ◽  
Gary R Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Regain ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Fat Mass Loss ◽  
Weight Stability

ABSTRACT Background The existence of metabolic adaptation, at the level of resting metabolic rate (RMR), remains highly controversial, likely due to lack of standardization of participants’ energy balance. Moreover, its role as a driver of relapse remains unproven. Objective The main aim was to determine if metabolic adaptation at the level of RMR was present after weight loss and at 1- and 2-y follow-up, with measurements taken under condition of weight stability. A secondary aim was to investigate race differences in metabolic adaptation after weight loss and if this phenomenon was associated with weight regain. Methods A total of 171 overweight women [BMI (kg/m2): 28.3 ± 1.3; age: 35.2 ± 6.3 y; 88 whites and 83 blacks] enrolled in a weight-loss program to achieve a BMI &lt;25, and were followed for 2 y. Body weight and composition (4-compartment model) and RMR (indirect calorimetry) were measured after 4 wk of weight stability at baseline, after weight loss and at 1 and 2 y. Metabolic adaptation was defined as a significantly lower measured compared with predicted RMR (from own regression model). Results Participants lost, on average, 12 ± 2.6 kg and regained 52% ± 38% and 89% ± 54% of their initial weight lost at 1 and 2 y follow-up, respectively. Metabolic adaptation was found after weight loss (−54 ± 105 kcal/d; P &lt; 0.001), with no difference between races and was positively correlated with fat-mass loss, but not with weight regain, overall. In a subset of women (n = 46) with data at all time points, metabolic adaptation was present after weight loss, but not at 1- or 2-y follow-up (−43 ± 119, P = 0.019; −18 ± 134, P = 0.380; and − 19 ± 166, P = 0.438 kcal/day respectively). Conclusions In overweight women, metabolic adaptation at the level of RMR is minimal when measurements are taken under conditions of weight stability and does not predict weight regain up to 2 years follow-up. The JULIET study is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00067873 as NCT00067873.

scholarly journals Impact of Experimentally Induced Cognitive Dietary Restraint on Eating Behavior Traits, Appetite Sensations, and Markers of Stress during Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Morin ◽  
Catherine Bégin ◽  
Julie Maltais-Giguère ◽  
Alexandra Bédard ◽  
André Tchernof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Weight loss has been associated with changes in eating behaviors and appetite sensations that favor a regain in body weight. Since traditional weight loss approaches emphasize the importance of increasing cognitive dietary restraint (CDR) to achieve negative energy imbalance, it is difficult to untangle the respective contributions of energy restriction and increases in CDR on factors that can eventually lead to body weight regain. The present study aimed at comparing the effects of energy restriction alone or in combination with experimentally induced CDR on eating behavior traits, appetite sensations, and markers of stress in overweight and obese women. We hypothesized that the combination of energy restriction and induced CDR would lead to more prevalent food cravings, increased appetite sensations, and higher cortisol concentrations than when energy restriction is not coupled with induced CDR. A total of 60 premenopausal women (mean BMI: 32.0 kg/m2; mean age: 39.4 y) were provided with a low energy density diet corresponding to 85% of their energy needs during a 4-week fully controlled period. At the same time, women were randomized to either a condition inducing an increase in CDR (CDR+ group) or a condition in which CDR was not induced (CRD− group). Eating behavior traits (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Food Craving Questionnaire), appetite sensations (after standardized breakfast), and markers of stress (Perceived Stress Scale; postawakening salivary cortisol) were measured before (T = 0 week) and after (T = 4 weeks) the 4-week energy restriction, as well as 3 months later. There was an increase in CDR in the CDR+ group while no such change was observed in the CDR− group (p=0.0037). No between-group differences were observed for disinhibition, hunger, cravings, appetite sensations, perceived stress, and cortisol concentrations. These results suggest that a slight increase in CDR has no negative impact on factors regulating energy balance in the context of energy restriction.

Increased circadian prolactin release is blunted after body weight loss in obese premenopausal women

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. E218-E224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Kok ◽  
Ferdinand Roelfsema ◽  
Janneke G. Langendonk ◽  
Caroline C. de Wit ◽  
Marijke Frölich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Very Low Calorie Diet ◽  
Burst Frequency ◽  
Dopamine 2 Receptor ◽  
Plasma Prl

