scholarly journals Effect of diacutaneous fibrolysis on the muscular properties of Gastrocnemius muscle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos López-de-Celis ◽  
Albert Pérez-Bellmunt ◽  
Elena Bueno-Gracia ◽  
Pablo Fanlo-Mazas ◽  
Carlos Antonio Zárate-Tejero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background: Diacutaneous fibrolysis is a noninvasive technique that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders such as shoulder pain, lateral epicondylalgia, patellofemoral pain syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome. However, while diacutaneous fibrolysis is applied to soft tissue, its effects on muscular properties are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of diacutaneous fibrolysis on muscle properties as measured by tensiomyography and myotonometry in asymptomatic subjects. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial with a blinded evaluator was performed. A single session of diacutaneous fibrolysis on the gastrocnemius muscle was applied to one limb (treated limb group) and the other limb was the control (control limb group). Subjects were assessed with tensiomyography and myotonometry before treatment (T0), after treatment (T1) and 30 minutes later (T2). The primary outcomes were tensiomyography and myotonometry variables. The intra-group comparison was performed with repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test or Freidman test with Wilcoxon post hoc test. In the between-group comparisons, a paired t test or Wilcoxon test was used. Results: The treated limb group showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.014) in tensiomyography parameters. A decrease in rigidity and increase in relaxation was also observed on myotonometry at T1, with some of the effects being maintained at T2. Rigidity and relaxation at T1 were statistically significant between groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: A single session of diacutaneous fibrolysis to the gastrocnemius muscle of asymptomatic subjects produced immediate changes in muscle properties. These changes were maintained 30 minutes after the application of the technique. Trial registration: NCT03963674. Keywords: Diacutaneous Fibrolysis, Tensiomyography, Myotonometry.

scholarly journals Effect of diacutaneous fibrolysis on the muscular properties of gastrocnemius muscle

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243225
Author(s):  
Carlos López-de-Celis ◽  
Albert Pérez-Bellmunt ◽  
Elena Bueno-Gracia ◽  
Pablo Fanlo-Mazas ◽  
Carlos Antonio Zárate-Tejero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Lateral Epicondylalgia ◽  
Control Limb ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects

Diacutaneous fibrolysis is a noninvasive technique that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders such as shoulder pain, lateral epicondylalgia, patellofemoral pain syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome. However, while diacutaneous fibrolysis is applied to soft tissue, its effects on muscular properties are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of diacutaneous fibrolysis on muscle properties as measured by tensiomyography and myotonometry in asymptomatic subjects. An analytical descriptive study was performed. A single session of diacutaneous fibrolysis on the gastrocnemius muscle was applied to one limb (treated limb group) and the other limb was the control (control limb group). Subjects were assessed with tensiomyography and myotonometry before treatment (T0), after treatment (T1) and 30 minutes later (T2). The primary outcomes were tensiomyography and myotonometry variables. The treated limb group showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in tensiomyography parameters. A decrease in rigidity and increase in relaxation was also observed on myotonometry at T1, with some of the effects being maintained at T2. Rigidity and relaxation at T1 were statistically significant between groups (p<0.05). A single session of diacutaneous fibrolysis to the gastrocnemius muscle of asymptomatic subjects produced immediate changes in muscle properties. These changes were maintained 30 minutes after the application of the technique.

scholarly journals Kinesio Taping and the Circulation and Endurance Ratio of the Gastrocnemius Muscle

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah L. Stedge ◽  
Ryan M. Kroskie ◽  
Carrie L. Docherty
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Water Displacement ◽  
Kinesio Taping

