scholarly journals Spatial, Temporal, and Spatiotemporal Variation of Malaria Incidence and Risk Factors in West Gojjam Zone From 1 July 2013- 30 June 2018, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eniyew Tegegne Bayih ◽  
Kassahun Alemu Gelaye ◽  
Awrajaw Dessie Zeleke ◽  
Alebachew Shimelash Damtew ◽  
Biachew Asmare Asmare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
West Gojjam ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
West Gojjam Zone

Abstract Background: Malaria is a life-threatening acute febrile illness which is affecting the lives of millions globally. Its distribution is characterized by spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity making detection of the space-time distribution and mapping high-risk areas useful to effectively targeting hot spots of malaria for intervention. Methods : Time series cross sectional study was conducted using data obtained from weekly malaria surveillance reports stored in the Amhara Public Health Institute from 1 July 2013-30 June 2018. Climatic variables were obtained from West Amhara Meteorological Agency. All districts were included and geo-coded and the spatial data was created in ArcGIS10.2.2 software. Global and local spatial autocorrelation were used to test the hypothesis and to detect hot spots respectively. The Poisson model was fitted to determine the purely spatial, temporal, and space-time clusters using SaTScan™9.6 software. Spearman correlation, bivariate, and multivariable negative binomial regressions were used to analyze the relation of the climatic factors to count of malaria incidence. Result: The study revealed spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of malaria incidence. Jabitenan, Quarit, Sekela, Bure, and Wonberma were high rate spatial cluster of malaria incidence hierarchically. Spatiotemporal clusters were detected. A temporal scan statistic identified one risk period from 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2015. Monthly average temperature was positively but monthly average rainfall and monthly average relative humidity were negatively correlated to count of malaria incidence at all lag-months. The adjusted incidence rate ratio showed that monthly average temperature and monthly average rainfall were independent predictors for malaria incidence at all lag-months. Monthly average relative humidity was significant at 2 months lag. Conclusion: Malaria incidence had shown spatial, temporal, spatiotemporal variability in West Gojjam zone. Mean monthly temperature and rainfall were directly and inversely associated to count of malaria incidence respectively. Considering these space-time variations and risk factors (temperature and rainfall) would be useful for the prevention and control and ultimately achieve elimination. Keywords: Spatiotemporal Variation, Malaria Incidence, Risk Factor, West Gojjam, Ethiopia

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Distribution of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Guangdong Province, China and Potential Predictors, 2009–2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijing Wang ◽  
Yingsi Lai ◽  
Zhicheng Du ◽  
Wangjian Zhang ◽  
Chenyang Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Average Relative Humidity

Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease among children. Guangdong Province is one of the most severely affected provinces in south China. This study aims to identify the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and potential predictors of HFMD in Guangdong Province and provide a theoretical basis for the disease control and prevention. Methods: Case-based HFMD surveillance data from 2009 to 2012 was obtained from the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). The Bayesian spatiotemporal model was used to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations of HFMD and identify the potential association with meteorological and socioeconomic factors. Results: Spatially, areas with higher relative risk (RR) of HFMD tended to be clustered around the Pearl River Delta region (the mid-east of the province). Temporally, we observed that the risk of HFMD peaked from April to July and October to December each year and detected an upward trend between 2009 and 2012. There was positive nonlinear enhancement between spatial and temporal effects, and the distribution of relative risk in space was not fixed, which had an irregular fluctuating trend in each month. The risk of HFMD was significantly associated with monthly average relative humidity (RR: 1.015, 95% CI: 1.006–1.024), monthly average temperature (RR: 1.045, 95% CI: 1.021–1.069), and monthly average rainfall (RR: 1.004, 95% CI: 1.001–1.008), but not significantly associated with average GDP. Conclusions: The risk of HFMD in Guangdong showed significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. There was spatiotemporal interaction in the relative risk of HFMD. Adding a spatiotemporal interaction term could well explain the change of spatial effect with time, thus increasing the goodness of fit of the model. Meteorological factors, such as monthly average relative humidity, monthly average temperature, and monthly average rainfall, might be the driving factors of HFMD.

Impact of Climate Conditions on Field Reliability of Vehicles

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 3335-3339 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jiang ◽  
Ya Xi Liao ◽  
Chen Lei Fei
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Management ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Steel Mill ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Field Reliability

This paper deal with an analysis of impact of climate conditions on field reliability of vehicles. Two case studies are presented. One case study deals with four heavy vehicles used in a steel mill in Guangzhou, China; and the other deals with 22 buses operated in Changsha, China. The field reliability is measured by monthly average MTBF; the climate conditions are described by monthly average temperature, monthly average relative humidity, and monthly average rainfall. The influence of these variables on the reliability of the vehicles is quantitatively analyzed. It is concluded that the climate conditions have a significant influence on the reliability of the vehicles and the influence can be different in different sites. The analysis is useful for the operational and maintenance management of the vehicles.

scholarly journals Climatic Variables of 50 Years and their Trends over Rajshahi and Rangpur Division

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Ferdous ◽  
MA Baten
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

