scholarly journals Sero-Epidemiological Study on Bovine Rota and Coronavirus in Neonatal Calves in Dairy Farms of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayat Abdela Assefa ◽  
Asaminew Tesfaye ◽  
Motuma Debelo Dibaba
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Calf Diarrhea ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Neonatal Calves

Abstract Background: Bovine rotavirus (BRV) and coronavirus (BCoV) are most commonly associated etiologies from viral causative agents of neonatal calf diarrhea. A cross-sectional study was carried out in randomly selected dairy farms of Addis Ababa from November 2018 to April 2019 with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of bovine rota and coronavirus infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves and determining the associated risk factors. A probability proportional to size sampling technique (PPS) was used and accordingly, the study involved a total of 110 calves under 30 days of age from 57 dairy herds of which 34 (59.6%), 18 (31.6%) and 5 (8.8%) were small scale, medium scale and large scale farms respectively. As well risk factors associated with herd and calves were obtained from an interview of farm owners.Results: By using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, out of these 110 calves, 4 (3.64%) were found positive for rotavirus while only 1 (0.91%) was found positive for coronavirus infection. Data generated from both interview and laboratory investigation was analyzed using SPSS version 20. As a result, prevalence of rotavirus infection showed a significant difference (P<0.05) with respect to sex, diarrhea status, colostrum timing and consistency of diarrhea. However, prevalence of coronavirus infection showed significant difference (P<0.05) only with consistency of diarrhea.Conclusions: In conclusion, rotavirus and coronavirus infection in neonatal calves in this finding showed as there is less prevalence in dairy farms of the study area; therefore, effort should be initiated for further studies on other (infectious and non-infectious) causes of calf diarrhea in this area.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Bovine Rotavirus and Coronavirus in Neonatal Calves in Dairy Farms of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Motuma Debelo ◽  
Hayat Abdela ◽  
Asaminew Tesfaye ◽  
Abebaw Tiruneh ◽  
Gudina Mekonnen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bovine Rotavirus ◽  
Neonatal Calf ◽  
Calf Diarrhea ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

Background. Bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are the most common viral agents in neonatal calf diarrhea and result in serious economic consequences. The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiology of those viruses in randomly selected dairy farms of Addis Ababa. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 using a probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling technique. A total of 110 calves, less than 30 days of age, from 57 dairy herds were involved in the study. Associated factors of herds and calves were collected using semistructured interviews from farm owners and through physical observation of selected calves. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using the sandwich ELISA method. Data generated from both semistructured interviews and laboratory investigation were analyzed using STATA_MP version 15. Results. From the total 110 calves, 42 (38.18%) had diarrhea during the survey. The prevalence of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus was 3.64% (4/110) and 0.91% (1/110), respectively. Diarrhea, feeding colostrum timing, and sex of the neonatal calves had statistically significant association with bovine rotavirus infection ( p < 0.05 ). All rotavirus-positive neonatal calves were identified in small scale dairy farms and in dairy farms that reported mortality though they lack statistically significant association. Only one coronavirus case was detected among the neonatal calves. The case was identified among small scale herds and in a herd with diarrheal cases. The sex of the coronavirus calf was female, diarrheic, and among 11-20 days old. Conclusion. The prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus infections in neonatal calves was seldom in dairy farms of the study area. Rotavirus was more common than coronavirus, and further studies should be initiated on other (infectious and noninfectious) causes of neonatal calf diarrhea in the area.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in bovine milk and associated risk factors among dairy farms of Punjab, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
H. Thukral ◽  
P. Dhaka ◽  
J. Singh Bedi ◽  
R. Singh Aulakh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
European Union ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Mean Concentration