Context Kinesio Tex tape is a therapeutic tape that is applied with the Kinesio-taping (KT) method and is theorized to increase circulation and subsequently improve muscle function. However, little research has been conducted to determine how KT affects performance. Objective To determine the effect of KT on muscular endurance ratio, blood flow, circumference, and volume of the gastrocnemius muscle. Design Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Sixty-one healthy, active people (23 men, 38 women; age = 19.99 ± 8.01 years, height = 169.42 ± 23.62 cm, mass = 71.53 ± 36.77 kg) volunteered to participate. They were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 groups: treatment KT, sham KT, and control. Intervention(s) Tape was applied based on group assignment. The treatment KT group received the ankle-tape technique as described in the KT manual. The sham KT group received 1 strip of Kinesio Tex tape around the circumference of the proximal gastrocnemius muscle. The control group did not receive tape application. Main Outcome Measure(s) The dependent variables were blood flow in blood perfusion units, volume of water displacement in milliliters, circumference of the gastrocnemius muscle in centimeters, and endurance ratio in joules measured before, 24 hours after, and 72 hours after the intervention. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted for each dependent variable. Results We found no group-by-test day interaction for endurance ratios (F4,116 = 1.99, P = .10). Blood flow, circumference, and volume measurements also yielded no differences among groups (F2,58 range, 0.02–0.51; P &gt; .05) or test days (F2,116 range, 0.05–2.33; P &gt; .05). Conclusions We found KT does not enhance anaerobic muscle function measured by endurance ratio. The KT also did not affect circulation or volume of the gastrocnemius muscle in a healthy population.

scholarly journals Lumbopelvic Joint Manipulation and Quadriceps Activation of People With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. Grindstaff ◽  
Jay Hertel ◽  
James R. Beazell ◽  
Eric M. Magrum ◽  
D. Casey Kerrigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Quadriceps Strength ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Quadriceps Force

Context: Quadriceps weakness and inhibition are impairments associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Lumbopelvic joint manipulation has been shown to improve quadriceps force output and inhibition, but the duration of the effect is unknown. Objective: To determine whether quadriceps strength and activation are increased and maintained for 1 hour after high-grade or low-grade joint mobilization or manipulation applied at the lumbopelvic region in people with PFPS. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: University laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Forty-eight people with PFPS (age = 24.6±8.9 years, height = 174.3 ± 11.2 cm, mass = 78.4 ± 16.8 kg) participated. Intervention(s): Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: lumbopelvic joint manipulation (grade V), side-lying lumbar midrange flexion and extension passive range of motion (grade II) for 1 minute, or prone extension on the elbows for 3 minutes. Main Outcome Measure(s): Quadriceps force and activation were measured using the burst superimposition technique during a seated isometric knee extension task. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed to compare changes in quadriceps force and activation among groups over time (before intervention and at 0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after intervention). Results: We found no differences in quadriceps force output (F5,33,101,18 = 0.65, P = .67) or central activation ratio (F4.84,92.03 = 0.38, P= .86) values among groups after intervention. When groups were pooled, we found differences across time for quadriceps force (F2.66,101.18 = 5.03, P = .004) and activation (F2.42,92.03 = 3.85, P = .02). Quadriceps force was not different at 0 minutes after intervention (t40 = 1.68, P = .10), but it decreased at 20 (t40 = 2.16, P = .04), 40 (t40 = 2.87, P = .01) and 60 (t40 = 3.04, P = .004) minutes after intervention. All groups demonstrated decreased quadriceps activation at 0 minutes after intervention (t40 = 4.17, P &lt;.001), but subsequent measures were not different from preintervention levels (t40 range, 1.53–1.83, P &gt;.09). Conclusions: Interventions directed at the lumbopelvic region did not have immediate effects on quadriceps force output or activation. Muscle fatigue might have contributed to decreased force output and activation over 1 hour of testing.