An agro-climatic study was conducted at three regions of Rajshahi division with 50 (1961-2010) years of climatic data (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and sunshine) to observe the climatic variability. The annual average temperature was showed decreasing trends over Rajshahi, Rangpur and Dinajpur regions by 0.0134, 0.0262 and 0.01180C/year. Annual average rainfall showed increasing trends over Rangpur and Dinajpur region by 14.971, 18.673mm/year and decreasing trends over Rajshahi region by 3.0698mm/year. Average relative humidity was showed increasing trends over Rajshahi, and Dinajpur region by 0.0261, and 0.0269%/year. Over Rangpur region, the decreasing trend was observed by 0.0599%/year. Decreasing trends of sunshine were observed for all regions. Distributions of regional average of climate factors in the study area were observed TRangpur> TRajshahi> TDinajpur, RRangpur> RDinajpur> RRajshahi, RHRangpur> RHDinajpur> RHRajshahi and SDinajpur> SRajshahi> SRangpur for temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and sunshine, respectively.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10165J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 4(2): 147-150, 2011

scholarly journals Influential factors and spatial–temporal distribution of tuberculosis in mainland China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Bie ◽  
Xijian Hu ◽  
Huiguo Zhang ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Zhihui Dou
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Tuberculosis Prevention ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that threatens human safety. Mainland China is an area with a high incidence of tuberculosis, and the task of tuberculosis prevention and treatment is arduous. This paper aims to study the impact of seven influencing factors and spatial–temporal distribution of the relative risk (RR) of tuberculosis in mainland China using the spatial–temporal distribution model and INLA algorithm. The relative risks and confidence intervals (CI) corresponding to average relative humidity, monthly average precipitation, monthly average sunshine duration and monthly per capita GDP were 1.018 (95% CI 1.001–1.034), 1.014 (95% CI 1.006–1.023), 1.026 (95% CI 1.014–1.039) and 1.025 (95% CI 1.011–1.040). The relative risk for average temperature and pressure were 0.956 (95% CI 0.942–0.969) and 0.767 (95% CI 0.664–0.875). Spatially, the two provinces with the highest relative risks are Xinjiang and Guizhou, and the remaining provinces with higher relative risks were mostly concentrated in the Northwest and South China regions. Temporally, the relative risk decreased year by year from 2013 to 2015. It was higher from February to May each year and was most significant in March. It decreased from June to December. Average relative humidity, monthly average precipitation, monthly average sunshine duration and monthly per capita GDP had positive effects on the relative risk of tuberculosis. The average temperature and pressure had negative effects. The average wind speed had no significant effect. Mainland China should adapt measures to local conditions and develop tuberculosis prevention and control strategies based on the characteristics of different regions and time.

scholarly journals Fine-Resolved, Near-Coastal Spatiotemporal Variation of Temperature in Response to Insolation

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1208-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki Vercauteren ◽  
Georgia Destouni ◽  
Carl Johan Dahlberg ◽  
Kristoffer Hylander
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Diurnal Temperature Variation

AbstractThis study uses GIS-based modeling of incoming solar radiation to quantify fine-resolved spatiotemporal responses of monthly average temperature, and diurnal temperature variation, at different times and locations within a field study area located on the eastern coast of Sweden. Near-surface temperatures are measured by a network of temperature sensors during the spring and summer of 2011 and then used as the basis for model development and testing. The modeling of finescale spatiotemporal variation considers topography, distance from the sea, and observed variations in atmospheric conditions, accounting for site latitude, elevation, surface orientation, daily and seasonal shifts in sun angle, and effects of shadows from surrounding topography. The authors find a lag time between insolation and subsequent temperature response that follows an exponential decay from coastal to inland locations. They further develop a linear regression model that accounts for this lag time in quantifying fine-resolved spatiotemporal temperature evolution. This model applies in the considered growing season for spatial distribution across the studied near-coastal landscape.

scholarly journals Seasonal Influence of Insolation on Fine-Resolved Air Temperature Variation and Snowmelt

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki Vercauteren ◽  
Steve W. Lyon ◽  
Georgia Destouni
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Seasonal Influence ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Snow Cover Duration

AbstractThis study uses GIS-based modeling of incoming solar radiation to quantify fine-resolved spatiotemporal responses of year-round monthly average temperature within a field study area located on the eastern coast of Sweden. A network of temperature sensors measures surface and near-surface air temperatures during a year from June 2011 to June 2012. Strong relationships between solar radiation and temperature exhibited during the growing season (supporting previous work) break down in snow cover and snowmelt periods. Surface temperature measurements are here used to estimate snow cover duration, relating the timing of snowmelt to low performance of an existing linear model developed for the investigated site. This study demonstrates that linearity between insolation and temperature 1) may only be valid for solar radiation levels above a certain threshold and 2) is affected by the consumption of incoming radiation during snowmelt.

scholarly journals Interannual dynamics in intensity of mesoscale hydroxyl nightglow variations over Almaty