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in milk and milk products may pose a major public health concern. The present cross-sectional study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of AFM1 in bovine milk across all districts of Punjab, India and to identify the associated animal and farm level risk factors. A total of 402 milk samples (266 cow milk and 136 buffalo milk) were analysed using commercial ELISA and representative samples were confirmed using HPLC-FLD. The results revealed that 56.2 and 13.4% of the milk samples exceeded the maximum levels of the European Union, i.e. 0.05 μg/l and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), i.e. 0.5 μg/l for AFM1 in milk, respectively. On analysis of species variation, buffalo milk (prevalence: 56.6%; mean concentration: 0.42±0.9 μg/l) was found to have higher AFM1 levels than cow milk (prevalence: 56.0%; mean concentration: 0.19±0.3 μg/l), with statistically significant difference between mean concentrations (P<0.01) and non-significant difference between AFM1 prevalence (P=0.91). Furthermore, milk from commercial dairy farms (prevalence: 64.7%; mean concentration: 0.34±0.65 μg/l) was found to be more contaminated than from household dairy establishments (prevalence: 47.8%; mean concentration: 0.19±0.65 μg/l). The risk factors ‘above average milk yield/day’ (odds ratio (OR): 2.4) and ‘poor animal hygiene’ (OR: 1.9) were identified at animal level, and ‘intensive dairy farming’ (OR: 3.1) and ‘animal feed without aflatoxin binder’ (OR: 4.7) as farm level risk factors for AFM1 excretion above maximum levels of European Union in milk. Among cow breeds, the milk from ‘non-descript’ breed (OR: 11.5) was found to be most contaminated with AFM1 and the least from Jersey breed (OR: 1.0). The present study highlighted the presence of AFM1 in milk samples; therefore, regular monitoring of AFM1 in milk is required so that high risk regions and associated risk factors can be addressed appropriately.

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in sheep flocks in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaibu Gidado Adamu ◽  
Junaidu Kabir ◽  
Jarlath Udo Umoh ◽  
Mashood Abiola Raji
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of Q fever in sheep in the northern part of Kaduna State, Nigeria. This study aimed to determine Coxiella burnetii infection and its risk factors in sheep in Kaduna State. A total of 400 blood samples consisting of 259 samples from females and 141 from males were aseptically collected from the jugular vein of sheep from flocks in Kaduna State. The sera obtained were screened for Q fever using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The obtained data were analysed to determine whether there is a relationship between sex, age, and the animals tested. The analysis revealed that 8.0% of the sera was seropositive by iELISA. There was no significant difference in Q fever seropositivity in the study area according to the sex of sheep (P > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in Q fever seropositivity according to the age of sheep. This study indicated a high seroprevalence of Q fever mainly among female animals and older sheep. Further studies are required to determine the epizootiology of Q fever in the study area more precisely.

scholarly journals Comparison of the population structure of Streptococcus uberis mastitis isolates from Austrian small-scale dairy farms and a Slovakian large-scale farm

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 1820-1830
Author(s):  
Regina Wald ◽  
Martina Baumgartner ◽  
Julia Gutschireiter ◽  
Benjamin Bazzanella ◽  
Katharina Lichtmannsperger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Small Scale Dairy

Relative Efficiency of Ancillary and Small Scale Units

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-284
Author(s):  
K.R. Shaligram
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
End Products ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Small Manufacturers ◽  
Better Than