scholarly journals Evaluation of in-office tooth whitening treatment with violet LED: protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e021414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Eliza Castanho Garrini dos Santos ◽  
Sandra Kalil Bussadori ◽  
Marcelo Mendes Pinto ◽  
Dácio Antonio Pantano Junior ◽  
Aldo Brugnera Jr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Tooth Whitening ◽  
Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionIn-office tooth whitening treatment using violet light emited diode (LED) (405 nm) is a novel bleaching method that causes less sensitivity while offering the same effectiveness as the gold standard (35% hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). This study describes a protocol for the first randomised controlled clinical trial to compare the effects of the two methods.Methods and analysisEighty patients will be divided into four groups: G1 violet LED; G2 violet LED +35% carbamide peroxide; G3 35% H2O2and G4 violet LED +gingivoplasty. Colour will be measured at baseline, immediately after the first session and at the 15 and 180 days follow-up using the Vita Classical and the digital Easyshade V spectrophotometer (Vita, Zahnfabrik, Germany). Sensitivity after whitening will be measured using the Visual Analogue Scale at baseline and at each session in all groups and in all follow-ups. The tissue removed during gingivoplasty (G4) will be submitted to immunohistochemical analysis for the determination of inflammatory changes caused by violet LED. The Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) will be evaluated before, as well as at established time point controls. The results will be expressed as mean and SD values. After determining the normality of the data, a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance will be used for the comparison of data with normal distribution and the Kruskal-Wallis test will be used for data with non-normal distribution. A p<0.05 will be considered indicative of statistical significance. After determining the normality of the data, the Kruskal-Wallis test will be used for non-parametric data. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the Wilcoxon test will be used for comparing data from the PIDAQ.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of UniversidadeNove de Julho (certificate: 2.034.518). The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberNCT03192852; Pre-results.

scholarly journals Therapeutic potential of targeting Tfr/Tfh cell balance by low-dose-IL-2 in active SLE: a post hoc analysis from a double-blind RCT study

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Miao ◽  
Xian Xiao ◽  
Jiayi Tian ◽  
Yunzhi Zhufeng ◽  
Ruiling Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Immune Balance ◽  
Cell Balance ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Objective To investigate the regulation of T follicular regulatory (Tfr) and T follicular (Tfh) cell subtypes by low-dose IL-2 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Methods A post hoc analysis was performed in a randomized cohort of SLE patients (n=60) receiving low-dose IL-2 therapy (n=30) or placebo (n=30), along with the standard of care treatment. The primary endpoint was the attainment of SLE responder index-4 (SRI-4) at week 12 in the trial. Twenty-three healthy controls were enrolled for T cell subset detection at the same time as the trial. The t-stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) analysis of CD4 T subsets based on immune cells flow cytometry markers was performed to distinguish Tfh, Tfh1, Tfh2, Tfh17, and Tfr cell subsets. Results Compared with HC, the frequency of Tfr (CXCR5+PD-1low Treg and CXCR5+PD-1high Treg) cells was significantly reduced, while the pro-inflammatory Tfh cells were increased in patients with SLE. The imbalanced Tfh cell was associated with several pathogenic factors (anti-dsDNA antibodies (r=0.309, P=0.027) and serum IL-17 (r=0.328, P=0.021)) and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score (r=0.273, P=0.052). Decreased CXCR5+PD-1low Treg/Tfh and CXCR5+PD-1low Treg/Tfh17 were both associated with increased immunoglobulin M (IgM) (r=−0.448, P=0.002 and r=−0.336, P=0.024, respectively). Efficacy of low-dose IL-2 therapy was associated with a restored Tfr/Tfh cell balance. Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that promotion of Tfr is associated with decreased disease activities and that low-dose IL-2 therapy can recover Tfr/Tfh immune balance. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Registries (NCT02465580).

scholarly journals Effects of Diacutaneous Fibrolysis on Passive Neuromuscular Response and Mechanosensitivity in Athletes with Hamstring Shortening: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6554
Author(s):  
Aida Cadellans-Arróniz ◽  
Carlos López-de-Celis ◽  
Albert Pérez-Bellmunt ◽  
Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz ◽  
Luis Llurda-Almuzara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gluteus Maximus ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Neuromuscular Response ◽  
Control Limb