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
А. Попов ◽  
A. Popov ◽  
Николай Гаврилов ◽  
Nikolay Gavrilov ◽  
А. Андреев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Rotational Temperature ◽  
Internal Gravity Waves ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Seasonal And Interannual Variations

The method of digital difference filters is applied to the data analysis of SATI observations of hydroxyl nightglow intensity and rotational temperature at altitudes 85–90 km over Almaty (43°03' N, 76°58' E), Kazakhstan, in 2010–2017. We examine seasonal and interannual variations in monthly average values and standard deviations of variations with periods 0.4–5.4 hrs, which may be associated with internal gravity waves in the mesopause region. The monthly average temperature near the mesopause has a maximum in winter and a minimum in June. The monthly average intensity has an additional maximum in June. Standard deviation of mesoscale rotational temperature variations and characteristics of internal gravity waves are maximum in spring and autumn. The spring maximum of mesoscale OH emission intensity variations is shifted to June. Interannual variations and multi-year trends of OH rotational temperature and emission intensity may differ in detail. This may be connected with seasonal and long-term variations in the complex system of the photochemical processes, which produce the OH nightglow.

scholarly journals An Investigation into Teachers Practices of Teaching Early Reading and Practical problems in Its Implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Minwuyelet Andualem Desta
Keyword(s):  
Phonemic Awareness ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
English Language ◽  
Early Reading ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Oral Fluency ◽  
West Gojjam ◽  
English Language Teachers ◽  
West Gojjam Zone

The purpose of this study was to investigate practices of teaching early reading, and challenges teachers face in its implementation at the Ethiopian primary schools. The study was carried out in 224 grade two government primary schools found in the Amhara National regional State, west Gojjam zone, Ethiopia, in 2019/2020 academic year. To attain this objective, a descriptive research design was employed. The participants of the study were 112 English language teachers enrolled in the primary schools at Dembecha woreda, Jiga woreda, Jabitehinan woreda, and Bure woreda in west Gojjam zone. Interview, questionnaire, and observation were used to gather data. The findings revealed that teachers failed to practice the teaching of early reading in line with the purposes and principles of teaching early reading. Teachers used traditional way of teaching approach in teaching reading. The study also showed that teachers are deficiently trained regarding phonological awareness, alphabetic principle, reading comprehension, oral fluency, vocabulary, and phonemic awareness. Besides, lack of teachers training, lack of materials, and unrelated educational qualification were major impediments of teachers while implementing teaching early reading. Finally, it was recommended that teachers be given trainings about methods of English language teaching in general, and teaching early reading in particular.

scholarly journals Predictors of tuberculosis infection among adults visiting anti-retroviral treatment center in East and West Gojjam zone, northwest, Ethiopia, 2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtamu Belew Mera ◽  
Moges Wubie ◽  
Getaye Tizazu ◽  
Abebaw Bitew ◽  
Tesfa Birlew
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
West Gojjam ◽  
East And West ◽  
Alcohol Users ◽  
West Gojjam Zone

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is a serious health risk, for people living with human immune deficiency virus worldwide, and the burden of TB/HIV infection is still high in Ethiopia in particular. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the predictors of tuberculosis infection among adults visiting anti-retroviral treatment center in East and West Gojjam Zone, northwest, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based unmatched case-control study was employed to determine the predictors of tuberculosis infection among adults visiting anti-retroviral treatment center in East and West Gojjam Zone, Northwest, Ethiopia from March 7-April 15, 2017. A total of 552 participants were participated in the study (139 Cases and 413 controls). Cases were confirmed with active TB and infected HIV, and controls were HIV positive adults with non-TB. All cases in each health facility who confirmed by acid-fast bacilli, culture and gene expert were considered as TB positive. However, controls were selected by using simple random sampling technique through the above diagnostic criteria and the data were collected with Face to face interview as well as patient medical record were utilized, and the quality of the data were assured, checked, coded, cleaned and entered in EPI-Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for the analysis. Result: Of the total sample (556), just about 552(99.2%) were participated in the study among this 47.5% were females and 58.9% were rural. Behavioral and modifiable biological risk factors: alcohol users (AOR=2.33; 95%CI:1.34,4.07),BMI<18.5kg/m2 (AOR=3.03;95%CI:1.79,5.14), CD4 count ≤200 cells/µl (AOR=2.34;95%CI:1.89,2.79) and between 201-499 cells/µl (AOR=2.63; 95%CI: 1.01,6.84), bedridden and ambulatory (AOR=3.3;95%CI:1.70,6.29 and AOR=8.2;95%CI:4.34,15.64),respectively. TB history in the family (AOR=3.00; 95%CI: 1.57, 5.74) were predictors for TB infection. Taking CPT (AOR=0.36; 95%CI: 0.21, 0.62) and having early WHO clinical stage I or II (AOR=0.34; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.56) had protective effect against TB infection. Conclusion: From this study, it has been concluded that alcohol users, BMI<18.5kg/m², CD4 count <499 cells/µl, bedridden and ambulatory and TB history were highly associated in TB-HIV co-infected adults. Strengthen screening more frequently, CPT Prophlaxysis and treated promptly important to reduce TB co-morbidity.

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