Ancillary units are small firms manufacturing and supplying intermediate goods, typically to large firms. Several policy measures are under consideration to raise the output of the ancillary industry to the level of 15 per cent of the value of output of the large scale industry by 1985. The underlying assumption appears to be that the ancillary status enhances the prospect for the viability of the small firm. This paper examines whether ancillary units perform better than small scale units (small manufacturers of end products) under the conditions prevailing in India. The findings reveal no significant difference in the mean performance of the two classes of small firms. It also draws implications for policymakers and management from the findings.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Inapparent Nosocomial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in Vietnam by Use of Highly Specific Recombinant Truncated Nucleocapsid Protein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 848-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuxun Yu ◽  
Mai Quynh Le ◽  
Shingo Inoue ◽  
Hong Thi Cam Thai ◽  
Futoshi Hasebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently emerged human disease associated with pneumonia. Inapparent infection with SARS coronavirus (CoV) is not well characterized. To develop a safe, simple, and reliable screening method for SARS diagnosis and epidemiological study, two recombinant SARS-CoV nucleocapsid proteins (N′ protein and NΔ121 protein) were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and used as antigens for indirect, immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Serum samples collected from healthy volunteers and SARS patients in Vietnam were used to evaluate the newly developed methods. The N′ protein-based ELISA showed a highly nonspecific reaction. The NΔ121 protein-based ELISA, with a nonspecific reaction drastically reduced compared to that of the nearly-whole-length N′ protein-based ELISA, resulted in higher rates of positive reactions, higher titers, and earlier detection than the SARS-CoV-infected cell lysate-based ELISA. These results indicate that our newly developed SARS-CoV NΔ121 protein-based ELISA is not only safe but also a more specific and more sensitive method to diagnose SARS-CoV infection and hence a useful tool for large-scale epidemiological studies. To identify inapparent SARS-CoV infections, serum samples collected from health care workers (HCWs) in Vietnam were screened by the NΔ121 protein-based ELISA, and positive samples were confirmed by a virus neutralization test. Four out of 149 HCWs were identified to have inapparent SARS-CoV infection in Vietnam, indicating that subclinical SARS-CoV infection in Vietnam is rare but does exist.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle in the Nineveh Governorate, Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1862-1865
Author(s):  
Khder Jassiem Hussain ◽  
Maab Ibrahim Al-Farwachi ◽  
Sadam Dhahir Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background and Aim: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the main causes of severe pneumonia, interstitial edema, and emphysema in cattle. The current study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of BRSV in cattle in the Nineveh Province, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Between September 2017 and September 2018, 450 serum samples were collected from non-vaccinated cattle of different ages and breeds for BRSV testing. The epidemiological information of the animals was recorded. The prevalence of the disease was determined using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results: The prevalence of BRSV was 83.11%, and it was significantly (p<0.05) higher in cattle aged greater than 7 months-1.5 years than in older animals; in imported cattle than in Native animals; and in animals originating from large herds (100 animals) than in those from smaller herds (40 animals). There was no significant difference between BRSV prevalence in male and female animals. When samples from different regions of the Nineveh Governorate were compared, the northern region was associated with the highest prevalence of the disease. Samples harvested in the winter displayed the highest BRSV titer, compared to those collected during the other seasons. Conclusion: BRSV is prevalent in cattle from the Nineveh Governorate. Risk factors such as animal age, origin, herd size, and the herd's geographical location are associated with an increased prevalence of the disease in this region. Routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the prevalence of BRSV.

scholarly journals Survey of human and bovine tuberculosis infection on dairy farms in southwestern China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Chuang Chen ◽  
Zhengyuan Rao ◽  
Aiguo Yang ◽  
Li Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Purified Protein Derivative

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is a zoonotic chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) that can be transmitted between humans and cattle. The aim of our study was to identify cross-infections of MTBC between humans and cattle on dairy farms in Sichuan Province, southwestern China. Results: We selected 6 large-scale and 5 small-scale dairy farms in Sichuan Province as research sites. A total of 378 dairy farm workers (except one pregnant woman) were screened for tuberculosis symptoms and examined by X-ray. One worker was diagnosed as tuberculosis, though the sputum culture was negative. In total, 99 of 10,224 (0.97%) cows showed positive results for the purified protein derivative (PPD) skin tests. Esophageal-pharyngeal (OP) secretions from PPD-positive cows were cultured and 21 isolates were obtained. Sequences of 16s rDNA, hsp65 and rpoB and 16s-23s rRNA spacer region were amplified and sequenced. BLAST analysis classified these isolates as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) (18 M. nonchromogenicum, 1 M. hiberniae, 1 M. arupense, and 1 M. chitae isolates). Conclusion: This study indicates that the PPD-positive cows in these dairy farms were infected with NTM rather than MTBC. Tuberculosis cross-infection between humans and cows on dairy farms has been well controlled in this region.

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