Introduction. Diacutaneous Fibrolysis is defined as specific instrumental intervention to normalize function in the musculoskeletal system. It is considered a treatment method for the mechanical alterations of the locomotor system, and it is widely used in sports for therapeutic and preventive purposes. Despite the clinical benefits observed in different musculoskeletal conditions, the action mechanism of diacutaneous fibrolysis remains uncertain. There are no studies evaluating the neuromuscular response on the posterior muscular chain of the lower extremity in athletes, where overload, stiffness, and injury incidence are high. Objective. To evaluate the immediate, and 30 min post treatment effects of a single diacutaneous fibrolysis session on passive neuromuscular response and mechanosensitibity on hamstring and gluteus in athletes with shortening. Design. A randomized within participant clinical trial. Methods. Sixty-six athletes with hamstring shortening were included (PKE < 160). The lower limbs were randomized between the experimental limb and control limb, regardless of dominance. A single session of diacutaneous fibrolysis was applied to the posterior gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus of the experimental lower limb whereas the control limb was not treated. Viscoelastic muscle properties (myotonometry), contractile muscle properties (tensomiography), and mechanosensitivity (algometry) were tested before treatment (T0), after treatment (T1), and 30 min post treatment (T2). Results. Regarding viscoelastic properties, in the intra-group analysis we found statistically significant differences in the experimental limb at T1, decreasing muscle stiffness in gluteus maximus (p < 0.042), in biceps femoris (p < 0.001) and in semitendinosus (p < 0.032). We also observed statistically significant differences in Tone decrease (p < 0.011) and relaxation increase (p < 0.001) in biceps femoris. At T2, the decrease in stiffness in all tested muscles was maintained (p < 0.05). There were statistically significant inter-groups differences in stiffness on gluteus (p < 0.048) and biceps femoris (p < 0.019) and in tone on biceps femoris (p < 0.009) compared to the control limb. For contractile properties, we only found statistically significant differences on maximal radial displacement (Dm) in gluteus, both control and experimental at T2 (p < 0.05) and in biceps femoris control (p < 0.030). No changes were found in the mechanosensitivity. Conclusions. A single session of diacutaneous fibrolysis produces changes in some parameters related to viscoelasticity properties of the biceps femoris and gluteus. There were no changes on contractile properties on semitendinosus. Only small changes on the contractile properties on the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris were found. No effect was found on the mechanosensitivity of the posterior chain muscles in athletes with hamstring shortening.

scholarly journals Efficacy of galcanezumab in patients with migraine who did not benefit from commonly prescribed preventive treatments

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulanji K. Kuruppu ◽  
Joshua Tobin ◽  
Yan Dong ◽  
Sheena K. Aurora ◽  
Laura Yunes-Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Preventive Medication ◽  
Onabotulinum Toxin A ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background Galcanezumab is a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibody (mAb) indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine. While galcanezumab has demonstrated efficacy in patients who did not respond to prior preventive medications in general, its efficacy in patients who did not benefit from individual, commonly prescribed preventive treatments due to inadequate efficacy or safety/tolerability remains unknown. Methods CONQUER was a 3-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b study that enrolled patients with episodic or chronic migraine who had 2 to 4 migraine preventive medication category failures in the past 10 years. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive placebo (N = 230) or galcanezumab 120 mg/month (240 mg loading dose; N = 232). Post hoc analyses were conducted to determine the efficacy of galcanezumab in patients who had not benefited from six of the most commonly prescribed migraine preventive medications. The mean change from baseline in monthly migraine headache days and ≥ 50 % response rates were assessed over months 1–3. Improvement in Migraine-Specific Questionnaire Role Function-Restrictive (MSQ-RFR) scores were assessed at month 3. The endpoints were estimated via mixed model with repeated measures. Results The most common treatment failures due to inadequate efficacy or safety/tolerability, which at least 20 % of patients reported trying without benefit, included topiramate, amitriptyline, propranolol, valproate or divalproex, onabotulinum toxin A, and metoprolol. Patients who had not previously benefited from these treatments had a greater mean reduction in monthly migraine headache days across months 1–3 in the galcanezumab group compared to placebo (all p < 0.01). More patients treated with galcanezumab experienced a ≥ 50 % reduction from baseline in monthly migraine headache days across months 1–3 compared to placebo (all p < 0.05). Galcanezumab-treated patients had a greater improvement in mean MSQ-RFR scores at month 3 compared to placebo (all p < 0.01). Conclusions In this population, galcanezumab was effective in reducing monthly migraine headache days, improving response rates, and enhancing quality of life in patients who had not previously benefited from topiramate, amitriptyline, propranolol, valproate or divalproex, onabotulinum toxin A, and/or metoprolol due to inadequate efficacy or safety/tolerability. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03559257 (CONQUER).