We recently showed that prolactin (PRL) release is considerably enhanced in obese women in proportion to the size of their visceral fat mass. PRL release is inhibited by dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) activation, and dietary restriction/weight loss are associated with increased dopaminergic signaling in animals. Therefore, we hypothesized that enhanced PRL release in obese humans would be reversed by weight loss. To evaluate this postulate, we measured 24-h plasma PRL concentrations at 10-min intervals in 11 obese premenopausal women (BMI 33.3 ± 0.7 kg/m2) before and after weight loss (50% reduction of overweight/15% absolute weight loss, using a very low-calorie diet) in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. The 24-h PRL concentration profiles were analyzed by a peak detection program (Cluster) and a wave form-independent deconvolution technique (Pulse). Spontaneous 24-h PRL secretion was significantly reduced in obese women [mean daily release, before 128 ± 24 vs. after weight loss 110 ± 17 μg/liter distribution volume (Vdl)−1 × 24 h, P = 0.05]. Body weight loss particularly blunted PRL secretory burst mass (Pulse area, before 230 ± 28 vs. after weight loss 221 ± 31 μg/Vdl−1 × 24 h, P = 0.03), whereas burst frequency was unaffected (no. of pulses, before 11 ± 1 vs. after weight loss 12 ± 1 n/24 h, P = 0.69). Thus elevated PRL secretion rate in obese women is significantly reduced after loss of 50% of overweight. We speculate that amelioration of deficit D2R-mediated neurotransmission and/or diminutions of circulating leptin/estrogen levels might be involved in the physiology of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Impact of Hepatic Steatosis on Resting Metabolic Rate and Metabolic Adaptation in Response to Intentional Weight Loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 1347-1355
Author(s):  
Vikrant P. Rachakonda ◽  
James P. DeLany ◽  
Erin E. Kershaw ◽  
Jaideep Behari
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Intentional Weight Loss

Visceral fat accumulation in obese subjects: relation to energy expenditure and response to weight loss

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (5) ◽  
pp. E913-E919 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Leenen ◽  
K. van der Kooy ◽  
P. Deurenberg ◽  
J. C. Seidell ◽  
J. A. Weststrate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Visceral Fat Accumulation ◽  
Obese Subjects

Seventy-eight healthy obese subjects, 40 premenopausal women and 38 men aged 27-51 yr received a 4.2 MJ/day energy-deficit diet for 13 wk. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were measured by indirect calorimetry. Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat areas were calculated from magnetic resonance imaging scans before and after weight loss. Before weight loss, visceral fat accumulation was positively correlated with higher levels of RMR (P < 0.05) and DIT (P < 0.01) in women but not in men. The mean weight reduction was 12.2 +/- 3.5 (SD) kg. In men but not in women, an initially large visceral fat depot was associated with a reduced loss of weight and total fat mass (P < 0.05). Within each sex, an initial abundance of visceral fat was significantly related to a larger loss of visceral fat (P < 0.001) and in men to a smaller loss of subcutaneous fat (P < 0.05). These results suggest that there may be gender differences in the associations between visceral fat accumulation and components of energy expenditure (RMR and DIT) in obese subjects. Obese subjects with an initial abundance of visceral fat do not lose more body weight but more visceral fat than subjects with less visceral fat.

scholarly journals A sympathetic gut connection drives the metabolic benefits of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Cell Stress ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Mohammed K. Hankir
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Recent Issue ◽  
White Fat

Surgery is regarded by many as the go-to treatment option for severe obesity; yet how physically altering the gastrointestinal tract produces such striking results on body weight and overall metabolic health is poorly understood. In a recent issue of Cell Reports Ye et al. (2020) compare mouse models of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), the two most commonly performed weight loss surgeries in the clinic today, to show that the former reconfiguring procedure selectively increases resting metabolic rate through splanchnic nerve-mediated browning of mesenteric white fat. More significantly, they demonstrate that this effect for RYGB is required for the maintained negative energy balance and improved glycemic control that it confers.

Diet and body weight loss in the rat during calorie restriction

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Peter B. Karch ◽  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

With adult male rats, experiments were carried out to ascertain the different effects, if any, of isocaloric diets high in carbohydrate, fat, or protein fed in restricted amounts of 9 g per rat per day on body weight loss and composition. It was observed that the nature of the diet did not alter rate, amount, or composition of body weight loss when fed in restricted amount for a period of 12 days. Further, the nature of the diet did not alter significantly the following parameters during restriction: water intake, urine volume, resting metabolic rate, spontaneous activity, urine and feces calorie values. In an experiment with hypothalamic-obese rats, the body weight loss and composition were not significantly different among the dietary-restricted groups. An important observation in this experiment was that as body fat decreased markedly owing to restricted feeding, body water increased markedly and counterbalanced approximately 60% of the potential weight loss due to the decrease in body fat. Our reported observations do not support the hypothesis that the composition of the diet may determine the rate and amount of body weight loss as a consequence of restricted food intake. They do support the hypothesis that the calorie intake, not the nature of the source of calories, determines the rate and amount of weight loss, at least for relatively short periods of food restriction.

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