Interfacial Nanoleakage and Bonding of Self-Adhesive Systems Cured with a Modified-Layering Technique to Dentin of Weakened Roots

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. E154-E165 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Mobarak ◽  
R Seyam
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Adhesive Systems ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Root Region ◽  
Modes Of Failure ◽  
Group A ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Vertise Flow ◽  
Self Etch

SUMMARY Objective The purpose of the study was to evaluate the nanoleakage and bond strength of different self adhesive systems cured with a modified-layering technique (MLT) to dentin of weakened roots. Methods Twenty-one maxillary incisors were decoronated and then root canals were instrumented and obturated with the cold lateral compaction technique. Weakened roots were simulated by flaring root canals until only 1 mm dentin thickness remained. Teeth were distributed into three groups. The canals were backfilled with Vertise Flow (VF group), a self-adhering system, following a modified-layering technique using two light-transmitting posts, sizes 6 and 3. DT Light Post size 2 was cemented using the same material. Remaining roots were prepared and cured in the same way as the VF group. However, in the TS/MF group, Clearfil Tri-S Bond (TS) adhesive and Clearfil Majesty Flow (MF) composite were used, while in the ED/PF group, ED primer II (ED)/Panavia F2.0 (PF) were used. After one week of storage, each root was sectioned to obtain six slices (two slices from each root third: coronal, middle and apical) of 0.9 ± 0.1 mm thickness. Interfacial nanoleakage expression was analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM), and the micro push-out bond strength (μPOBS) was measured at different root regions. Modes of failure were also determined using SEM. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test (p≤0.05). Results With MLT, all adhesive systems showed nanoleakage. For μPOBS, there was a statistically significant effect for adhesive systems (p&lt;0.001) but not for root region (p&lt;0.64) or for their interaction (p=0.99). Tukey post hoc test revealed that the bond strength of the VF group was significantly higher than the TS/MF and ED/PF groups for all root regions. Conclusion All of the tested self-adhesive systems cured using MLT had slight nanoleakage and were not sensitive to root regional differences. Self-adhering systems had higher bond strength than self-etch adhesives.

scholarly journals Aerobic Exercise Alters Analgesia and Neurotrophin-3 Synthesis in an Animal Model of Chronic Widespread Pain

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neena K. Sharma ◽  
Janelle M. Ryals ◽  
Byron J. Gajewski ◽  
Douglas E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Widespread Pain ◽  
Deep Tissue ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Neurotrophin 3

Background Present literature and clinical practice provide strong support for the use of aerobic exercise in reducing pain and improving function for individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes. However, the molecular basis for the positive actions of exercise remains poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) may act in an analgesic fashion in various pain states. Objective The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on pain-like behavior and NT-3 in an animal model of widespread pain. Design This was a repeated-measures, observational cross-sectional study. Methods Forty female mice were injected with either normal (pH 7.2; n=20) or acidic (pH 4.0; n=20) saline in the gastrocnemius muscle to induce widespread hyperalgesia and exercised for 3 weeks. Cutaneous (von Frey monofilament) and muscular (forceps compression) mechanical sensitivity were assessed. Neurotrophin-3 was quantified in 2 hind-limb skeletal muscles for both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels after exercise training. Data were analyzed with 2-factor analysis of variance for repeated measures (group × time). Results Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise reduced cutaneous and deep tissue hyperalgesia induced by acidic saline and stimulated NT-3 synthesis in skeletal muscle. The increase in NT-3 was more pronounced at the protein level compared with mRNA expression. In addition, the increase in NT-3 protein was significant in the gastrocnemius muscle but not in the soleus muscle, suggesting that exercise can preferentially target NT-3 synthesis in specific muscle types. Limitations Results are limited to animal models and cannot be generalized to chronic pain syndromes in humans. Conclusions This is the first study demonstrating the effect of exercise on deep tissue mechanical hyperalgesia in a rodent model of pain and providing a possible molecular basis for exercise training in reducing muscular pain.

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